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Block D 11S824
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Upper stage / space tug - out of production. Launched by Proton. Block D, article number 11S824. Without guidance unit (navigation commands come from payload).
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Block D-1 11S824M
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Upper stage / space tug - in production. Launched by Proton. Also known as Block D-1; article number 11S824M. Without guidance unit (navigation commands come from payload).
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Block D-2 11S824F
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Upper stage / space tug - in production. Launched by . Also known as Block D-2; article number 11S824F. Without guidance unit (navigation commands come from payload).
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Block DM-5 17S40
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Upper stage / space tug - in production. Launched by Proton. Also known as Block DM-5. With guidance unit, modification of 11S861 stage for heavier payloads and with different payload adapter. Commercial version was Block DM2, with Iridium dispenser.
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Block L Molniya 8K78
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Upper stage / space tug - out of production. Launched by Molniya.
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Block L Molniya 8K78M
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Upper stage / space tug - in production. Launched by Molniya M.
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Briz K
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Upper stage / space tug - in production. Launched by Rokot. Briz KM differed from Briz K in having 'compact' components, and a special payload truss for the Globalstar dispenser. The truss was 1.8 m in diameter and had a volume of 8.8 m3.
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Briz M
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Upper stage / space tug - in production. New upper stage for Proton, replacing Energia Corporation's Block DM, making Proton an all-Khrunichev launch vehicle.
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KVRB
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Upper stage / space tug - design 1992. High energy upper stage for Proton, never put into production.
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RD-301
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Upper stage / space tug using high energy propellants. To have been launched by Proton; ground tested but never flown.
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Agena B
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Upper stage / space tug - out of production. Launched by Atlas Agena B; Thor Agena B.
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Centaur C
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Upper stage / space tug - out of production.
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Saturn S-N C-3BN
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Upper stage / space tug - Study 1961. Launched by Saturn C-5N-3. Nuclear upper stage considered in lieu of S-IVB in final Saturn C-3B study in November 1961.
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Saturn S-N C-5N
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Upper stage / space tug - Study 1961. Launched by Saturn C-5N-3. Nuclear upper stage considered in lieu of S-IVB in final Saturn C-5 study in November 1961.
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Agena D
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Upper stage / space tug - out of production. Launched by Atlas Agena D; Thor Agena D; Titan 3B; Titan 34B.
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GE Lunar NEP Tug
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Nuclear electric tug proposed by General Electric in a 1965 study to support an Apollo Applications Lunar Base. A Snap-50 space reactor generating 1.9 MW would power the tug. A one-way trip from low earth orbit to low lunar orbit would take 3280 hours using electron-bombardment thrusters with a specific impulse of 4300 seconds. 28 metric tons could be delivered to the lunar surface by a chemically powered lander, as opposed to 13.4 metric tons for an all-chemical S-IVB/LLV system. The tug would only be used for unmanned cargo due to the long transit time, but would cut the number of Saturn V launches required to support the lunar base in half. The spacecraft could also land itself on the surface and serve as a power reactor for the lunar base.
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Saturn MS-IVB-1
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Upper stage / space tug - Marshall studies, 1965. Launched by Saturn V. S-IVB structurally strengthened to handle larger payloads, otherwise unchanged
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Saturn MS-IVB-2
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Upper stage / space tug - Douglas study, 1965. Launched by Saturn V. S-IVB with 315 k high pressure 3000 psia engine, 350,000 pounds propellant
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Saturn MS-IVB-x
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Upper stage / space tug - studied by NASA Marshall in 1965. Launched by Saturn V. S-IVB structurally strengthened to handle larger payloads, otherwise unchanged
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Saturn MS-IVB-1A
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Upper stage / space tug - Boeing study 1967. Launched by Saturn V. S-IVB with 16.5 foot stretch, 350,000 pounds propellant, standard J-2 engine.
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Centaur D/E
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Upper stage / space tug - out of production. Launched by Atlas Centaur D; Titan 3E.
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Saturn MS-IVB-3B
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Upper stage / space tug - Boeing study, 1967. Launched by Saturn V. S-IVB with 16.5 foot stretch, 350,000 pounds propellant, 1 x 400,000 pound thrust toroidal engine.
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Saturn MS-IVB-4(S)B
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Upper stage / space tug - studied by Boeing in 1967. Standard S-IVB but with structural strength increased from 78% to 217% depending on station, resulting in 11.8% increase in empty weight.
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Saturn S-N V-25(S)U
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Upper stage / space tug - study 1969. Launched by Saturn V-25(S)U. Version of Nerva studied by Boeing for manned Mars expedition.
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N1 Block D
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Upper stage / space tug - out of production. Block D adapted as lunar crasher stage
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N1 Block Sr
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Upper stage / space tug - developed 1971-1974 to support manned lunar expedition. Replaced Blok R/Blok S previously under development.
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Block DM 11S86
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Upper stage / space tug - out of production. Launched by Proton. Also known as Block DM; article number 11S86. With guidance unit, designed for insertion of military spacecraft into geosynchronous/ medium earth orbit.
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Nerva
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Upper stage / space tug - Development 1971. Launched by .
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Block DM-2 11S861
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Upper stage / space tug - in production. Launched by Proton. Also known as Block DM-2 (different from commercial Block DM2 (no hyphen!)), article number 11S861. With improved guidance system as compared to 11S86, originally designed for insertion of military spacecraft into geosynchronous orbit. Used from 1982 to present.
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Centaur I
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Upper stage / space tug - out of production. Launched by Atlas I.
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Centaur G Prime
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Upper stage / space tug - out of production. Centaur for Shuttle payload bay. Cancelled after Challenger disaster on safety grounds.
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Centaur G
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Upper stage / space tug - out of production. Centaur for Titan 4
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Ion
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1970's conceptual design of ion upper stage sized for use in the shuttle. It was nuclear-electric and intended for trans-Jovian planetary missions
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Centaur II
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Upper stage / space tug - out of production. Launched by Atlas II.
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Interorbital Tug
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Upper stage / space tug - nuclear electric space tug, to be launched by Energia-2. Developed 1978-1991, ultimately cancelled.
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Centaur IIA
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Upper stage / space tug - out of production. Launched by Atlas IIA.
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Block DM-2M 11S861-01
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Upper stage / space tug - in production. Launched by Proton. Also known as Block DM-2M, article number 11S861-01. With guidance unit, originally designed for insertion of military spacecraft into geosynchronous orbit.
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CZ-3A-3
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Upper stage / space tug - in production. Launched by CZ-3A, CZ-3B, and CZ-3C.
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Ikar
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Upper stage / space tug - in production. Launched by Soyuz. Derived from propulsion module of Yantar spy satellite, over 30 flights to 1998. 50 restarts.
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Centaur B-X
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Upper stage / space tug - in development 1998, not put into production.
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Centaur IIIA
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Upper stage / space tug - out of production. Single-engine Centaur for Atlas IIIA.
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Centaur C-X
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Upper stage / space tug - in development 1998, not put into production.
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Centaur V2
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Upper stage / space tug - in production. Twin engined Centaur for Atlas V, powered by two Pratt & Whitney RL10A-4-2 turbopump-fed engines burning liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.
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Delta 4H - 2
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Upper stage / space tug - in production. Delta 4 second stage with hydrogen tank increased to 5.1 m diameter.
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Centaur IIIB
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Upper stage / space tug - out of production. Dual-engine Centaur for Atlas IIIB.
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Centaur V1
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Upper stage / space tug - in production. Single engined Centaur for Atlas V, powered by one Pratt & Whitney RL10A-4-2 turbopump-fed engines burning liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.
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Delta 4 - 2
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Upper stage / space tug - in production. Delta 3 second stage with hydrogen tank stretch.
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Ariane 5 EPS L10
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Upper stage / space tug - in production. Launched by Ariane 5V. 250 kg additional propellant compared to Ariane 5G version.
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Angara Briz M
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Upper stage / space tug - in development 2004. Launched by Angara launch vehicle family.. 8 restarts. Propellant ration 2.0:1.
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Nerva 2/NTR
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Upper stage / space tug - study completed 1991. Late 1980's update of 1960's Nerva design.
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Ariane 5 ESC B
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Upper stage / space tug - in production. New upper stage for Ariane 5.
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CZ-NGLV-HO
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Upper stage / space tug - in development 2004. The upper stage for the Chinese Next Generation Launch Vehicle was a modification of the CZ-3B upper stage.
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