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Rocketdyne Lox/Kerosene rocket engine. 1885 kN. Study 1957. Developed by USAF in late 1950's. Cancelled and decision to go direct to 1,500,000 lbf F-1 as next step. Booster applications. Gas generator, pump-fed. Isp=290s.
E-6.
Manufacturer's designation for Luna E-6 lunar lander.
E-6LF.
Manufacturer's designation for Luna E-6LF lunar orbiter.
E-6LS.
Manufacturer's designation for Luna E-6LS lunar orbiter.
E-6M.
Manufacturer's designation for Luna E-6M lunar lander.
E-6S.
Manufacturer's designation for Luna E-6S lunar orbiter.
EA.
Russian manned Mars lander. Studied 1978-1986. Mars landing craft originally designed for aborted 1972 Aelita Mars study by OKB-1, and revived in the 1980's for new Energia-launched Mars expedition studies.
First French liquid fuel rocket. Developed in the 1931-1942, tested in 1945.
EA 1946.
Alternate Designation of Eole test vehicle.
Konsortium Evropa-Amerika 500, Russia
eAc.
American manufacturer of rocket engines and rockets. eAc, USA.
EADS.
Second name of Friedrichshafen
EADS.
French manufacturer of rockets. EADS, France.
British manufacturer of spacecraft. EADS Astrium, UK.
EAFB.
Edwards Air Force Base
American military strategic defense satellite. 3 launches, 1994.05.19 (STEP 2 (SIDEX)) to 1997.10.22 (STEP-4).
Eagle SLV.
Alternate designation for Scorpius low cost orbital launch vehicle.
Eagle S-Series.
Alternate designation for Eaglet all-solid orbital launch vehicle.
American manned spacecraft. Study 2004. X-Prize suborbital ballistic spacecraft concept of Vanguard Spacecraft of Bridgewater, Massachusetts.
American all-solid orbital launch vehicle. E'Prime Aerospace of Titusville, Florida, conceived of a family of launch vehicles, called the Eagle S-series, using rocket stages from the LGM-118A Peacekeeper ICBM. The smallest vehicle, the Eaglet, could launch 580 kilograms into LEO. A somewhat larger version, the Eagle, could put 1,360 kilograms into LEO. Both vehicles would use Peacekeeper solid propellant lower stages and liquid propellant upper stages.
EAP - Experimental Aerospace Plane..
Alternate designation for Tu-2000 rocket stage.
Sounding rocket launch location known to have been used for 701 launches from 1975 to 1989, reaching up to 300 kilometers altitude.
EARL.
Vertical takoff / horizontal landing two-stage launch vehicle study from the 1980s.
EARL.
German winged orbital launch vehicle. Vertical takoff / horizontal landing two-stage launch vehicle study from the 1980s.
German winged orbital launch vehicle. A larger Earl 14 configuration was studied, but the study centered on the Earl 5 / 18 / 7 configurations. The second stage was mounted on top of the booster. Earl 5 and 7 had winged second stages, with payloads to low earth orbit of 5380 kg to 7180 kg. Earl 14 featured an expendable upper stage which increased payload to 18,000 kg.
German winged orbital launch vehicle. Later EARL version from 1990. Parallel staging, both stages winged and recoverable. Expendable upper stage for heavy-lift missions.
Early Bird.
Alternate designation for Intelsat 1 communications satellite.
American civilian surveillance satellite. 2 launches, 1997.12.24 (Early Bird) and 2000.11.20 (QuickBird 1). Civilian earth resources / intelligence photo-imaging program.
American manned lunar base. Study 1993. Early Lunar Access (ELA) was a "cheaperfasterbetter" manned lunar mission study, carried out by General Dynamics in 1992-93.
Early Lunar Shelter.
Alternate designation for Apollo ELS manned lunar habitat.
Early Manned Planetary - Interplanetary Roundtrip Expedition.
Alternate designation for EMPIRE General Dynamics, EMPIRE Aeronutronic, or EMPIRE Lockheed manned mars flyby studies.
Category of launch vehicles.
Early Russian Ballistic Missiles.
The true configuration of the world's first ICBM, the R-7, was revealed only in 1967, ten years after its first test. The Soviet N1 moon rocket was only revealed in 1990, 21 years after its first launch. At the same time, other Russian ballistic missiles were routinely paraded before the cameras of the world press even before they went into service. The extraordinary sensitivity of the Soviet leadership over these Korolev designs may be traced to the fact that they derived from the work of the Groettrup German rocket engineering team.
Russian manned lunar lander. Study 1958. Painting of early Soviet concept of a lunar lander. This was similar to Von Braun designs popular in the 1950's.
American military anti-satellite system. Studied from 1960, officially cancelled, but possibly developed further as a black program. Early Spring was a conventional ASAT launched by Polaris missiles from US Navy ballistic missile submarines.
Category of spacecraft.
Category of spacecraft.
Category of spacecraft.
Earth Entry Module.
Alternate designation for EEM manned spacecraft module.
Category of spacecraft.
Category of spacecraft.
Category of spacecraft.
Category of spacecraft.
American manned space station. need summary - see links
Earth Radiation Budget Satellite.
Alternate designation for ERBS earth magnetosphere satellite.
Category of spacecraft.
Earth Resources Satellite.
Alternate designation for ERS earth magnetosphere satellite.
Earth Return Vehicle Reference Version 1.0.
American manned spacecraft. Study 1993.
Earth Return Vehicle Reference Version 3.0.
American manned spacecraft. Study 1996.
Category of spacecraft.
Category of spacecraft.
Category of spacecraft.
Category of spacecraft.
American manufacturer.
Earthquake Monitoring Satellite.
Chinese earth seismology satellite. Study 1998. Chinese scientists announced on 18 May 1998 that they were designing an earthquake early warning satellite system, including a constellation of 10 small satellites in low earth orbit.
EarthWatch.
First Owner of DigitalGlobe
Early Apollo scientific experiments package (Apollo 11
East German AF.
Sounding rocket launch location known to have been used for 8 launches from 1970 to 1972, reaching up to 156 kilometers altitude.
American manufacturer. East Windsor, East Windsor, New Jersey, USA.
German orbital launch vehicle. The EBH (Engel - Bödewaldt - Hanischlaunch) vehicle was a 1949 manned design which would had a gross launch mass of 220 tonnes and delivered a payload of 3 tonnes to a 557-kilometre orbit
EC.
Ethyl centralite
EC47.
Standard warhead of Polaris A1 missile.
Echo.
American passive communications satellite. 2 launches, 1960.05.13 (Echo 1) and 1960.08.12 (Echo 1). The Echo satellites were NASA's first experimental communications satellite project.
American passive communications satellite. One launch, 1964.01.25. Passive communications satellite; balloon; 1st joint US/USSR space mission.
US communciation satellite project.
American manufacturer. Echostar Communications Corp. , USA
Category of persons.
Category of persons.
ECS.
Environmental Control System.
European communications satellite. 20 launches, 1977.09.13 (OTS 1) to 2001.02.07 (Skynet 4F).
Glushko rocket engine. 68 kN. Glushko built this experimental engine, the next phase of the German Lilliput concept, in 1951. Configuration led to the successful RD-107 engines of the R-7.
EDA.
Ethylenediamine NH2(CH2)2NH2 was considered for use as a rocket fuel in the late 1950's but never found an actual production application.
Edelson, Burton I (1926-2002) American engineer. Worked at Comsat 1969-1982. NASA Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications 1982-1988.
American winged orbital launch vehicle. In February 1976 this version of the shuttle was proposed. A single liquid rocket booster under the external tank would replace the two solid rocket boosters.
EDO.
Extended Duration Orbiter
Edse.
Edse, Rudolf German expert in rocket fuels during World War II. As of January 1947, working at Wright Field, Ohio.
Edwards Air Force Base, originally known as Muroc Field, is the main test flight centre for the US Air Force. It has been used since the 1940's for flight test of advanced aircraft, rocketplanes, and air-dropped aerospace vehicles launched from B-29, B-50, B-52, F-15, 747 or L-1011 carrier aircraft.
Edwards, Joe Frank Jr (1958-) American test pilot astronaut. Flew on STS-89. Grew up in Lineville and Roanoke, Alabama. Flew combat missions over Lebanon in 1983
Air-launched rocket drop zone known to have been used for 3 launches in 1959, reaching up to 117 kilometers altitude.
X-15 launch complex. Runway
Runway
Minuteman tethered launch test silo
Minuteman tethered launch test silo
EEG.
Electroencephalogram
EEM.
American manned spacecraft module. Study 1968. Re-entry at extreme velocities from manned interplanetary missions..
EER.
American manufacturer of rockets and spacecraft. EER Systems Inc. , USA
American low cost orbital launch vehicle. Aries launched to promote a commercial launch vehicle of entirely different configuration.
EES.
American space suit, operational 1980. The initial series of shuttle flights were equipped with specially adapted SR-71 ejection seats for the two crew.
French pressure suit, operational 1965. French partial pressure capstan suit using full pressure buffet protective helmet.
Efir.
Russian earth magnetosphere satellite. 2 launches, 1984.03.10 (Cosmos 1543) to 1985.12.27 (Cosmos 1713). Science. Adaptation of the Vostok spacecraft.
Russian manufacturer of rockets. Efremov Design Bureau, Russia.
EG&G.
EG&G.
EGAO.
EGAO
This US Air Force proving ground and missile test range, based in Valparaiso, Florida and extending over a vast expanse of the Gulf of Mexico, was founded in 1935, In early 1946 the First Experimental Guided Missiles Group was activated at Eglin. The highly-instrumented Eglin Gulf Test Range supported flight tests of Bomarc, Matador, Quail, and Hound Dog cruise missiles. Both the military and NASA used Eglin to support launch of sounding rockets in support of their programs. Eglin was known to have been used for 441 launches from 1959 to 1980, reaching up to 686 kilometers altitude. The actual number of missile tests was many times greater.
Site A-11, Santa Rosa Island
Tomahawk Sandia, Honest John launch complex. Site A-15, Santa Rosa Island
Base for missile and rocket testing range over the Gulf of Mexico. Missile and sounding rocket launch location known to have been used for 11 launches from 1967 to 1992, reaching up to 169 kilometers altitude.
Viper launch complex. Site D3, Cape San Blas
EGO.
Eccentric (orbiting) Geophysical Observatory
American manned rescue spacecraft. Study 1972. The EGRESS space escape system was based on the proven Encapsulated Ejection Seat System developed for the B-58 bomber in the 1960's.
Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (on CGRO)
EGS.
Japanese earth geodetic satellite. One launch, 1986.08.12. Experimental Geophysical Payload; new launch vehicle test flight. EGS (Ajisai). Improvement of the accuracy of domestic geodetic triangulation network.
Egypt
Egyptian Army
Ehrhardt, Hermann P German expert in rockets during World War II. As of January 1947, working at Wright Field, Ohio.
Ehricke, Krafft Arnold (1917-1984) Visionary German-American engineer. Protege of Thiel at Peenemuende; early concepts for nuclear and Lox/LH2 engines. Left von Braun team, developed Centaur at Convair 1956-1964. Prolific output of advanced concepts, but poor program manager.
Ehricke 4-man orbital station.
American manned space station. Study 1954. In 1954 Ehricke postulated a four-man design that might serve a number of different purposes, depending upon altitude and orbital inclination.
EHTV.
Alternate designation for Sanger II-1 rocket stage.
Eichler, Martin German expert in guided missiles during World War II. As of January 1947, last known to be working at Hammenstedt.
Eidis, Arkadiy lonovich (1913-) Russian engineer. Chelomei's First Deputy General Designer. Headed Chelomei design bureau Filial 3 1962-1965.
Einhorn, Raymond American NASA Bureaucrat. Raymond Einhorn was a former General Accounting Office auditor who joined NASA in 1960 as its director of audits. He served in this position throughout the 1960s.
American space suit, tested 1970. Developmental 0.54 bar Emergency Intravehicular Suit (EIS) and Orbital Extravehicular Suit (OES) programs were conducted by NASA in the 1970's.
Eisele, Donn Fulton (1930-1987) American test pilot astronaut. Flew on Apollo 7. Died of a heart attack.
Eisele, Karl German expert in guided missiles during World War II. As of January 1947, living at Stuttgart or Ainring nr Salzburg.
Eiseler, Hans (1913-) German graduate engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the Soviet Union, worked on rocket engine development in Glushko's design bureau from 1947 to 1952. Worked in Engineering and Design; Dept. 61.
Eisenhardt, Otto Karl (1905-1986) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter.
Eisenhower, Dwight David (1890-1969) President of the United States, 1953-1961; began development of Jupiter, Thor, Atlas, Titan, Polaris, and Minuteman - the foundation of US access to space. His distrust of of the military led him to create NASA to handle space programs.
Electronic Journal of the Astronomical Society of the Atlantic
EKA.
Russian technology satellite. One launch, 1995.03.28. Eksperimentalniy Kosmicheskiy Apparat - dummy of test satellite.
EKO.
Manufacturer's designation for Tellura earth land resources satellite.
Ekol.
Russian earth atmosphere satellite. Study 1992. The Lavochkin NPO designed a variety of remote sensing spacecraft based on a new 3-axis controlled satellite bus.
Ekologia.
Alternate designation for Tellura earth land resources satellite.
EKR.
Russian intermediate range cruise missile. B Chertok of NII-8 took the preliminary German R-13 cruise missile design and elaborated it, including consideration of the key problem of long-range automatic astronavigation. By 1951 to 1953 Korolev's design bureau had prepared an experimental design, the EKR. I Lisovich had developed a prototype astronavigation system that met the necessary specifications, and solution of basic problems in use of steel and titanium hot airframe technology had been solved at VIAM (All-Union Institute of Aviation Materials) and MVTU Bauman Institute. An expert commission in 1953 examined the EKR design and felt that there were still many technical problems to be solved, most of which were better handled by an aircraft designer rather than Korolev.
Bondaryuk ramjet engine. 6.130 kN. EKR Stage 2. Study 1953. Isp=1580s. Study for an experimental winged cruise missile. Not developed but formed basis for Burya and Buran missiles.
Lox/Kerosene propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 6,390/1,564 kg. Thrust 107.33 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 250 seconds. First stage for Eksperimentalnaya krilataya raketa (experimental winged rocket), Mach 3 ramjet. Boosted second stage to ramjet ignition conditions.
Ramjet test vehicle stage. Loaded/empty mass 1,484/1,167 kg. Thrust 6.13 kN. Specific impulse 1580 seconds. Second stage for Eksperimentalnaya krilataya raketa (experimental winged rocket), Mach 3 ramjet. Range 730 km with flight time of 927 seconds. Lift to drag 2.51, wing area 3.31 square meters. Not developed but formed basis for Burya and Buran missiles.
Russian communications satellite. 21 launches, 1976.10.26 (Ekran 1) to 1988.05.06 (Ekran 18). Ekran was the Soviet Union's first geosynchronous satellite.
Russian communications satellite. 6 launches, 1987.01.30 (Cosmos 1817) to 2001.04.07 (Ekran-M No. 18). Ekran-M provided unique direct television broadcasting service to community users in the central Russian Federation region (Zone 3).
Russian communications satellite. 15 launches, 1994.10.13 to 2009-02-11. The Ekspress series communications satellite closely resembled the Gals spacecraft and shared a similar spacecraft bus.
Spanish sounding rocket launch location known to have been used for 335 launches from 1966 to 1994, reaching up to 700 kilometers altitude.
American manufacturer. El Segundo, El Segundo, CA, USA.
Elas.
Russian manufacturer of spacecraft. Elas, Russia.
Elbrus.
Launch System of R-17 short-range ballistic missile.
ELDO.
European agency overseeing development of rockets and spacecraft. European Launcher Development Organisation, Europe.
ELDO A.
Alternate designation for Europa orbital launch vehicle.
European orbital launch vehicle. Three stage version of the Europa vehicle.
Category of engines.
The many versions of electric engines use electric or magnetic fields to accelerate ionized elements to high velocity, creating thrust. The power source can be a nuclear reactor or thermal-electric generator, or solar panels.
The many versions of electric engines use electric or magnetic fields to accelerate ionized elements to high velocity, creating thrust. The power source can be a nuclear reactor or thermal-electric generator, or solar panels. Ammonia (NH3) is a colourless gas and liquid with a strong irritating characteristic odour.
The many versions of electric engines use electric or magnetic fields to accelerate ionized elements to high velocity, creating thrust. The power source can be a nuclear reactor or thermal-electric generator, or solar panels.
The many versions of electric engines use electric or magnetic fields to accelerate ionized elements to high velocity, creating thrust. The power source can be a nuclear reactor or thermal-electric generator, or solar panels.
The many versions of electric engines use electric or magnetic fields to accelerate ionized elements to high velocity, creating thrust. The power source can be a nuclear reactor or thermal-electric generator, or solar panels. Liquid hydrogen was identified by all the leading rocket visionaries as the theoretically ideal rocket fuel. It had big drawbacks, however - it was highly cryogenic, and it had a very low density, making for large tanks. The United States mastered hydrogen technology for the highly classified Lockheed CL-400 Suntan reconnaissance aircraft in the mid-1950's. The technology was transferred to the Centaur rocket stage program, and by the mid-1960's the United States was flying the Centaur and Saturn upper stages using the fuel. It was adopted for the core of the space shuttle, and Centaur stages still fly today.
The many versions of electric engines use electric or magnetic fields to accelerate ionized elements to high velocity, creating thrust. The power source can be a nuclear reactor or thermal-electric generator, or solar panels. Proposed as propellant for some ion motors.
The many versions of electric engines use electric or magnetic fields to accelerate ionized elements to high velocity, creating thrust. The power source can be a nuclear reactor or thermal-electric generator, or solar panels. Teflon was introduced in the late 1990's as the solid fuel heated electrically to provide a completely solid-state rocket system for spacecraft orientation with no moving parts.
The many versions of electric engines use electric or magnetic fields to accelerate ionized elements to high velocity, creating thrust. The power source can be a nuclear reactor or thermal-electric generator, or solar panels. Proposed as propellant for some ion motors.
The movement of molecules or other very small particles through a fluid under the action of an external electric field. Positively charged particles (metallic oxides, basic dyestuffs) migrate to the cathode, and negatively charged particles (metals, sulfur, metallic sulfides, acid dyestuffs) migrate to' the anode.
Russian communications satellite. Study 1993.
Russian earth weather satellite. One launch, 1994.10.31. Elektro was to be the geostationary component of a third generation Soviet meteorological system. Following extended development, it flew only once, in 1994.
Simultaneous study of the Earth's inner and outer radiation belts, cosmic rays and upper atmosphere by two spacecraft in different orbits.
Russian earth magnetosphere satellite. 2 launches, 1964.01.30 (Elektron 1) to 1964.07.11 (Elektron 3). The Elektron mission was one of the earliest Soviet satellites to be authorized following the initial Sputnik series.
Russian earth magnetosphere satellite. 2 launches, 1964.01.30 (Elektron 2) to 1964.07.11 (Elektron 4). The Elektron mission was one of the earliest Soviet satellites to be authorized following the initial Sputnik series.
Elf.
Russian technology satellite. Study 1998. Elf was a micro satellite platform developed by KB Arsenal. With a platform weight of 80 kg it could provide 20 W power to 30 kg instrument payloads.
Base for units deployed with R-12 missiles.
Electronic intelligence
Various US electronic intelligence satellites, most of them from the Naval Research Laboratory, were orbited in the 1960's and still remain classified.
Titan I and Minuteman ICBM base 1962-1994. Ellsworth hosted the unique 'Long Life' test of a Minuteman ICBM in 1965. This was the only launch of an ICBM from an operational inland US missile site.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site A-01.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site A-02.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site A-03.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site A-04.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site A-05.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site A-07.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site A-08.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site B-01.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site B-02.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site B-03.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site B-04.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site B-05.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site B-06.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site B-07.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site B-08.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site B-09.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site B-11.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site C-01.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site C-02.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site C-03.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site C-04.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site C-05.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site C-10.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site C-11.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site D-02.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site D-03.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site D-04.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site D-05.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site D-06.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site D-07.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site D-08.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site D-09.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site D-10.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site D-11.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site E-01.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site E-02.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site E-03.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site E-04.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site E-05.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site E-06.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site E-07.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site E-08.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site E-09.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site E-10.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site E-11.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site I-05.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site K-01.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site K-03.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site K-04.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site K-05.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site K-06.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site K-07.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site K-08.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site K-09.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site K-10.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site L-05.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site L-06.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site L-07.
Ellsworth AFB Missile Site L-08.
Elmendorf AFB
Elmendorf AFB LCS
ELSS.
Extravehicular life support system
ELV.
Expendable Launch Vehicle
Elyasberg, Pavel Yefrimovich (1914-1988) Russian officer. From 1968 Head of the Institute for Space Research of the Academy of Sciences. Colonel, Lenin Prize laureate, doctor of technical science, professor, scientific consultant to 4-NII-MO 1959-1968.
Iranian military testing range. In use for flight test of the Shahab 3 IRBM from 1998.
Emba.
Sounding rocket launch location known to have been used for 4 launches from 1967 to 1970, reaching up to 250 kilometers altitude.
Brazilian agency. Embratel, Brazil.
Emeraude.
Alternate designation for Diamant-1 rocket stage.
French orbital launch vehicle. Emeraude was a step toward larger liquid propellant launch vehicles, building on the Veronique and Vesta experience. It burned 12.8 tonnes nitric acid/turpentine pressure-fed propellants in 91 seconds. Tthe engine was gimbaled for pitch and yaw control, with aerodynamic fins controlling roll. In anticipation of the next step, Saphir, a dummy Topaze stage topped the vehicle to confirm aerodynamic characteristics. The first three launches were failures due to propellant sloshing. This was remedied in the later tests.
Emergency Earth Orbital Escape Device.
Alternate designation for Lockheed EEOED manned rescue spacecraft.
American manufacturer. Emerson Electric, USA.
CFTH-HB solid rocket engine.
Emissary.
Alternate designation for Safir Iran technology satellite.
A property of a material, characterizing its capability to emit electromagnetic radiation as a consequence of its inherent thermal energy.
EMKB Novator.
Second Owner of Lyulev
EMKS.
System for fine orientation of a space station (Russian abbreviation)
Emma.
French test vehicle. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Emma Booster + 1 x Emma
Solid rocket stage. 14.80 kN (3,327 lbf) thrust. Mass 20 kg (44 lb).
Solid rocket stage. 1.40 kN (315 lbf) thrust. Mass 50 kg (110 lb).
Emme.
Emme, Eugene M (1919-1985) American NASA Historian. Eugene M. Emme became the NASA chief historian in 1959 and served until his retirement in 1979. Previously he had been a historian with the Air University of the U.S. Air Force.
Emmerich, Lewis (1924-2004) American engineer. Project engineer for the Atlas-Mercury manned launch vehicle.
American manned Mars flyby. Study 1962. Aeronutronic's Mars flyby spacecraft design of 1962 had a total mass of 170 metric tons and would be launched into low earth orbit with a single launch of a Nova booster.
American manned Mars flyby. Study 1962. General Dynamics' manned Mars orbiter spacecraft design of 1962 had a total mass of 900 metric tons and would be launched into low earth orbit with a two launches of a Nova booster or eight launches of a Saturn V.
American manned Mars flyby. Study 1962. Lockheed's manned Mars flyby spacecraft design of 1962 had a total mass of 100 metric tons.
EMSS.
Electromechanical Stabilisation System for a space station, using gyrodynes (Russian abbreviation)
EMU.
Extravehicular Mobility Unit. The shuttle spacesuit.
American manned rescue spacecraft. Study 1970. The ENCAP encapsulated bailout-from-orbit concept consisted of a folded heat shield. The astronaut would exit his stranded spacecraft and strap into the seat.
UM-NASA electric/lh2 rocket engine. 1 kW arcjet, ran on H2, N2, or a mixture, at about 12A, 1 kW, peak around 600s Isp, (20-30% efficiency). Isp=600s.
American manned spaceplane. 25 launches, 1992.05.07 to 2011.05.16. Built as a replacement after the loss of the Challenger; named after the first ship commanded by James Cook.
Russian earth magnetosphere satellite. 2 launches, 1972.04.07 (Intercosmos 6) to 1978.07.02 (Cosmos 1026). Adaptation of recoverable Vostok spacecraft for investigation of primary cosmic radiation and meteoritic particles in near-earth outer space.
The Energia-Buran Reusable Space System (MKS) began development in 1976 as a Soviet booster that would exceed the capabilities of the US shuttle system. Following extended development, Energia made two successful flights in 1987-1988. But the Soviet Union was crumbling, and the ambitious plans to build an orbiting defense shield, to renew the ozone layer, dispose of nuclear waste, illuminate polar cities, colonize the moon and Mars, were not to be. Funding dried up and the Energia-Buran program completely disappeared from the government's budget after 1993.
The Energia-Buran Reusable Space System (MKS) began development in 1976 as a Soviet booster that would exceed the capabilities of the US shuttle system. Following extended development, Energia made two successful flights in 1987-1988. But the Soviet Union was crumbling, and the ambitious plans to build an orbiting defense shield, to renew the ozone layer, dispose of nuclear waste, illuminate polar cities, colonize the moon and Mars, were not to be. Funding dried up and the Energia-Buran program completely disappeared from the government's budget after 1993.
Summary of the meeting of the Soviet Military-Industrial Commission on 13 August 1974 - in which the fate of the N1 was sealed and the decision process leading to Energia-Buran was begun...
Russian military surveillance satellite. Study 1984. This satellite would consist of a 33 metric ton equipment bus and a 17 metric ton rocket stage. It would be placed in a 600 km / 97 degree orbit for arms control and environment monitoring.
Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 905,000/85,000 kg. Thrust 7,848.12 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 453 seconds.
Russian earth land resources satellite. Study 1992.
Energia Engineer Group 1 - 1966.
Requirement: engineers for planned Soyuz and Almaz flights. In 1968-1975 the VVS expected no fewer than 20 Almaz space stations, 50 military 7K-VI missions, 200 Soyuz training spacecraft flights and 400 Soyuz space transport flights.
Energia Engineer Group 1 Supplemental - 1967.
Requirement: engineers for lunar flyby and landing missions.
Energia Engineer Group 10 - 1989.
Requirement: engineers for missions to the Mir space station.
Energia Engineer Group 11 - 1992.
Requirement: engineers for missions to the Mir space station.
Energia Engineer Group 12 - 1994.
Requirement: engineers for missions to the ISS space station.
Energia Engineer Group 13 - 1996.
Requirement: engineers for missions to the ISS space station.
Energia Engineer Group 14 - 1997.
Requirement: engineers for missions to the ISS space station.
Energia Engineer Group 14 Supplemental - 1998.
Requirement: engineers for missions to the ISS space station.
Energia Engineer Group 14 Supplemental - 1999.
Requirement: engineers for missions to the ISS space station.
Energia Engineer Group 15 - 2003.
Requirement: engineers for missions to the ISS space station.
Energia Engineer Group 16 - 2006.
Requirement: engineer-cosmonauts for ISS missions.
Energia Engineer Group 17 - 2010.
Cosmonaut training group.
Energia Engineer Group 2 - 1967.
Requirement: engineers for lunar landing missions.
Energia Engineer Group 3 - 1972.
Requirement: engineers for Apollo-Soyuz international space docking mission.
Energia Engineer Group 4 - 1973.
Requirement: engineers for Apollo-Soyuz and Soyuz 7K-S missions.
Energia Engineer Group 5 - 1978.
Requirement: engineers for Mir space station missions.
Energia Engineer Group 6 - 1980.
Requirement: female engineer cosmonauts to visit Salyut and Mir space stations, primarily for propaganda purposes, to upstage American female astronaut flights aboard the shuttle.
Energia Engineer Group 6 Supplemental - 1983.
Requirement: all-female crew to visit Mir space stations for propaganda purposes on International Women's Day.
Energia Engineer Group 7 - 1984.
Requirement: engineers for Mir missions.
Energia Engineer Group 8 - 1985.
Requirement: engineers for Mir missions.
Energia Engineer Group 9 - 1987.
Requirement: engineers for Mir missions.
Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 77,000/7,000 kg. Thrust 1,962.03 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 455 seconds.
Energia Geostationary Platform.
Russian earth land resources satellite. Study 1984. Energia could place observation platforms of 18 to 21 metric tons in geostationary orbit.
Energia Group Special Selection - 1977.
Requirement: general designer to supervise training of spaceplane flight-test cosmonauts
Russian manned lunar base. Study 1988. In 1988, with development of the Buran space shuttle completed, Glushko ordered new studies on a lunar based that could be established using the Energia booster.
Launch vehicle originally designed in the 1980's to fullfill the third generation 20-30 tonnes to orbit launcher requirement. It was an adaptation of the Energia launch vehicle, using two strap-on booster units instead of four, and a reduced-diameter core using a single RD-0120 engine instead of four. In the 1990's a structural test article was built and it was proposed that several Energia-M's be launched for commercial customers using surplus Energia components. No buyers came forward for the untested design.
Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 272,000/28,000 kg. Thrust 1,960.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 455 seconds.
Energia Nuclear Waste Disposal.
Russian burial satellite. Study 1984. The entire inventory of high-level nuclear waste (100 metric tons) would be permanently disposed of in a solar orbit at 1. 2 AU between Earth and Mars using 10 to 15 launches of the Energia launch vehicle.
Energia Orbital Debris Remover.
Russian earth environment satellite. Study 1984. A 15 metric ton maneuverable satellite, consisting of an engine unit and a satellite collection mechanism, would maneuver at geosynchronous altitude in orbits with inclinations of between 0 and 14 degrees.
Energia Ozone Replenishment Satellite.
Russian earth environment satellite. Study 1984. The eroding ozone layer of the earth would be replenished using a constellation of space-based lasers that would bombard the stratosphere at 30 km altitude for 30 years.
Energia Polar City Illuminator.
Russian earth environment satellite. Study 1984. The Energia launch vehicle could be used to launch 100 orbital reflectors to provide light to cities located in the polar regions.
Lox/Kerosene propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 17,000/2,000 kg. Thrust 84.94 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 352 seconds. Adaptation of Block D for Energia payload orbital insertion.
Lox/Kerosene propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 355,000/35,000 kg. Thrust 7,906.10 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 337 seconds. Essentially identical to Zenit stage 1.
Out of date article on development of Energia launch vehicle (ca. 1988).
Design version of Energia, with the reusable Buran manned spaceplane mounted to the side of the core.
Russian manned spaceplane. Study 1984. Article number for combined Energia (launch vehicle) - Buran (manned spaceplane) complex. See Buran for details.
RKK Energiya im. S.P. Korolyov, Kaliningrad-Korolyov, Russia
Energiya/Buran.
Alternate designation for Energia-Buran winged orbital launch vehicle.
Enevoldson, Einar K (1932-) American test pilot. Flew the X-24B.
Engel, Rudolf German writer. Space travel pioneer German rocket and space travel pioneer.
Engine Specifications - Definition of Terms.
What do all those technical terms mean?
Engine unit.
Alternate designation for Voskhod KDU manned spacecraft module.
Category of persons.
Engineer Commercial Group - 1990.
Engineering Test Satellite.
Alternate designation for ETS technology satellite.
England, Dr Anthony Wayne 'Tony' (1942-) American geophysicist mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-51-F.
Engle, Joe Henry (1932-) American test pilot astronaut. Flew on X-15 Flight 138, X-15 Flight 143, X-15 Flight 153, STS-2, STS-51-I.
Enhanced Microsat SSTL.
Manufacturer's designation for MicroSat-100 technology satellite.
Nuclear test sites. Sounding rockets were launched from here to monitor nuclear blast effects and fallout from 22 October 1957. Known to have been used for 7 launches from 1957 to 1958, reaching up to 5000 kilometers altitude.
Enomoto, Daisuke 'Dice-K' (1971-) Japanese businessman cosmonaut, 2004-2006.
American manned spaceplane. Study 1974. Enterprise was the first Space Shuttle Orbiter. It was rolled out on September 17, 1976.
Environmental Sciences Research Satellite.
Alternate designation for ESRS earth magnetosphere satellite.
European earth resources radar satellite. One launch, 2002.03.01. The European Space Agency's Envisat polar platform was originally envisaged as an automated polar orbiting segment of the Space Station.
German surface-to-air missile, tested during World War II but abandoned in 1945 in favour of Wasserfall.
EO-.
Long duration crew of a space station. (Russian abbreviation)
EO-1.
American earth land resources satellite. One launch, 2000.11.21. The Earth Orbiter 1 satellite was part of NASA's New Millennium Program.
Eole.
French earth weather satellite. One launch, 1971.08.12. Experimental weather satellite; received meteorological data from balloon network.
Eole.
French test vehicle. Second missile developed by Jean-Jacques Barre and end of that lineage.
End of Mission bag. Before leaving for the pad, each astronaut's clothes, purses, and wallets were packed in an EOM bag. These would be delivered to the astronauts at the landing site or to their grieving spouses in the event of a shuttle loss.
Earth and ocean physics applications program
EOR.
Earth-orbit rendezvous. Most commonly used to refer to the technique of assembling components for a lunar expedition in low-earth-orbit using mutiple launches from earth, followed by rendezous and docking of the expedition components in earth orbit.
Naval forces monitoring. Determines position of enemy naval forces through detection and triangulation of their electromagnetic emissions (radio, radar, etc)
EOS.
Electro-Optical Systems, Queanbeyan, NSW, Australia.
EP-.
Visiting crew of a space station (Russian abbreviation) or Educational Publication (NASA)
EPAS.
Apollo-Soyuz Experimental Flight - Soviet name for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. (Russian abbreviation)
EPE.
American solar satellite. 4 launches, 1961.08.16 (Explorer 12) to 1964.12.21 (Explorer 26). Radiation and solar wind data.
Periodical publication which lists the predicted positions of celestial bodies at regular intervals, and the times of astronomical occurrences. It also contains other data of interest to astronomers.
EPKM.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 5,985/541 kg. Thrust 117.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 298 seconds. Perigee kick motor for putting CZ-2E payloads into geosynchronous transfer orbit. Thrust, burn time estimated. Specific impulse calculated based on motor payload/delta v performance and masses.
EPKM.
Fourth Academy solid rocket engine. 189.994 kN. Isp=292s. Chinese kick stage for use on CZ-2E for launch of Asiasat-2 and Echostar-1. Diameter increased to 1.7 m in comparison to basic 1.4 m diameter motor. Spin stabilised. First flight 1990.
EPO.
Experiments Program Office (also EXPO)
French sounding rocket. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Belisama + 1 x Belisama
Solid rocket stage. 24.00 kN (5,395 lbf) thrust. Mass 30 kg (66 lb).
EPOS.
Experimental Piloted Orbital Aircraft (Russian abbreviation)
EPOS.
Alternate designation for Spiral 50-50 winged orbital launch vehicle.
Epps.
Epps, Jeanette Jo (1970-) American scientist mission specialist astronaut, 2009-on.
American manufacturer of rockets. E'Prime Aerospace, USA.
EPS.
Electrical Power System.
EPU.
Experimental pneumatic unit (Russian abbreviation)
German earth magnetosphere satellite. One launch, 1997.12.02. German geophysics satellite.
Equipment Module.
Alternate designation for Gemini EM manned spacecraft module.
ER.
Eastern Range (was ETR). Facilities located around Cape Canaveral and its downrange tracking stations; or Engineering Report.
ERAP.
Earth resources aircraft program
ERAU.
ERAU.
ERBS.
American earth magnetosphere satellite. One launch, 1984.10.05. ERBS was part of the NASA's three-satellite Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), designed to investigate how energy from the Sun is absorbed and re-emitted by the Earth.
ERDL.
US Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratory
Erdmann, Siegfried (1916-2002) German expert in guided missiles during World War II. As of January 1947, last known to be working at Berlin. Died in the Netherlands.
EREP.
Earth resources experiment package (Skylab experiment)
A device for measuring energy expended or work done.
Eridan.
Alternate designation for Geo-IK earth geodetic satellite.
French sounding rocket. Two stage sounding rocket consisting of two Stromboli motors in tandem.
American anti-ballistic missile. Extended-Range Interceptor, Patriot improvements, SDIO/BMDO project
ERIS.
American anti-ballistic missile. Flight test vehicle for Exoatmospheric Re-Entry Interceptor Subsystem, an anti-ballistic missile hit-to-kill interceptor warhead. The ERIS vehicle itself consisted of surplus Minuteman ICBM second and third stages.
ERNO.
First name of DASA
ERNO.
Third name of Bremen
ERS.
American earth magnetosphere satellite. 7 launches, 1962.09.17 (TRS) to 1967.04.28. Environmental Research Satellites were especially designed for piggyback launching from large primary mission vehicles.
European earth resources radar satellite. 2 launches, 1991.07.17 (ERS 1) to 1995.04.21 (ERS 2). The primary mission of Europe's ERS-1 and -2 was to perform remote sensing of the Earth's oceans, ice caps, and coastal regions.
ERTA.
Russian space tug. Study 1992. ERTA (Elecktro-Raketniy Transportniy Apparat) was a nuclear-electric space tug designed to be boosted on medium boosters and provide both propulsion and electrical power for unmanned planetary probes.
ERTA.
Electric/Xenon propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 21,000/12,000 kg. Thrust 0.01 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 3000 seconds. At the beginning of the 1990's a new type of nuclear generator was studied, that would have a capacity of 150 kW in the transport role and provide 10-40 kW to power spacecraft systems while coasting. This was designated ERTA (ElecktroRaketnovo Transportnovo Apparat).
ERTS.
Earth Resources Technology Satellite
ESA.
European space suit, tested 1995. Prototype full pressure suit for the European Space Agency (ESA), produced by Dornier, Dassault, Zodiac, et. al., 0.40 bar.
ESA.
European agency overseeing development of rockets and spacecraft. European Space Agency, Europe.
European manned spacecraft. Study 1992. As Hermes gradually faded into oblivion, the European Space Agency started to take a closer a look at cheaper and less complicated manned space capsules.
Requirement: ESA astronauts for Mir, Shuttle, and ISS missions.
Requirement: ESA astronauts for Mir, Shuttle, and ISS missions.
Astronaut training group.
ESA MTFF-Derived Space Station.
European manned space station. Study 1987. Back in the heady days of 1987, Europe was making plans to build an autonomous space station derived from the Columbus Man-Tended Free-Flying (MTFF) platform as the next logical step after Space Station Freedom.
European manned space station. Study 1986. Britain initially expressed strong interest in developing an unmanned Polar Platform for Earth observation as part of the European Columbus package. In 1986 the platform was scheduled for a 1995 launch.
European earth magnetosphere satellite. 2 launches, 1977.04.20 (ESA-Geos 1) and 1978.07.14 (ESA-Geos 2). Magnetospheric research. European Space Agency satellite.
ESBM.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 10,810/1,030 kg. Thrust 189.20 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 293 seconds.
Spanish pressure suit. Spanish Colonel Don Emilio Herrera Linares designed and built a full pressure suit in 1935, which was to have been used during an open-basket balloon stratospheric flight scheduled for early 1936.
Redmond electric/ammonia rocket engine. 2 N. In Production. Isp=800s. Electric Propulsion Space Experiment) program begun 1989 under the then Air Force Astronautics Lab. Flew once in 1999 on board the ARGOS satellite.
American agency. ESIEESPA, USA.
ESIS.
European Space Information System
Esnault-Pelterie, Robert Albert Charles (1881-1957) French engineer. Pioneering spaceflight theoretician. French rocketry and spaceflight pioneer. A leading advocate of space travel, his speeches and writings created only limited enthusiasm for rocketry in France prior to WW2.
ESO.
European Southern Observatory
ESP.
Extravehicular support package
Espenlaub, Gottlob (1900-1972) German Engineer. Glider pilot and technical designer of sail and power planes.
ESRO.
European technology satellite. 5 launches, 1967.05.30 (ESRO 2A) to 1972.11.22 (ESRO 4). The ESRO series were small Scout-launched probes of near-earth space.
ESRO.
European agency overseeing development of spacecraft. European Space Research Organisation, Europe.
ESRO X-Ray Observatory Satellite.
Alternate designation for Exosat x-ray astronomy satellite.
ESRS.
American earth magnetosphere satellite. One launch, 1964.06.25. Environmental Sciences Research Satellite.
ESS.
Experiment Support System.
ESSA.
American agency overseeing development of spacecraft. Environmental Science Services Administration, USA.
Russian military communications satellite. Study 1982. Military nuclear powered communications satellite. Development approved by the Soviet VPK Military-Industrial Commission on 8 January 1982.
Dutch manufacturer of spacecraft. European Space Tech. Centre, Noordwijk, Netherlands
Estonia
ET.
(Shuttle) External Tank
Two heat-tile covered doors on the belly of shuttle where the plumbing connections between the external tank and the shuttle's three SSME engines penetrated the vehicle. After separation of the external tank, failure of these doors to close would mean death during reentry.
Russian earth geodetic satellite. 2 launches, 1989.01.10 (Cosmos 1989) to 1989.05.31 (Cosmos 2024). Passive geodetic satellites, 1415 kg, 1.294 m in diameter, covered with 306 antenna arrays, each with 14 corner cubes for laser reflection.
ETLA.
Extended Three Letter Acronym
ETR.
Eastern Test Range (later ER). Facilities located around Cape Canaveral and its downrange tracking stations.
ETS.
Manufacturer's designation for Kakehashi communications satellite.
ETS.
Japanese technology satellite. 7 launches, 1975.09.09 (Kiku 1) to 2006.12.16 (Kiku 8).
Japanese rendezvous technology satellite. One launch, 1997.11.27, Hikoboshi. Technology satellite, to accomplish remote automatic rendezvous and docking.
Japanese rendezvous technology satellite. One launch, 1997.11.27, Orihime. Attached to Hikoboshi. Docking target for ETS-7.
ETV.
Japanese test vehicle. Three stage vehicle consisting of 8 x SB-310 + 1 x M-10 + 1 x LE-3
European Meteorological Satellite Organization, Europe.
Turkish agency. Eurasisa, Turkey.
Chinese agency. Eurasspa, China.
European materials science satellite. One launch, 1992.07.31. Microgravity experiments; deployed from one shuttle mission, left in earth orbit for extended periods, and retrieved and returned to earth on a later shuttle flight.
Russian agency overseeing development of spacecraft. Eurockot GmbH, Russia.
Euromissile, France/Germany.
European orbital launch vehicle. Europe's first space launcher. The first stage was a British Blue Streak IRBM, the second stage the French Coralie, and the third stage the German Astris. All orbital launch attempts failed due to unreliability of the third stage. The project was cancelled after withdrawal of British support and replaced by the Ariane.
Europe's first space launcher. The first stage was a British Blue Streak IRBM, the second stage the French Coralie, and the third stage the German Astris. All orbital launch attempts failed due to unreliability of the third stage. The project was cancelled after withdrawal of British support and replaced by the Ariane.
European orbital launch vehicle. Four stage version of the Europa vehicle, adding a P068 fourth stage.
Lox/Kerosene propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 89,406/6,997 kg. Thrust 1,672.67 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 282 seconds.
N2O4/UDMH propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 11,894/2,099 kg. Thrust 274.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 277 seconds.
Europe
European eXperimental Test Vehicle.
Alternate designation for EXTV winged orbital launch vehicle.
European manned Mars expedition. Study 2005. In 2005 the Mars Society Germany proposed a European Mars Mission (EMM) that could be launched using an improved version of the Ariane 5 booster.
European Remote Sensing Satellite.
Alternate designation for ERS 1-2 earth resources radar satellite.
European Retrievable Carrier.
Alternate designation for Eureca materials science satellite.
Category of spacecraft.
European Space Agency.
Alternate designation for ESA space suit.
Category of spacecraft.
British agency. EuropeSt, UK.
Europe*Star Ltd, London, UK
French manufacturer. Eurosam GIE, France.
French communications satellite. 4 launches, 1990.10.30 (Inmarsat 2 F1) to 1992.04.15 (Inmarsat 2 F4). The Eurostar 1000 platform was the first generation of Matra Marconi Space GEO satellite platforms serving mainly commercial telecoms applications.
French communications satellite. 24 launches, 1988.03.11 (Telecom 1C) to 2006.11.08 (Badr 4 ARABSAT 4B).
French communications satellite bus. Operational, first launch 2005.03.11 (Inmarsat 4-F1). Third generation of Matra Marconi Space GEO satellite platforms serving mainly commercial telecommunications applications.
In certain ranges of metal alloys there is one is mixture which melts at a lower temperature than any other alloy in the series. Such an alloy is termed the eutectic.
EUTELSAT regional geostationary telecommunication satellite for European countries. Operated by the EUTELSAT organization.
European Telecommunications Satellite Organization, Europe.
EUV.
Extreme UltraViolet
EUVE.
American ultraviolet astronomy satellite. One launch, 1992.06.07. The EUVE Extreme Ultra-Violet Explorer mission mapped space in the 70- to 760-angstrom portion of the spectrum and conducted detailed ultraviolet examinations of selected celestial targets.
EVA.
Extravehicular activity; spacewalk.
Russian space suit, tested 1995. Prototype full pressure suit effort between ESA and USSR to upgrade the Orlan DMA.
Evans, Ronald Ellwin Jr 'Ron' (1933-1990) American pilot astronaut. Flew combat missions over Vietnam. Flew on Apollo 17.
Everest, Frank K American test pilot. Flew 161 combat missions in WWII, shooting down six enemy aircraft. Flew the X-1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
EW.
Early Warning
Ewald, Dr Reinhold (1956-) German engineer cosmonaut. Flew on Mir 97.
EarthWatch, Longmont, USA
Experimental InterAmerican Meteorological Rocket Network)
American sea-launched orbital launch vehicle. Excalibur was a subscale version of Sea Dragon proposed by Truax Engineering in the 1990's. It featured the same attributes as Sea Dragon: low cost design (pressure fed engines), Lox/Kerosene first stage (combustion chamber pressure 24 atmospheres) and Lox/LH2 second stage (chamber pressure 5 atmospheres). Guidance would be by a combined Inertial/GPS system. An even smaller Excalibur S vehicle would prove the concept and place 500 kg in orbit.
Excalibur was a subscale version of Sea Dragon proposed by Truax Engineering in the 1990's. It featured the same attributes as Sea Dragon: low cost design (pressure fed engines), Lox/Kerosene first stage (combustion chamber pressure 24 atmospheres) and Lox/LH2 second stage (chamber pressure 5 atmospheres).
Bristol solid rocket engine.
American sea-launched orbital launch vehicle. Two recoverable pressure-fed stages.
The Canadian-made Excalibur Target System was a boosted dart ballistic rocket whose flight could be tailored to simulate various threats for anti-tactical ballistic missile (TBM) system tests. The solid-propellant launched the dart segment to the necessary angle and velocity for the mission. The dart then separated from the booster. It carried a sophisticated electronic RFSAS Radio Frequency Signature Augmentation System, which electronically enlarged the target's radar cross-section to mimic the larger missile appropriate to the mission.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded mass 40 kg.
Exos.
American sounding rocket. Three stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M-6 + 1 x Nike + 1 x Recruit
EXOS.
Japanese earth ionosphere satellite. 4 launches, 1978.02.04 (SS-05 Kyokko) to 1989.02.21 (Akebono). Optical investigations of ionosphere. EXOS-C (OHZORA).
European x-ray astronomy satellite. One launch, 1983.05.26. EXOSAT was a space research satellite of the European Space Agency.
A process which releases rather than absorbs, heat energy.
Category of engines.
Rocketdyne N2O4/Aerozine-50 rocket engine. Launch thrust 44.463 kN. Expansion-Deflection Booster (10,000 lb thrust). Pressure-fed. Thrust and specific impulse values are at sea level.
Rocketdyne N2O4/Aerozine-50 rocket engine. Launch thrust 222.326 kN. Expansion-Deflection Booster (50,000 Ib thrust). Pressure-fed. Thrust and specific impulse values are at sea level.
Experiment Satellite I.
Alternate designation for Shiyan civilian surveillance satellite.
Experimental Geophysical Satellite.
Alternate designation for EGS earth geodetic satellite.
Experimental Spacecraft System.
Alternate designation for XSS rendezvous technology satellite.
American heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle. Numerous NASA studies in the late 1980's and 1990's came to the same conclusion as the Nova studies of the 1960's - to get to Mars, an extremely heavy lift launch vehicle was needed to assemble Mars expeditions in low earth orbit. A nominal heavy list vehicle with a payload of at least 140 tonnes into a Space Station Freedom orbit would have to be developed for such missions.
Series of satellites launched by Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the exploration of the space environment (micrometeoroids, charged particles, radiation, etc) from both earth orbital and heliocentric orbital locations.
American earth magnetosphere satellite. 3 launches, 1958.02.01 (Explorer 1) to 1958.03.26 (Explorer 3). Discovered Van Allen radiation belts. Spacecraft engaged in research and exploration of the upper atmosphere or outer space.
American earth magnetosphere satellite. One launch, 1958.07.26, Explorer 4. Mapped project Argus radiation.
American earth magnetosphere satellite. One launch, 1958.08.24, Explorer 5.
EXPO.
Experiments Project Office (also EPO)
Japanese materials science satellite. One launch, 1995.01.15, EXPRESS RV. At first thought not to have reached orbit. Later reentry vehicle was discovered in Ghana having reentered and deployed its parachute on Jan 15.
Extended Length Tank Thor.
Alternate designation for Delta Thor ELT rocket stage.
Extended Length Tank Thor MB-3.
Alternate designation for H-1-1 rocket stage.
Extended Length Thor RS-27.
Alternate designation for Delta Thor RS27 rocket stage.
American manned spacecraft. Study 1965. A McDonnell concept for using Gemini for extended duration missions. The basic Gemini would dock with an Agena upper stage.
External Tank.
Alternate designation for Shuttle Tank rocket stage.
Extra ELT Thor.
Alternate designation for Delta Thor XLT rocket stage.
Extra ELT Thor+.
Alternate designation for Delta Thor XLT-C rocket stage.
Extravehicular Activity Maneuvering Unit.
Alternate designation for Gemini EMU space suit.
Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer.
Alternate designation for EUVE ultraviolet astronomy satellite.
EXTV.
French winged orbital launch vehicle. This was to be a reusable winged rocket-powered atmospheric reentry demonstrator capable of reaching speeds of Mach 4 to 10 in the atmosphere. The aim was for ESA to build up experience in reuse operations and high-speed atmospheric flight in the 2003-2007 period. The demonstrator would weigh two tonnes and have a range of 1500 kilometers. It would be able to land on a conventional runway. Dassault and Aerospatiale Matra were to merge their VEHRA and ARES projects to produce a single design. Ares estimated cost was 550 million dollars.
Eyharts, Leopold (1957-) French test pilot cosmonaut, mission specialist astronaut. Flew on Mir Pegase, ISS EO-16-2.