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Guidance and navigation
G-1.
Library of Congress Designation of N1 heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle.
G-1.
Russian intermediate range ballistic missile. The G-1, an improved 600 km range version of the V-2 missile, was the first design produced by Groettrup's German engineering team after they had been moved to Russia. A Soviet state commission found in 1948 that it was superior to Korolev's R-2 concept. Nevertheless the R-2 was put in production instead.
G-1.
Rocketdyne exotic LF2/Hydrazine rocket engine. 53.5 kN. Atlas upper stage. Developed 1960's. Engine developed for replacement of Agena upper stage in late 1950's. Not flown due to toxicity of propellants. NOMAD Upper Stage System. Pressure-fed. Isp=357s.
G1C.
American space suit, tested 1962. NASA Gemini prototype full pressure suit, closed loop. The G-1C lead to the G-2C, G-3C (IVA suits), G-4C (both IVA and EVA suit), and G-5C with a soft head enclosure for the 14 day Gemini 7 mission.
G-2.
The G-2 design objective was to create the first IRBM - to deliver a 1000 kg payload over a 2500 km range. The missile would use three V-2 derived engines with a total thrust of 100 tonnes. A variety of alternate configurations (R-12A through R-12K) were considered by the German team in Russia. These included parallel and consecutive staging, gimballed motors, and other innovations. The R-12K was particularly interesting because it represented a concept later used on the US Atlas missile - jettisoning of the two outboard engines at altitude to significantly improve range. The G-2 was given the secret designation R-6 and overt designation R-12 by the Russians.
G-26.
Manufacturer's designation of XLR83-NA-1 Lox-Kerosene rocket engine.
Lox/Alcohol propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 42,403/11,337 kg. Thrust 1,204.12 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 273 seconds. Burns out at altitude 13,000 m, Mach 3
G2C.
American space suit, tested 1963. The Dave Clark G2C was the prototype IVA space suit for project Gemini. None were flown. The flight versions were G4C and G5C.
G2G.
American space suit, tested 1962. The BF Goodrich space suit was developed in competition with the Dave Clark G2C suit for Project Gemini. It was not flown.
G-3.
German aerodynamicist Albring designed the G-3 missile for the Russians in October 1949. This would use a rocket-powered Groettrup-designed G-1 as the first stage. The cruise stage would have an aerodynamic layout like that of the Saenger-Bredt rocket-powered antipodal bomber of World War II. Cruising at 13 km altitude, the supersonic missile would carry a 3000 kg warhead to a range of 2900 km.
G-38.
Manufacturer's designation of LR83-NA-1 Lox-Kerosene rocket engine.
Lox/Kerosene propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 76,870/16,780 kg. Thrust 2,048.16 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 282 seconds. Burns out at altitude 21,600 m, Mach 3. Empty Mass estimated.
G3C.
American space suit, operational 1964. Dave Clark G3C initial Gemini production flight suits were worn aboard Gemini 3, and by the spacecraft commanders of Gemini 6 and 8..
G-4.
Lox/Alcohol propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 66,600/2,760 kg. Thrust 1,059.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 249 seconds. Residuals 940 kg. Burnout mass with 3400 kg warhead 7100 kg. Cutoff velocity 4500 m/s, maximum altitude 120 km over 3000 km range. With 10 G limiter thrust would be throttled back and burn time would be 156 seconds.
G-4.
Russian intermediate range ballistic missile. The G-4 was designed by the Groettrup German team in the Soviet Union in competition with Korolev's R-3. Rocket chief Ustinov informed Groettrup of the requirement on 9 April 1949: to deliver a 3000 kg atomic bomb to a 3000 km. This requirement meant a massive improvement over existing V-2 technology. The G-4 was evaluated against Korolev's R-3 on 7 December 1949 - and the G-4 was found to be superior. Neither ended up in production, but the design concepts of the G-4 led directly to Korolev's R-7 ICBM (essentially a cluster of G-4's or R-3A's) and the N1 superbooster. Work on the G-4 continued through 1952.
G4C.
American space suit, operational 1964. Dave Clark G4C flight suits were designed for wear by Gemini astronauts.
American space suit, operational 1966. This space suit was designed to provide thermal protection to astronauts using the Astronaut Maneuvering Unit (AMU).
G-5.
Russian intercontinental ballistic missile. Some sources indicate the G-5 / R-15 designation was assigned to an ICBM designed by the Groettrup team. If so, it may have been the 'packet of G-4's' that was the direct ancestor of the Korolev R-7. The designation G-5 / R-15 has also been reported as that of the ramjet missile more often referred to as G-3 or R-13.
G5C.
American space suit, operational 1965. This David Clark lightweight suit was developed for long duration project Gemini missions. It was designed to be easily removed during flight and to provide greater comfort than the standard Gemini space suit.
Gaffney, Dr Francis Andrew 'Drew' (1946-) American physician payload specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-40.
Gagarin, Yuri Alekseyevich (1934-1968) Russian pilot cosmonaut. Flew on Vostok 1. First person in space. Due to his fame, the Soviet leadership did not want to risk him on another flight, but later relented. Died in a 1968 MiG trainer crash while requalifying for flight status.
Gaia.
American earth resources satellite. need summary - see links
Gaidukov, Sergei Nikolayevich (1936-2008) Russian navigator cosmonaut, 1967-1978. Retired due to medical reasons (injured during parachute training). Worked as an engineer until 1988, when he retired from all work for medical reasons.
Gaidukov, Lev Mikhailovich (1911-) Russian officer. Soviet Lieutenant General, headed group that acquired German rocket technology and engineers, 1945-1946. In 1949 made Chief of State Commissions for rocket testing; in 1960 named head of the Second Directorate of the RVSN.
Gainful.
ASCC Reporting Name of Kub surface-to-air missile.
gal.
gallon
American technology satellite. Study 2008. The Galaxy subscale module was scheduled to fly in 2008. It would be twice as large as its Genesis predecessors and represent a 50% scale model of the Sundancer manned inflatable space station.
Television broadcast satellite.
Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
American ultraviolet astronomy satellite. One launch, 2003.04.28. The Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) was an orbiting space telescope that was to observe galaxies in ultraviolet wavelengths.
Galeyev, Albert Abubakirovich (1940-) Russian officer. Director from 1988 of the Institute for Space Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences Soviet physicist. Worked at the Institute for Space Research of the Russian Academy of Science from 1973.
American outer planets probe. One launch, 1989.10.18. The Galileo Jupiter orbiter was designed to perform in-depth studies of the giant planet's atmosphere, satellites, and surrounding magnetosphere.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Italian scientist. Used the telescope for astronomy, proving Copernicus heliocentric system. Discovered cratered surface of moon, moons of Jupiter, and that Milky Way was made of stars. By experiment disproved Aristotlean physics concepts.
European navigation satellite. One launch, 2008.04.26, GIOVE B. Galileo was to be Europe's own global navigation satellite system, providing a highly accurate, guaranteed global positioning service under civilian control.
American outer planets probe. One launch, 1989.10.18. Jupiter atmospheric probe; deployed from Galileo 7/13/95; entered Jupiter atmosphere 12/7/95.
Gallay, Mark Lazarevich (1914-1998) Russian test pilot. Led training at the Cosmonaut Training Centre, Test pilot of Gromov Lll.
Galosh Mod.1.
ASCC Reporting Name of A-350Zh anti-ballistic missile.
Galosh Mod.2.
ASCC Reporting Name of A-350R missile.
Gals.
Russian communications satellite. 2 launches, 1994.01.20 (Gals) and 1995.11.17 (Gals-2). Direct broadcasting satellite (new generation of satellites) intended for development of the Russian television system and international cooperation.
GAM-63.
Department of Defence Designation of Rascal air-to-surface missile.
GAM-67.
Department of Defence Designation of Crossbow air-to-surface missile.
GAM-77.
Alternate Designation of AGM-28A intermediate range cruise missile.
GAM-77A.
Alternate Designation of AGM-28B intermediate range cruise missile.
GAM-87.
Alternate Designation of Skybolt air-to-surface missile.
Gambit.
Russian gamma ray astronomy satellite. One launch, 1990.07.11. The Gamma USSR/France gamma/x-ray astronomical telescope spacecraft was derived from the Soyuz manned spacecraft and had an unusually long gestation.
Bristol Siddley H2O2/Kerosene rocket engine. 68.2 kN. Out of production. Isp=265s. Used on Black Arrow launch vehicle. First flight 1969.
Saunders-Roe H2O2/Kerosene rocket engine. 75 kN.
Saunders-Roe H2O2/Kerosene rocket engine. 75 kN.
Bristol Siddley H2O2/Kerosene rocket engine. 234.8 kN. Out of production. Isp=265s. Used on Black Arrow launch vehicle. First flight 1969.
Argentinan sounding rocket. Argentine two-stage solid-propellant fin-stabilized rocket flown in the early 1960's for technology development and scientific research.
Solid rocket stage. Mass 16 kg (35 lb).
Solid rocket stage. Mass 6 kg (13 lb).
Gamma ray astronomy satellite.
Category of spacecraft.
Gammon.
ASCC Reporting Name of S-200, V-860P, V-860PV, V-870, V-880, V-880E, V-880M, and V-880N surface-to-air missile.
Sounding rocket launch location known to have been used for 21 launches from 1969 to 1970, reaching up to 66 kilometers altitude.
Launch site on Canary Islands, near NASA tracking station, considered for several planned Spanish and Italian orbital launch vehicles. L-1011 carrier aircraft staging from Gran Canaria air-launch Pegasus launch vehicles into orbit near here (drop point 27.00 N 15.30 W).
RW03/21L and RW03/21R, Base Aerea de Gando
Ganef.
ASCC Reporting Name of Krug surface-to-air missile.
Ganzorig Maidarjabyn (1949-) Mongolian pilot cosmonaut, 1978-1981.
GAO.
General Accounting Office
GAP.
Glycigyl azide polymer
Garan, Ronald John Jr (1961-) American pilot astronaut. Flew on STS-124, ISS EO-27.
Gardian German rocket technician in WW2; later worked in France at LRBA from 1947 in the test stand group.
Gardner, Dale Allan (1948-) American engineer mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-8, STS-51-A.
Gardner, Guy Spencer (1948-) American test pilot astronaut. Flew on STS-27, STS-35. Grew up in Alexandria, Virginia. Flew 177 combat missions over Vietnam.
Gardner, Philip T (1918-) American engineer. Manager of test laboratories for the Atlas program.
Garn.
Garn, Edwin Jacob 'Jake' (1932-) American senator payload specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-51-D.
Garneau, Dr Joseph Jean-Pierre Marc (1949-) Canadian engineer mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-41-G, STS-77, STS-97. First Canadian astronaut.
Military communications and data relay satellite. Replacement for the Potok and Geizer.
Garrett.
First Owner of Airesearch
Garriott, Dr Owen Kay (1930-) American scientist mission specialist astronaut. Flew on Skylab 3, STS-9.
Garriott, Richard Allen (1961-) American space tourist. Flew on ISS EP-15. Son of astronaut Owen Garriott, raised in Nassau Bay, Texas. Sold first computer game at 16; made millions in computer games. Paid $30 million for a flight to the International Space Station.
French pressure suit, tested 1935. The first French full pressure suit was designed by Dr Paul Garsaux with the backing of the Potez Airplane Company in 1935.
Gartmann, Heintz German expert in rocket propulsion during World War II. As of January 1947, working at Wright Field, Ohio.
American manufacturer of rocket engines and rockets. Garvey Spacecraft, USA.
Garvey Lox/Alcohol rocket engine. Development ended 2005. Launch thrust .044 kN. Single-chamber, liquid-propellant, annular aerospike engine.
GAS.
American technology satellite. Study 1976. NASA's getaway special program, officially known as the Small, Self-Contained Payloads program, offered interested individuals or groups opportunities to fly small experiments aboard the space shuttle.
Laser propulsion involves using the power of a laser to heat or augment combustion of a mixture of gases.
Gas Dynamic Laser/CO+Air+N2+C2H5OH.
Laser propulsion involves using the power of a laser to heat or augment combustion of a mixture of gases. Mix of propellants to be heated by a gas dynamic laser in one Russian prototype.
Gasoline of various grades were used as fuel in the earliest rocket engines of Goddard and others. Once appropriate blends of kerosene were developed in the United States and Soviet Union, that became the hydrocarbon fuel of choice.
Gasparini, Jean-Marc Michel Daniel (1963-) French engineer astronaut, 1990-1998. Graduated from Polytechnic School, 1985 Combat and test pilot, French Air Force. Chief test pilot at Bretigny Flight Test Center .
Gates, Thomas S (1906-1983) American manager. Navy Undersecretary 1953-1957; Secretary of the Navy 1957-1959, Secretary of Defense from 1959-1961. Under his watch Polaris was developed by the Navy and innumerable DOD space programs were begun.
GATV.
Gemini Agena Target Vehicle
GAU.
Chief Artillery Directorate (Russian abbreviation)
GAU.
GAU
Argentinan manned spacecraft. Study 2004. X-Prize suborbital ballistic spacecraft concept of Pablo De Leon of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Reached the stage of engineering tests by 2003.
Italian manufacturer of spacecraft. GAUSS, Italy.
Gavin, Jospeh American Manager. Grumman Vice Presidnet for Space Programs during development of the Apollo Lunar Module.
Gazelle.
ASCC Reporting Name of 53T6 anti-ballistic missile.
Gazenko, Oleg Georgyevich (1918-) Russian physician. Director of IMBP 1969-1988. Performed early work on space medicine.
AO Gazcom, Moskva, Russia
Russian agency overseeing development of spacecraft. Gazprom, Russia.
GBT.
Green Bank Telescope
GCR.
GCR.
GCRC.
GCR solid rocket engine. 11.6 kN. Isp=230s. Used on Vanguard launch vehicle. First flight 1957.
GCVS.
General Catalog of Variable Stars
GD.
American manufacturer. General Dynamics, USA.
GDC.
General Dynamics Convair (usually GD/C)
General Dynamics Commercial Launch Services, USA
GDL.
Gas Dynamics Laboratory (Russian abbreviation)
GDS.
Great Dark Spot
GDU-10.
Alternate designation for RD-109 Lox-UDMH rocket engine.
GE.
Third name of Valley Forge
GE.
Third name of SES Americom
GE.
American manufacturer of rockets, spacecraft, and rocket engines. General Electric Corporation, USA.
American agency overseeing development of spacecraft. Americom, USA.
GE Astro Space (1986-1993).
Second Owner of East Windsor
American manned rescue spacecraft. Study 1966. The GE Life raft was a rigid unpressurized aeroshell. Three crew in space suits with parachutes would strap themselves into the seats.
American lunar logistics spacecraft. Nuclear electric tug proposed by General Electric in a 1965 study to support an Apollo Applications Lunar Base. A Snap-50 space reactor generating 1.9 MW would power the tug.
The first private citizen in space was also the oldest pilot... coincidence?
A faint light observed from the dark side of the Earth in a direction opposite to the Sun. It results from sunlight reflected by dust particles which orbit the Sun at planetary distances.
Geineder, Florian German expert in operation of the Kochel wind tunnel during World War II. As of January 1947, living in Kreis Tolz (French Zone of Occupation).
Geissler, Ernst (1915-1989) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter.
Geizer.
Code name for Potok military communications satellite.
Gektor, Gektor-Priroda.
Code name for Zenit-2M military surveillance satellite.
Russian communications satellite. Study 1995. An early Applied Mechanics NPO plan to replace Gorizont and Ekran spacecraft revolved around the Gelikon project.
GEM.
Giotto Extended Mission
Hercules solid rocket engine. 499.2 kN. Air-ignited versions have nozzle ratio of 16:1, specific impulse of 283.4 sec. Isp=274s. Used on Delta 7925 launch vehicle. First flight 1990.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 13,064/1,361 kg. Thrust 492.93 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 274 seconds.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 19,327/2,282 kg. Thrust 628.31 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 278 seconds. Nine 1168-mm (46 in.) diameter Alliant graphite epoxy motors (GEM LDXLs) (strap-on solid rocket motors - SSRMs) augment the first-stage performance of the Delta III and were a direct evolution from the GEMs used on Delta II.
Hercules solid rocket engine. 608.1 kN. Air-ignited versions have nozzle ratio of 24.8:1, specific impulse of 284 sec. Isp=274s. First flight 1998.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 33,798/3,849 kg. Thrust 826.55 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 275 seconds. 90.5 bar chamber pressure, 11.0 nozzle expansion ratio. Figures for TVC version. Fixed nozzle version is 599 kg lighter.
Hercules solid rocket engine. 851.5 kN. In production. Isp=275s. Used as strap-on boosters for Delta 3 , Delta IV Medium. First flight 2002.
Gemar, Charles Donald 'Sam' (1955-) American engineer mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-38, STS-48, STS-62. US Army
American manned spacecraft. 12 launches, 1964.04.08 (Gemini 1) to 1966.11.11 (Gemini 12). It was obvious to NASA that there was a big gap of three to four years between the last Mercury flight and the first scheduled Apollo flight.
The Gusmobile could have conquered space - faster, better cheaper. An endless number of Gemini derivatives would have performed tasks in earth orbit, and flown around and landed on the moon. Could the US have won the moon and space station races at a fraction of the expense? Browse through the many might-have-been Geminis!
Gemini was conceived as an 'upgraded Mercury' to test essential orbital manoeuvring, rendezvous, docking, lifting re-entry, and space walking techniques in the four years between the last Mercury flight and the first scheduled Apollo flight. If fulfilled this mission, and numerous variants that never reached production would have serviced manned space stations and taken Americans around and to the moon - at lower cost and earlier than Apollo.
American manned lunar orbiter. Study 1965. In June 1965 astronaut Pete Conrad conspired with the Martin and McDonnell corporations to advocate an early circumlunar flight using Gemini.
American manned lunar flyby spacecraft. Study 1964. In the spring of 1964, with manned Apollo flights using the Saturn I having been cancelled, use of a Saturn I to launch a Gemini around the moon was studied.
American manned lunar flyby spacecraft. Study 1964.
American manned lunar orbiter. In late 1964 McDonnell, in addition to a Saturn 1B-boosted circumlunar Gemini, McDonnell proposed a lunar-orbit version of Gemini to comprehensively scout the Apollo landing zones prior to the first Apollo missions.
Crew: Collins, Young. First free space walk from one spacecraft to another. First rendezvous with two different spacecraft in one flight. Altitude (763 km) record. Exciting mission with successful docking with Agena, flight up to parking orbit where Gemini 8 Agena wa stored. Backup crew: Bean, Williams Clifton.
Crew: Conrad, Gordon. Speed (8,003 m/s) and altitude (1,372 km) records. First docking with another spacecraft on first orbit after launch. First test of tethered spacecraft. Backup crew: Anders, Armstrong.
Crew: Aldrin, Lovell. First completely successful space walk. Final Gemini flight. Docked and redocked with Agena, demonstrating various Apollo scenarios including manual rendezvous and docking. Successful EVA without overloading suit by use of suitable restraints. Backup crew: Cernan, Cooper.
Crew: Grissom, Young. First spacecraft to maneuver in orbit. First manned flight of Gemini spacecraft. First American to fly twice into space. Manual reentry, splashed down 97 km from carrier. Backup crew: Schirra, Stafford.
Crew: McDivitt, White. First American space walk. First American long-duration spaceflight. Astronaut could barely get back into capsule after spacewalk. Failure of spacecraft computer resulted in high-G ballistic re-entry. Backup crew: Borman, Lovell.
Crew: Conrad, Cooper. First American flight to seize duration record from Soviet Union. Mission plan curtailed due to fuel cell problems; mission incredibly boring, spacecraft just drifting to conserve fuel most of the time. Splashed down 145 km from aim point. Backup crew: Armstrong, See.
Crew: Schirra, Stafford. First rendezvous of two spacecraft. Originally was to dock with an Agena target, but this blew up on way to orbit. Decision to rendezvous with upcoming Gemini 7 instead. Mission almost lost when booster ignited, then shut down on pad. Backup crew: Grissom, Young.
Crew: Borman, Lovell. Record flight duration (14 days) to that date. Incredibly boring mission, made more uncomfortable by the extensive biosensors. Monotony was broken just near the end by the rendezvous with Gemini 6. Backup crew: Collins, White.
Crew: Armstrong, Scott. First docking of two spacecraft. After docking with Agena target, a stuck thruster aboard Gemini resulted in the crew nearly blacking out before the resulting spin could be stopped. An emergency landing in the mid-Pacific Ocean followed. Backup crew: Conrad, Gordon.
Crew: Cernan, Stafford. Third rendezvous mission of Gemini program. Agena target blew up on way to orbit; substitute target's shroud hung up, docking impossible. EVA almost ended in disaster when astronaut's face plate fogged over; barely able to return to spacecraft. Backup crew: Aldrin, Lovell.
Crew: Bassett, See. Planned mission, cancelled when prime crew killed in T-38 trainer crash. All subsequent crew assignments were reshuffled. This ended up determining who would be the first man on the moon.… Backup crew: Cernan, Stafford.
American space tug. 6 launches, 1965.10.25 (GATV 6) to 1966.11.11 (Gemini 12 Agena Target).
American manned spacecraft module. 12 launches, 1964.04.08 (Gemini 1) to 1966.11.11 (Gemini 12).
American manned spacecraft module. Cancelled 1969. Adapter module for Gemini B, the engines serving as both abort motors during ascent to orbit and for retrofire on return to earth. Abort/deorbit propulsion.
American manned spacecraft. Cancelled 1969. Gemini was extensively redesigned for the MOL Manned Orbiting Laboratory program. The resulting Gemini B, although externally similar, was essentially a completely new spacecraft. Reentry capsule.
Gemini ECS Development Diary
Gemini Ejection Development Diary
American manned spacecraft module. 12 launches, 1964.04.08 (Gemini 1) to 1966.11.11 (Gemini 12).
American space mobility device, tested 1966. Vought developed the EMU, which was to have been flown in the Gemini program. This design approach led to the Space Shuttle's MMU (Manned Maneuvering Unit) was put into operation.
American manned spacecraft. Study 1963. The Gemini Ferry vehicle would have been launched by Titan 3M for space station replenishment.
American manned spacecraft module. Study 1963.
American manned spacecraft module. Study 1963.
American manned spacecraft module. Study 1963.
Gemini Fuel Cell Development Diary
Gemini G2C Space Suit.
Alternate designation for G2C space suit.
Gemini G2G Space Suit.
Alternate designation for G2G space suit.
Gemini G3C Space Suit.
Alternate designation for G3C space suit.
Gemini G4C Space Suit.
Alternate designation for G4C space suit.
Gemini G5C Space Suit.
Alternate designation for G5C space suit.
Gemini Inertial Guidance System.
Gemini Inertial Guidance System Development Diary
Gemini Lightweight Suit.
Manufacturer's designation for G5C space suit.
American manned lunar lander. Study 1961. Original Mercury Mark II proposal foresaw a Gemini capsule and a single-crew open cockpit lunar lander undertaking a lunar orbit rendezvous mission, launched by a Titan C-3.
American manned lunar orbiter. Study 1967. This version of Gemini was studied as a means of rescuing an Apollo CSM crew stranded in lunar orbit. The Gemini would be launched unmanned on a translunar trajectory by a Saturn V.
American manned spacecraft module. Study 1967. Calculated mass based on mission requirements, drawing of spacecraft.
American manned spacecraft module. Study 1967. Calculated mass based on mission requirements, drawing of spacecraft, dimensions of propellant tanks.
American manned spacecraft module. Study 1966. Calculated mass based on mission requirements, drawing of spacecraft, dimensions of propellant tanks.
American manned spacecraft module. Study 1966. Calculated mass based on mission requirements, drawing of spacecraft, dimensions of propellant tanks.
American manned spacecraft module. Study 1966. Calculated mass based on mission requirements, drawing of spacecraft, dimensions of propellant tanks.
American manned spacecraft module. Study 1966. Calculated mass based on mission requirements, drawing of spacecraft.
American manned spacecraft module. Study 1967. Calculated mass based on mission requirements, drawing of spacecraft, dimensions of propellant tanks.
American manned spacecraft module. Study 1967. Calculated mass based on mission requirements, drawing of spacecraft.
American manned lunar lander. Study 1961. A direct lunar lander design of 1961, capable of being launched to the moon in a single Saturn V launch through use of a 2-man Gemini re-entry vehicle instead of the 3-man Apollo capsule.
Gemini Lunar Orbit Rescue Vehicle.
Alternate designation for Gemini LORV manned lunar orbiter.
American manned spacecraft module. Study 1967. Calculated mass based on mission requirements, drawing of spacecraft.
Gemini Lunar Surface Rescue Spacecraft.
American manned lunar lander. Study 1966. This version of Gemini would allow a direct manned lunar landing mission to be undertaken in a single Saturn V flight, although it was only proposed as an Apollo rescue vehicle.
Gemini Lunar Surface Survival Shelter.
American manned lunar habitat. Study 1967. Prior to an Apollo moon landing attempt, the shelter would be landed, unmanned, near the landing site of a stranded Apollo Lunar Module.
Gemini OAMS/RCS Development Diary
American manned spacecraft. Study 1966. Proposed version of Gemini for low-earth orbit solar or stellar astronomy. This would be launched by a Saturn S-IB. It has an enlarged reentry module which seems to be an ancestor of the 'Big Gemini' of 1967.
Gemini Parachute Development Diary
Gemini Paraglide Development Diary
American manned spacecraft. Study 1966. The paraglider was supposed to be used in the original Gemini program but delays in getting the wing to deploy reliably resulted in it not being flown.
American manned space station. Study 1964.
Gemini Radar Development Diary
Gemini REP Development Diary
American manned spacecraft module. 12 launches, 1964.04.08 (Gemini 1) to 1966.11.11 (Gemini 12).
American manned spacecraft. Study 1965. A modification of Gemini to demonstrate rendezvous and inspection of noncooperative satellites was proposed. The Gemini would rendezvous with the enormous Pegasus satellite in its 500 x 700 km orbit.
Gemini Pyrotechnic Systems and Fabrication Details
American logistics spacecraft. Study 1963. This Gemini Transport version was proposed as a Gemini program follow-on in 1963. With the extended reentry module, this was the ancestor of the Big Gemini spacecraft of the late 1960's.
American manned lunar flyby spacecraft. Study 1962. In the first Gemini project plans, it was planned that after a series of test dockings between Gemini and Agena rocket stages, Geminis would dock with Centaur stages for circumlunar flights.
Gemini Stability Improvement Program
American communications satellite. One launch, 1995.08.15. Global Electronic Messaging Satellite.
American manufacturer of rockets. General Atomic, USA.
General Dynamics.
First name of C4
General Dynamics.
Second name of Redmond
General Dynamics Convair Division (1953-1994).
Second Owner of Convair
General Electric.
First Owner of GE Americom
General Electric Life Raft.
Alternate designation for GE Life Raft manned rescue spacecraft.
Rocketdyne N2O4/MMH rocket engine. 17.779 kN. General Technology . Pressure-fed. Isp=295s.
American biology satellite. One launch, 2006.12.16. Genesat was a NASA Ames nanosatellite launched as a secondary payload.
American solar satellite. One launch, 2001.08.08. Genesis was part of NASA's Discovery program. Its objective was to fly to the Earth-Sun L1 point and spend two years collecting samples of the solar wind.
American technology satellite. 2 launches, 2006.07.12 (Genesis 1) to 2007.06.28 (Genesis 2). One third scale version of the Nautilus inflatable human space habitat module.
Gengelbach, Werner Kurt (1912-) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter.
Genin, Abram Moiseyevich (1922-) Russian officer. Directorate Chief of Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine 1964-1975.
Genser, Philip (1929-) American engineer. Chief marketer of the Atlas commercial space launch vehicle.
American manufacturer of spacecraft. Gentex, USA.
Gentry (-2003) American test pilot. Flew the M2-F2, HL-10, X-24A and M2-F3.
GEO.
Geosynchronous Earth Orbit
Geo Forschungs Zentrum.
Alternate designation for GFZ-1 earth geodetic satellite.
That region around the Earth which extends from a height of about 600 km (330 naut. mi.) to about 3000 km (1700 naut. mi.). It consists mainly of helium in the lower regions, and of hydrogen in the upper regions.
Geodetic Satellite.
Alternate designation for Geosat earth resources radar satellite.
Geophysical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Russian abbreviation)
Russian earth geodetic satellite. 14 launches, 1981.01.23 (Geo-IK no. 1) to 1994.11.29 (Geo-IK). Development of a second generation geodetic satellite system began in 1977.
American military communications satellite. One launch, 2001.05.18, USA 158. GeoLITE was a TRW T-310 class satellite with a mass of about 1800 kg, including a solid apogee motor.
Category of persons.
Geophysical Research Satellite.
Alternate designation for GRS earth magnetosphere satellite.
Category of persons.
American manufacturer of rockets. George Washington Univeristy, USA.
Georgia
GEOS.
American solar satellite. 3 launches, 1965.11.06 (Explorer 29) to 1975.04.09 (Geos 3). The GEOS spacecraft were gravity-gradient-stabilized, solar-cell powered satellites designed exclusively for geodetic studies.
American earth resources radar satellite. One launch, 1985.03.13. Geosat was a US Navy satellite designed to measure sea surface heights to within 5 cm.
GEOSAT Follow On.
Alternate designation for GFO earth resources radar satellite.
Russian communications satellite. Study 1994. The Lavochkin Geostar-MSS communications system was designed in association with Moscow NII Radio-communications.
Geostationary Meteorological Satellite.
Alternate designation for GMS earth weather satellite.
Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite..
Alternate designation for GOES earth weather satellite.
Geostationary Orbiting Environmental Satellite.
Code name for GOES earth weather satellite.
Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle.
Full name of GSLV orbital launch vehicle.
Category of spacecraft.
Japanese earth magnetosphere satellite. One launch, 1992.07.24. Measured magnetosphere and Earth's geomagnetic tail; Diffuse Ultraviolet Explorer package bolted to Delta 2 second stage.
Subsonic rocket launch aircraft. Loaded mass 900,000 kg. NPO Molniya-1000 cargo aircraft, catamaran layout, twin-fuselage triplane. Release conditions: Suspended load, 450,000 kg, 900 kph at 9,500 m altitude. Effective velocity gain compared to vertical launch 270 m/s.
Gerchik, Konstantin Vasilyevich (1918-) Russian officer. Colonel-General, Commander of the RVSN Strategic Rocket Forces from August 1972 to 1979.
Gerhardt, Bernhard (1893-) German engineer, member of Rocket Team in the Soviet Union after WW2. Kept there until 1957, the longest of any of the team members.
Gerkules.
Alternate designation of UR-500 missile.
Gerkules.
Alternate designation for Interorbital Tug rocket stage.
Gerkules.
Alternate designation for Interorbital Tug space tug.
German Army.
A German rocket craze seized the country from 1928 to 1933, inspiring a generation of young engineers and scientists that manned spaceflight could be a reality in their lifetime. The Nazi government put an end to this civilian effort, instead putting the engineers to work developing military rockets. After the war, an attempt was made to revive German civilian rocketry, but safety fears resulted in all further work being shut down in 1964.
German enthusiasts laid the technical groundwork for the exploration of space in the 1920's and early 1930's. Attempts to revive civilian rocketry in Germany after World War II were stopped on political grounds.
German Commercial Group - 1990.
Requirement: German astronauts for missions aboard Mir, Shuttle, Hermes spaceplane, and ISS.
German Diaspora
German manufacturer of rockets. German Rocket Society, Germany.
American manufacturer. Germantown, Germantown, USA.
Germany(GRS A).
Germany
Germes Oil Co., Russia
Gernhardt, Dr Michael Landon (1956-) American engineer mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-69, STS-83, STS-94, STS-104.
Gerrity, Thomas Patrick (1913-1968) American officer. Head of Air Force ballistic missile programs 1960-1961.
Gerst, Alexander (1976-) German physicist mission specialist astronaut, 2009-on.
GET.
Ground elapsed time
GetAway Special.
Alternate designation for GAS technology satellite.
Gevorkyan, Vladimir Mkrtychovich (1952-2008) Armenian-Russian engineer cosmonaut, 1978-1987. Graduated from Bauman Technical Higher School, Moscow, 1975 Civilian Engineer, Chelomei OKB. From 1991 General Director of Science Corporation "Terra".
Base for units deployed with twelve R-12, and later six Pioner, launchers.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 875/150 kg. Thrust 19.60 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 291 seconds.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 2,050/246 kg. Thrust 180.99 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 254 seconds.
Fourth Academy solid rocket engine. 181 kN. CZ-1 launch vehicle. Out of production. Isp=254s. First upper stage, zero-G, vacuum-start solid rocket motor developed in China. Inserted China's first satellite into orbit on 24 April 1970.
GFO.
American earth resources radar satellite. One launch, 1998.02.10. GFO was a follow-on to the successful GEOSAT program which flew between 1985 and 1990. GFO was to provide real-time ocean topography data to 65 Navy users at sea and on shore.
GFZ.
German manufacturer of spacecraft. Geoforschungszentrum, Potsdam, Germany.
German earth geodetic satellite. 2 launches, 1995.04.19 (GFZ-1) and 1998.07.10 (WESTPAC). GFZ-1 was a geodetic satellite designed to improve the current knowledge of the Earth's gravity field.
GGM.
Goskogidromet (Russian Weather Service), Russia
GGSE.
American gravity gradient technology satellite. 5 launches, 1964.01.11 (GGSE 1) to 1967.05.31 (GGSE 5). Developed designs and deployment techniques later applied to the NOSS / Whitecloud naval reconnaissance satellites.
GGTS.
American gravity gradient technology satellite. One launch, 1966.06.16. Gravity gradient stabilization tests.
Pakistani intermediate range ballistic missile. Derivative of North Korean Nodong. First fired April, 1998. Payload is about 700 kg. Managed by A Q Khan Research Laboratories.
Nitric acid/UDMH rocket stage. 255.00 kN (57,326 lbf) thrust. Mass 16,000 kg (35,274 lb).
Pakistani single-stage solid-propellant tactical ballistic missile, a license-built version of the Chinese DF-11. Flown in October 2003, believed to have entered service in 2004.
GHRS.
Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (on HST)
Giant.
Giant UFO Over Two Continents.
James Oberg's classic piece, reissued on the 20th anniversary of the Soviet rocket launch that sparked UFO panics in Russia and South America
Gibson, Robert Lee 'Hoot' (1946-) American test pilot astronaut. Flew on STS-41-B, STS-61-C, STS-27, STS-47, STS-71. Flew combat missions over Vietnam. Was married to astronaut Rhea Seddon.
Gibson, Dr Edward George (1936-) American scientist astronaut. Flew on Skylab 4.
Gidzenko, Yuri Pavlovich (1962-) Ukrainian pilot cosmonaut. Flew on Mir EO-20, ISS EO-1, ISS EP-3. Call sign: Uran (Uranus).
GIE.
Ground interface equipment
GIE Milas (Matra BAe Dynamics and Alenia).
Sixth Owner of Alenia
GIF.
Graphics Interchange Format
GIK-1 / GNIIP.
Alternate name for Plesetsk launch site.
GIK-2.
Alternate name for Svobodniy launch site.
GIK-5 / NIIP-5.
Alternate name for Baikonur launch site.
American manufacturer. Gilbert, Gilbert, Arizona, USA.
Sounding rocket launch location known to have been used for 2 launches from 1972 to 1973, reaching up to 200 kilometers altitude.
Gilruth, Robert R (1913-2000) American engineer, at NASA 1937-1952. Head of Mercury, 1959-1962, Director, Houston, 1962-1972. Under his leadership Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo were designed and flown, America won the moon race, and the shuttle was designed.
Military testing range. In use from 1964 to 1970. Known to have been used for 34 major launches from 1965 to 1968, reaching up to 250 kilometers altitude.
A device with two mutually perpendicular and intersecting axes of rotation. It provides free angular movement in two directions and serves as an engine mount.
Base for 30 Jupiter IRBM's, 1961-1963.
European comet probe. One launch, 1985.07.02. The Giotto mission was designed to study Comet P/Halley, and also studied Comet P/Grigg-Skjellerup during its extended mission.
State Institute of Applied Chemistry (Russian abbreviation)
GIRD.
Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivniya Dvisheniya, Group for Investigation of Reactive Motion (Russian abbreviation)
Russian sounding rocket. The first rocket successfully launched by the Soviet GIRD organisation was a hybrid, using a liquid oxygen to burn gelled petroleum in large casing. Development of the rocket was begun by GIRD's second brigade under M K Tikhonravov.
Russian sounding rocket. The first liquid propellant rocket launched in the Soviet Union, the GIRD-10 used liquid oxygen and alcohol propellants, pressure-fed to the combustion chamber by nitrogen gas.
Gisel, William G (-1989) American Manager. President of Bell aircraft.
North Korean intermediate missile base, south east of Wonson, said to be capable of launching Scud-C's, SCUD-X's and Nodong-A ballistic missiles. Known to have been used for 18 launches from 1984 to 2006, reaching up to 200 kilometers altitude.
Givens, Edward Galen Jr 'Ed' (1930-1967) American test pilot astronaut, 1966-1967. Died in an automobile accident.
GKAT.
State Committee for Aviation Technology (Russian abbreviation)
GKB.
Lead Design Bureau (Russian abbreviation)
Global Command and Control Space Relay System (Russian abbreviation)
State Space Scientific Test Center (launch range) (Russian abbreviation)
State Space Scientific-Production Centre (Russian abbreviation)
GKNPTs Khrunichev.
Fourth Owner of Chelomei
GKO.
State Committee for Defence (Russian abbreviation)
GKOT.
State Committee for Defence Technology (Russian abbreviation)
GKRE.
State Committee for Radio Electronics (NII TP Minobshchemash) NII-648 (Russian abbreviation)
Relay satellite system (Russian abbreviation)
GL.
US Air Force Geophysics Laboratory
Gladenbeck German expert in guided missiles infra-red during World War II. As of January 1947, last known to be working at Allegemeine Elektrizitaets Gesellschaft (AEG).
Gladiator.
Headquarters of an RVSN Division, 1961-present. Base for units operating 90 light ICBM (UR-100/UR-100N) silos. By 1993 number of active silos was down to 40.
American gamma ray astronomy satellite. One launch, 2008.06.11, Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope. Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope; renamed Fermi GST after launch.
Glazkov, Yuri Nikolayevich (1939-2008) Russian engineer cosmonaut. Flew on Soyuz 24.
GLBM.
Ground-launched ballistic missile
GLCM.
Ground-launched cruise missile
Glenn, John Herschel Jr (1921-) American test pilot astronaut, later a politician and US Senator. First American in orbit on his first flight, Mercury MA-6, in 1962, and oldest person in space on his second flight, STS-95, in 1998.
Glenn L Martin (1912-1961).
First Owner of Martin
Glennan, T Keith (1905-1995) American engineer, NASA administrator 1958-1961. Under his tenure NASA was created from NACA, JPL, and ABMA. He acquired von Braun's rocket team and Saturn booster from the Army, and the Air Force manned space project - renamed Mercury.
Canadian gun-launched orbital launch vehicle. When compared to the early Martlet 4 designs the GLO-1B was a considerably more sophisticated vehicle with many of the shortcomings of it's predecessor having been addressed. Not long after the original HARP project ended the major assets of the project were acquired by the projects management, Dr. Gerald Bull in particular. The HARP Program became the Space Research Corporation (SRC) with the intention of resurrecting the HARP orbital program. Over the years a much improved and considerably more sophisticated Martlet 4 was developed and given the name of GLO-1B.
Global Communications Satellite Using Nuclear Power.
Russian military communications satellite. Study 1963. In 1963 Korolev's OKB proposed development of a massive nuclear-powered geosynchronous satellite, which would be launched by the N1 superbooster.
Global Positioning System.
Alternate designation for GPS Block 1 navigation satellite.
American agency. Globalsat, USA.
American communications satellite. 72 launches, 1998.02.14 (Globalstar FM1) to 2007.10.20 (Globalstar D). The Globalstar constellation was a Medium Earth Orbit system for mobile voice and data communications.
American agency overseeing development of spacecraft. Globalstar Communications Corporation, San Jose, California, USA.
American manufacturer. Globe, USA.
Russian communications satellite. Studied 1984-1994. Lox/LH2 upper stages launched by Energia would put 21 metric ton communications satellites into geosynchronous orbit.
Russian communications satellite. Study 1993. The Salyut Design Bureau proposed the least ambitious of all Russian low earth orbit communications systems.
Globus.
Code name for Raduga-1 communications satellite.
American military store-dump communications satellite. 2 launches, 1985.10.30 (GLOMR; GLOMAR) and 1990.04.05 (USA 55).
Russian navigation satellite. Operational, first launch 1982.10.12. Glonass was a Soviet space-based navigation system comparable to the American GPS system.
Base for units deployed with R-12 and R-14 missiles.
Russian manufacturer of rocket engines and rockets. Glushko Design Bureau, Russia.
Glushko, Valentin Petrovich (1908-1989) Soviet Chief Designer, responsible for all large liquid propellant engines for missiles and LVs. Led Glushko bureau, 1946-1974; Headed NPO Energia 1974-1989, directing development of Energia launch vehicle and Buran spaceplane.
Glushko storable lqiuid rocket engine. 29,400 kN. Study 1970. Glushko studied liquid propellant engines of 'several thousand tonnes thrust' in the period 1963-1970. Largest thrust chamber ever tested in Russia was Glushko's RD-270 of 680 tf.
GLV.
Gemini launch vehicle
GMC.
Giant Molecular Cloud
GMD boost vehicle.
Library of Congress Designation of OBV anti-ballistic missile.
American anti-ballistic missile. Three-stage booster for use with the Missile Defense Agency's Ground-based Midcourse Defense System. Built by Lockheed Martin Corp., the booster was one of two slated for use with the GMD system. The system was designed to intercept and destroy long-range ballistic missiles.
GMKS.
Global Hydrological and Meteorological Space Monitoring System (Russian abbreviation)
GMRT.
Giant Meter-wave Radio Telescope
GMS.
Japanese earth weather satellite. 5 launches, 1977.07.14 (Himawari 1) to 1995.03.18 (Himawari 5). The Geostationary Meteorological Satellite series were spin-stabilized satellites.
GMS.
Russian manufacturer of rocket engines and rockets. Hydrometeorological Service, Russia.
GMT.
Greenwich Mean Time (essentially equivalent to UT)
State Scientific-Research Institute for Aviation and Space Medicine (Russian abbreviation)
Gnom.
Russian intercontinental ballistic missile. Gnom was a unique design which represented the most advanced work ever undertaken on an air-augmented missile capable of intercontinental ranges or orbital flight. Although cancelled in 1965 before flight tests could begin, Gnom was the closest the world aerospace engineering community ever came to fielding an orbital-capable launcher of less than half of the mass of conventional designs.
GOCE.
The Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer was an ion-engine-powered European satellite equipped with a highly sensitive gravity gradiometer to detect fine density differences in the crust and oceans of the Earth.
Robert H. Goddard was the father of American rocketry. In a series of rockets flown between World War I and World War II, he solved all of the fundamental problems of guided liquid propellant rockets.
Robert H. Goddard was the father of American rocketry. In a series of rockets flown between World War I and World War II, he solved all of the fundamental problems of guided liquid propellant rockets.
Goddard, Robert Father of American spaceflight; launched first liquid-fuel rocket, 1926. By 1936, testing essentially modern rockets. But reclusive, took patents but did not share lessons learned. Aerojet and von Braun did not benefit from his experience.
American manufacturer of rockets. Goddard, USA.
American test vehicle. Rocket used by Goddard to achieve the first flight of a liquid-propellant rocket.
American test vehicle. After several tests indicating the model was too small to permit refinements, Goddard decided to build a rocket twenty-fold larger. During 1926 a new tower was built, and flow regulators, multiple liquid injection into large combustion chambers, means for measurement of pressure and lifting force, electrically fired igniter, and turntable for rotation were developed.
American test vehicle. First instrumented liquid fuel rocket. Length 11 ft 6 in.; maximum diameter 26 in.; weight 32 lb; gasoline 14 lb; liquid oxygen 11 lb; total loaded weight 57 lb.
American test vehicle. Goddard rocket using pressure-fed Lox/Gasoline propellants, streamline casing, and remote control guidance. Masses varied; typical values indicated.
American test vehicle. The A series rockets used simple pressure feed, gyroscopic control by means of vanes, and parachute. The rockets in this series averaged in length from 4.11 m to 4.65 m.; their weight empty varied from 26 kg to 39 kg.
American test vehicle. This consisted of ten proving-stand tests for the development of a more powerful motor, 10 in. in diameter. Weight of rocket, about 225 lb; weight of fuels, 50-70 lb for the series.
American test vehicle. Tests of the Goddard L Section A covered development of a nitrogen-pressured flight rocket using 10 in, motors based on the K series and ran from May 11 to November 7, 1936 (L1-L7). Length of the L Series Section A rockets varied from 10 ft 11 in, to 13 ft 6 1/2 in.; diameter 18 in.; empty weight 120 to 202 lb; loaded weight 295 to 360 lb; weight oxygen about 78 lb; weight gasoline 84 lb; weight nitrogen, 4 lb.
American test vehicle. The L-B series were check tests of 5.75-in.-diameter chambers with fuels of various volatilities; development of tilting cap parachute release; tests of various forms of exposed movable air vanes; test of retractable air vanes and parachute with heavy shroud lines. The series ran from November 24, 1930-May 19, 1937 (L8-L15). Final results of Section B of L Series showed two proving-stand tests, and six flight test attempts, all of which resulted in flights. Average interval between tests 22 days.
American test vehicle. Series L Section C rockets included light tank construction, movable-tailpiece (i.e. gimbal) steering, catapult launching, and further development of liquid nitrogen tank pressure method. Lengths varied from 17 ft 4.25 in. to 18 ft 5.75 in.; diameter 9 in., weight empty varied from 80 to 109 lb; loaded weight about 170 lb or more; lift of static tests varied from 228 lb to 477 lb; jet velocities from 3960 to 5340 ft/sec.
American test vehicle. Section C tests would run through October 10, 1941 and represent the final Goddard rocket flight tests. The series of twenty-four static and flight tests (P13-P36) was made with rockets of large fuel capacity, with the rocket motor, pumps, and turbines previously developed. These rockets averaged nearly 22 ft in length, and were 18 in, in diameter. They weighed empty from 190 to 240 lb. The liquid-oxygen load averaged about 140 lb, the gasoline 112 lb, making "quarter-ton" loaded rockets.
Goddard Space Flight Center.
Third Owner of NASA Greenbelt
Goddard, Frank E (1915-) American aerodynamicist. Chief of aerodynamics at JPL; moved into management positions 1959-1962.
Godwin, Dr Linda Maxine (1952-) American physicist mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-37, STS-59, STS-76, STS-108. Physicist. Was married to astronaut Steven Nagel.
Goebbels, Joseph (1897-1945) German Politician. National Socialist politician and propaganda Minister. The dubbed the F-103 cruise missile and the A4 ballistic missile 'Vengeance weapons' and designated them V-1 and V-2 respectively.
Goering, Hermann (1893-1946) German officer. Fighter ace in the WW1; Hitler's Luftwaffe commander. Supported quantum advances in aerospace, and fielded V-1 cruise missile, Me-262 jet, Me-163 rocket fighters. Funded Saenger rocket and ramjet work at Trauen.
Goertz German rocket technician and engineer in WW2; later worked in France as part of the ballistics group at LRBA from 1947-1950. Then returned to Germany.
GOES.
GOES.
American earth weather satellite. 8 launches, 1975.10.16 (GOES 1) to 1987.02.26 (GOES 7). Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite.
American earth weather satellite. 3 launches, 1994.04.13 (GOES 8) to 1997.04.25 (GOES 10). Geostationary Environmental Satellite.
Goett, Harry J (1910-2000) American engineer. At Langley from 1936, headed flight research at Ames 1958-1959, director of Goddard 1959-1965. Headed important 1960 committee that established NASA LV development plans. At Ford Aerospace from 1965.
First American civilian sounding rocket to reach outer space.
GOGU.
Chief Operations and Control Group (Russian abbreviation)
South Korean space center, built on Woenaro Island, off the Goheung peninsula, at the southern end of the Korean peninsula. The space center would be built in four phases through 2015 on a 4.95 million square meter landfill on the shore of the island.
Royal Ordnance solid rocket engine family. Out of production. Used on Skylark launch vehicle.
Royal Ordnance solid rocket engine. Out of production. Used on Skylark launch vehicle.
BAJ solid rocket engine.
BAJ solid rocket engine. 175 kN.
Goldin, Daniel S (1940-) American engineer, NASA Administrator 1992-2001. Attempted reforms, with economical approach to space probe development and X-33, X-34, and X-38 to lower space launch costs. These seen as failures; while the ISS budget went out of control.
Golfetto, Wander Almodovar Brazilian pilot mp candidate, 1998-1998.
Golovanov, Yaroslav Kirillovich (1932-2003) Russian journalist cosmonaut, 1965-1967.
Golovin, Nicholas E (1912-1969) American physicist. NRL, 1946-1948; NBS 1949-1958; NASA 1960. Chaired seminal NASA-DOD large launch vehicle planning group 1961. White House technical advisor for aviation and space 1962-1968.
American SSTO VTOVL orbital launch vehicle. Edward Gomersall of NASA's Ames Research Center produced a conservative design for an SSTO in 1970. His vehicle was based on realistic structural technology and used a derivative of the J-2S engine.
GOMS.
Code name for Elektro earth weather satellite.
Gonets.
Code name for Strela-3 military store-dump communications satellite.
Russian civilian store-dump communications satellite. Study 1999. The first generation store-dump communications Gonets-D system was to have been followed by an advanced Gonets-R design equipped with satellite-to-satellite links.
Russian civilian store-dump communications satellite. 15 launches, 1992.07.13 (Cosmos 2199) to 2005.12.21 (Gonets D1M 1). Commercial version of GRU Strela-3 military store-dump satellite.
Gonets-R.
Alternate designation for Gonets sattelite.
Gonor, Lev Robertovich (1906-1969) Russian bureaucrat. First Director of Nll-88 1946-1950. Dismissed 1950.
Good.
Good, Michael Timothy (1962-) American engineer mission specialist astronaut, 2000-on.
Goodlin, Chalmers (1923-) American test pilot. Flew the XS-1 # 1 and XS-1 # 2.
American manufacturer of spacecraft. Goodrich, USA.
American manufacturer of spacecraft. Goodyear, USA.
American manned spacecraft. Study 1958. Goodyear's proposal for the Air Force initial manned space project was a 2.1 m diameter spherical vehicle with a rearward facing tail cone and ablative surface.
RO solid rocket engine. 22 kN.
Gorbachev, Mikhail S (1931-) Russian politician. Leader and diassembler of the Soviet Union, 1985-1989. He cancelled the Soviet Star Wars program. But as a result of the disintegration of the USSR, all Russian space development had ended by 1992.
Gorbatko, Viktor Vassilyevich (1934-) Russian pilot cosmonaut. Flew on Soyuz 7, Soyuz 24, Salyut 6 EP-7.
Gordon, Richard Francis Jr 'Dick' (1929-) American test pilot astronaut. Flew on Gemini 11, Apollo 12.
Gordon, Henry Charles (1925-1996) American pilot astronaut, 1962-1963.
Goreglyad, Leonid Ivanovich (1915-1986) Russian officer. General Staff representative of the Cosmonaut Training Centre Aide to Kamanin.
Gorelick, Sarah Lee nee Ratley (1931-) American pilot, one of the Mercury 13 female astroauts proposed in 1961, but never entered training.
Gorgon.
ASCC Reporting Name of 51T6 anti-ballistic missile.
Gorie, Dominic Lee Pudwill (1957-) American test pilot astronaut 1995-2010. Flew on STS-91, STS-99, STS-108, STS-123. Flew 38 combat missions over Iraq.
Russian communications satellite. 35 launches, 1978.12.19 (Gorizont 1) to 2000.06.06 (Gorizont). Gorizont-1 was designed specifically to support broadcast of the 1980 Olympic Games from Russia.
American manufacturer of spacecraft. Gorman and Company, USA.
RO solid rocket engine family.
RO solid rocket engine. 152 kN.
RO solid rocket engine. 137 kN.
Russian manufacturer. Lyapin Design Bureau, Russia.
State Planning Ministry (Soviet budget control ministry) (Russian abbreviation)
GOSS.
Ground operational support system
Gosslau, Fritz (1898-1965) German rocket engine designer.
Gostelradio.
Gough, Melvin N (1906-1994) American test pilot. At Langley from 1926. From 1943 director of flight research. Director of NASA activities at Cape Canaveral 1958-1960.
GOX.
Gaseous oxygen is used as an oxidiser in Russian thrusters for orbital maneuvering and orientation. It is a by-product of liquid oxygen, used in the main engine, and slowly boiling off over time.
Gaseous oxygen is used as an oxidiser in Russian thrusters for orbital maneuvering and orientation. It is a by-product of liquid oxygen, used in the main engine, and slowly boiling off over time. Alcohol (C2H5OH) was the fuel used for the German V-2 rocket, and the first derivative rocket engines in the United States, Soviet Union, and China used it as well. Better performance was achieved by increasing the alcohol concentration in the post-war engines. But after better-performance rocket-grade kerosene was developed by Rocketdyne in the REAP program of 1953, use of alcohol was abandoned.
Gaseous oxygen is used as an oxidiser in Russian thrusters for orbital maneuvering and orientation. It is a by-product of liquid oxygen, used in the main engine, and slowly boiling off over time.
Gaseous oxygen is used as an oxidiser in Russian thrusters for orbital maneuvering and orientation. It is a by-product of liquid oxygen, used in the main engine, and slowly boiling off over time. Rocket propellant RP-1, or its foreign equivalents, is a straight-run kerosene fraction, which is subjected to further treatment, i.e., acid washing, sulphur dioxide extraction. Thus, unsaturated substances which polymerise in storage are removed, as are sulphur-containing hydrocarbons.
Gaseous oxygen is used as an oxidiser in Russian thrusters for orbital maneuvering and orientation. It is a by-product of liquid oxygen, used in the main engine, and slowly boiling off over time.
GPC.
General Purpose Computer
GPKS.
Russian agency. GPKS, Russia.
GPO.
Gemini Project/Program Office
GPPB.
Gemini Program Planning Board
GPS.
Global Positioning System
American navigation satellite. 11 launches, 1978.02.22 (Navstar 1) to 1985.10.09 (USA 10). GPS Block 1 prototype satellites formed the GPS Demonstration system and were followed by the Block 2 operational system.
American navigation satellite. 28 launches, 1989.02.14 (USA 35) to 1997.11.06 (USA 134). The Navstar GPS constellation worked in concert with ground receivers to give precise location information to military and civilian users anywhere in the world.
American navigation satellite. Study 2005. Block IIF satellites were the planned fourth generation of the Navstar satellite. Launched 2010.05.28,
American navigation satellite. 21 launches, 1997.01.17 (USA 132) to 2009-08-17. Launches began in 1997 of 'GPS-IIR' replenishment satellites, produced by General Electric Astrospace (later acquired by Lockheed Missiles & Space).
American navigation satellite. Study 2010. GPS III, as planned in 2003, would be the fifth generation of Navstar satellites. They would continue to deliver the new civil signals and improved military codes initiated on the GPS IIR-M and IIF programs.
GR-.
Global rocket (Russian abbreviation)
GR-1.
Russian intercontinental ballistic missile. Korolev's entry in the 'Global Rocket' competition, a missile that could place a nuclear warhead in orbit, where it could come in under or behind American anti-ballistic missile defences, and be deorbited with little warning. Cancelled in 1964 in preference to Yangel's R-36-O.
GR-1.
Korolev's entry in the 'Global Rocket' competition, a missile that could place a nuclear warhead in orbit, where it could come in under or behind American anti-ballistic missile defences, and be deorbited with little warning. Cancelled in 1964 in preference to Yangel's R-36-O.
Lox/Kerosene propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 80,000/6,000 kg. Thrust 1,676.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 325 seconds. Payload 4,000 kg (2.2 MT nuclear warhead). Range 13,000 km or orbital. Accuracy (90%) 5 km in range and 3 km in dispersion. Masses estimated based on total vehicle mass of 117 tonnes.
Lox/Kerosene propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 8,500/1,000 kg. Thrust 66.60 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 350 seconds. Masses estimated based on total vehicle mass of 117 tonnes. This stage was a close cousin of that developed for the Molniya launch vehicle.
GR-2.
In the early 1960's the Soviet military-political leadership formulated a requirement for a heavy rocket that could be used to launch large military payloads into space as well as act as a ballistic missile for nuclear warheads up to 100 MT in yield.
GRAB.
American military naval signals reconnaisance satellite. 9 launches, 1960.04.13 (Dummy subsatellite) to 1965.03.09 (Solrad 7B). GRAB, the first US electronic intelligence (ELINT) satellite, was not declassified until June 1998.
Grabe, Ronald John 'Ron' (1945-) American test pilot astronaut. Flew on STS-51-J, STS-30, STS-42, STS-57. Flew 200 combat missions over Vietnam.
American earth geodetic satellite. 2 launched, 2002.03.17 (GRACE 1 ) and (GRACE 2 ). The GRACE mission was to accurately map variations in the Earth's gravity field over its 5-year lifetime.
Grachev (-1961) Russian phantom cosmonaut, one of two that allegedly disappeared aboard 'Vostok 3' on a circumlunar mission in 1961. In reality multimanned Vostok would be flown until 1964, and no circumlunar missions until 1968.
Graciov, Alexis (-1960) Russian phantom cosmonaut, alleged sender of a morse code radio message from deep space received by the Judica-Cordiglia brothers on 1960.11.28. In fact Russia would not have a large enough booster for such a mission until 1968.
Graham, Dr William R American engineer, deputy administrator of NASA 1985-1986.
Gramsat.
Alternate designation for GSat communications satellite.
Gran.
Code name for Raduga communications satellite.
Air-launched rocket drop zone known to have been used for 1 launch in 1997, reaching up to 580 kilometers altitude.
Russian x-ray astronomy satellite. One launch, 1989.12.01. Granat was a Lavochkin design with the mission of making gamma ray observations in energy ranges of 3 to 200 keV.
Minuteman ICBM base.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site D-00.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site D-33.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site D-35.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site D-36.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site D-37.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site D-39.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site E-00.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site E-42.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site E-43.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site E-44.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site E-45.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site E-46.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site E-47.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site E-48.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site F-58.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site F-59.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site F-60.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site H-29.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site I-37.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site I-39.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site J-41.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site J-42.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site J-43.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site J-44.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site J-45.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site J-46.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site J-47.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site J-49.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site J-50.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site M-21.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site M-22.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site M-23.
Grand Forks AFB Missile Site M-24.
Grand Turk Island
Rocket air-launch position known to have been used for 7 launches from 1976 to 1978, reaching up to 10 kilometers altitude.
French test vehicle. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Emilie + 1 x Melusine
Solid rocket stage. Mass 80 kg (176 lb).
Solid rocket stage.
Granson German expert in rocket engines during World War II. As of January 1947, last known to be working at Walters Company, Kiel.
A net-like pattern of irregular cells on the solar surface, visible in white light. The cells are caused by plasma convection within the photosphere. Cell diameters are 800 km (450 naut. mi.) to 3000 km (1700 naut. mi.); each individual cell has a lifetime of several minutes.
Grater German rocket engineer in WW2. Later worked in France at LRBA in the internal instrumentation group of the flight mechanics and control department from 1947-1952.
Grau.
Grau, Dieter (1913-) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter.
Graveline, Duane Edgar (1931-) American physician astronaut, 1965-1965.
Gravity gradient technology satellite.
Category of spacecraft.
American earth geodetic satellite. One launch, 2004.04.20, Gravity Probe B. Gravity Probe B was an experiment developed by NASA and Stanford University to test two unverified predictions of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.
Gray.
Gray, Edward Z (1915-) American engineer. At Boeing Co. 1943-1963 working on jets, then DynaSoar and Minuteman. NASA director of advanced manned missions, 1963-1967. At Grumman 1967-1973, then NASA 1978-1979, finally at Bendix.
Open field site on Great Mercury Island off the Coromandel Coast of New Zealand used for launches of the commercial Atea sounding rocket.
Greb.
Manufacturer's designation for GRAB military naval signals reconnaisance satellite.
Grechanik, Aleksei Anatoliyevich (1939-) Russian engineer cosmonaut, 1978-1987. Civilian Engineer, Chelomei OKB. Trained for a flight to the Almaz space station. Engineer at the Kosmos Pavillon in Moscow.
Grechko, Georgi Mikhailovich (1931-) Russian engineer cosmonaut. Flew on Soyuz 17, Salyut 6 EO-1, Salyut 7 EP-5.
Grechko, Andrei Antonovich (1903-1976) Russian officer. Deputy Minister of Defence 1967-1976. Opponent of piloted space programs.
Greece
Green Bee.
Alternate Designation of Ching Feng short range ballistic missile.
Military testing range used to launch several hundred Athena rockets from 1964 to 1973. These sent re-entry test vehicles or anti-ballistic missile targets to impact points in the US Army's White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. This was one of the few examples of sustained interstate missile tests within the United States. Known to have been used for 244 launches from 1964 to 1975, reaching up to 281 kilometers altitude.
Athena RTV launch complex.
Athena RTV launch complex.
Athena RTV launch complex.
Greenewalt, Crawford H (1902-1993) American businessman. President of duPont from 1948. Chaired committee in 1959-1960 that established national space objectives for NASA (which did not include any short-term ambitious manned programs).
US base in the 1980's for 29 BGM-109G ground-launched cruise missiles. The launchers and missiles were withdrawn and destroyed under the INF Treaty with the Soviet Union.
Greenland
South African earth land resources satellite. Cancelled 1990. The South African RSA-3 launch vehicle was designed to place a small surveillance satellite of 330 kg mass into a 41 degree, 212 x 460 km orbit around the earth.
The local mean time at the Greenwich, England meridian. Some of the Lunar Orbiter post&endash;launch operations reports used the local time at the Kennedy Space Center, expressed either in Eastern Standard Time (EST, 5 hours behind GMT) or Eastern Daylight Time (EDT, 4 hours behind GMT), depending on the time of year when a launch took place.
Mean solar time at the Greenwich meridan, used by most navigators, and adopted as the prime basis of standard time throughout the world.
Greer, Robert E American officer. Major General, managed completion of development of the S-II second stage of the Saturn V.
Gregory, Frederick Drew 'Fred' (1941-) American test pilot astronaut. Flew on STS-51-B, STS-33, STS-44. Flew 550 combat missions in Vietnam. USAF helicopter pilot who would fly his T-38 trainer at alarmingly low altitude during cross-country trips. Paradoxically later appointed NASA Administrator for Safety.
Gregory, Dr William George 'Borneo' (1957-) African-American test pilot astronaut. Flew on STS-67.
Grekov, Nikolai Sergeyevich (1950-) Russian pilot cosmonaut, 1978-1986.
Grevesmuehl, Alfred (1902-) German scientist in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the Soviet Union, worked on rocket engine development in Glushko's design bureau from 1947 to 1952. Director of Manufacturing; Dept. 61/Shop 55.
American technology satellite. 2 launches, 1971.08.07 (Gridsphere 1) and (Gridsphere 2). Space craft engaged in investigation of spaceflight techniques and technology.
Griegee, Rudolf German expert in chemical warfare / organic chemistry during World War II. As of January 1947, living at Karlsruhe-Durlach Kastellsr. 20.
Griffith, John H American test pilot. Flew the XS-1 # 2 and X-4 # 2.
Griffon.
ASCC Reporting Name of Dal surface-to-air missile.
Griggs, Stanley David (1939-1989) American test pilot mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-51-D. Died in the crash of a World-War-II-era training plane.
Grigoryev, Mikhail (1917-1981) Russian officer. First Commander of Plesetsk 1957-1962.
Grimmel German engineer and measurement technician.
Grishchenko, Vitali Andreyevich (1942-1992) Ukrainian navigator cosmonaut, 1965-1968.
Grishin, Lev Arkhipovich (1920-1960) Russian bureaucrat. Deputy Chairman of GKOT 1958-1960. Died in the Nedelin catastrophe.
Grissom, Virgil Ivan 'Gus' (1926-1967) American test pilot astronaut. Flew on Mercury MR-4, Gemini 3. Second American in space and first Gemini commander. Flew 100 combat missions in Korea. Died in on-pad fire of Apollo 1.
Gritsenko, Ye A Russian engineer.
GRO.
American gamma ray astronomy satellite. One launch, 1991.04.05, Compton Observatory. The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) was the gamma-ray element of NASA's Great Observatories program .
Russian manufacturer of rockets. Groettrup Design Bureau, Russia.
Groettrup, Helmut (1916-1981) German engineer. Head of German design group held in Russia German rocket guidance expert, worked at Peenemuende and later headed German rocket team in Russia, 1945-1953. Headed the group that fired V-2 rockets at Kapustin Yar in 1946.
Grom.
Complex of P-750 intermediate range cruise missile.
Grom.
Russian orbital launch vehicle. Three stage vehicle consisting of 1 x R-39 St 1 + 1 x R-39 St 2 + 1 x R-39 St 3
N2O4/UDMH propellant rocket stage. Loaded mass 25,000 kg.
Gromova, Mirya (-1959) Russian phantom cosmonaut. Soviet test pilot said to have flown a 'space airplane' into oblivion 1959.12. No evidence ever surfaced in post-Glasnost Russia to back up the claim.
Gromushkina, Nataliya Valerievna (1975-) Russian actor cosmonaut, 1998-2001. Actress, selected to appear in a film to be filmed aboard the Mir space station. Accomplished some training, but the project was cancelled.
Gross, Robert Ellsworth (1897-1961) American manager. President of Lockheed, 1932-1961. Took a bankrupt company and made it an aerospace leader, including the Polaris SLBM, KH- series of reconnsats, Agena upper stage, X-17 rocket, and U-2, SR-71, and Suntan aircraft projects.
Gross, E German SS Physician. Major, SS Medical Corps, German expert in biological warfare during World War II. As of January 1947, last known to be working at Wesselstedt.
Gross, I German rocket engineer in WW2; later worked in France as part of the engine group at LRBA from 1947-1958, then returned to Germany.
The degree to which an optical or photographic system can reproduce fine detail of the surface being imaged, as measured against a photographic scale. It is the product of a combination of capabilities of the film (graininess, sensitivity, etc.) and the lens (type, resolving, power, etc.) and is usually expressed in line pairs per millimeter. Photographic scale is found by dividing the altitude at which the picture is taken by the focal length of the camera. For Lunar Orbiter, the effective film resolution was 76 line pairs per millimeter, which gave 1-meter resolution through the 610 mm lens and 8-meter resolution through the 80 mm lens under predetermined contrast conditions on the lunar surface.
Definition of Earth surface conditions through direct measurements or visual inspections for calibration or evaluation of remote sensing observations made from satellites or aircraft.
Variant of the Energia launch vehicle with two strap-on boosters instead of four. This would have fullfilled the 50 tonne payload requirement had the third generation booster plan been fully implemented.
GRS.
Gamma Ray Spectrometer (on Mars Observer)
GRS.
American earth magnetosphere satellite. One launch, 1963.06.28. Space gas data.
GRTsKB Makeyev.
Fourth Owner of Makeyev
GRU.
Glavnoye Razvedivatelnoye Upravileniye, Soviet Army Intelligence, Moskva, Russia (Russian abbreviation)
GRU.
Russian Agency.
Gruene, Hans (1910-1980) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter.
Gruenow, Heinrich German expert in liquid propellant rockets during World War II. As of January 1947, believed to be living at Zossen (40 km south of Berlin in the Russian Zone of Occupation).
Grumble.
ASCC Reporting Name of S-300F, S-300FM, S-300P, and S-300PMU-1 5V55U surface-to-air missiles.
American manufacturer of rockets and spacecraft. Grumman, Great River, NY, USA.
Grumman LSS Project 344 Rover - 1 man.
American manned lunar rover. Study 1963. The Grumman Lunar Logistics System Project 344 single-crew rover of January 1963 had 2 x two-wheeled power modules. Each wheel was 360 cm in diameter, and the rover had a range of 300 km on a 3.3 day traverse.
Grumman LSS Project 344 Rover - 2 man.
American manned lunar rover. Study 1963. The Grumman Lunar Logistics System Project 344 two-man rover design of January 1963 consisted of the basic vehicle, a manned module, and a tanker. This provided a range of 370 km on a 7 day traverse.
Grumman LSS Project 344 Rover - 2 man 3 kW.
American manned lunar rover. Study 1963. The Grumman Lunar Logistics System Project 344 alternate three-crew lunar rover design of February 1963 vehicle had three x two wheeled modules. The rover would have a range of 770 km on a 23.5 day traverse.
Grumman LSS Project 344 Rover - 3 man.
American manned lunar rover. Study 1963. The Grumman Lunar Logistics System Project 344 three-man lunar rover design of January 1963 used a 3 module vehicle. It had a range of 2340 km on a 28 day traverse.
Grumman LSS Project 344 Rover - Unmanned.
American lunar rover. Study 1963. The Grumman Lunar Logistics System Project 344 unmanned rover design of February 1963 had 4 wheels (two equal-weight, 2 wheel modules of 360 cm diameter). The robot had a range of 750 km.
American space suit, tested 1965.
Grunow, Heinrich German Propulsion expert. Rocket engine developer.
Grunsfeld, Dr John Mace (1958-) American physicist mission specialist astronaut 1992-2010. Flew on STS-67, STS-81, STS-103, STS-109, STS-125.
Russian manufacturer of rocket engines and rockets. Fakel Machine Building Design Bureau named for P D Grushin, Khimki, Russia.
Gruzdev Russian test pilot. Soviet Air Force test pilot, flew the BI-1 rocket plane in 1943.
Gruzovoi otsek.
Russian name (payload module) for Progress M GO manned spacecraft module.
American winged orbital launch vehicle. Winged, horizontal-takeoff/horizontal concept space booster concept using an Air Collection and Enrichment System to generate liquid oxygen oxidiser from the atmosphere after takeoff. An upper rocket stage would deliver a crewed orbiter or payload to orbit.
GS.
General Staff
GSat.
Indian communications satellite bus. First launch 2001.04.18.
GSC.
Guide Star Catalog (for HST)
GSFC.
Second Owner of NASA Greenbelt
GSKB.
GSKB Spetsmash (Barmin State Union Design Bureau) (Russian abbreviation)
GSKB Spetsmash.
Second Owner of Barmin
GSLV.
Indian mixed-propulsion orbital launch vehicle for geosynchronous satellites using a Lox/LH2 upper stage developed from Russian technology.
N2O4/UDMH propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 45,600/5,600 kg. Thrust 735.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 281 seconds.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 157,300/28,300 kg. Thrust 4,860.07 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 266 seconds.
N2O4/UDMH propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 42,900/5,400 kg. Thrust 725.02 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 295 seconds.
Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 14,600/2,200 kg. Thrust 75.05 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 460 seconds. The stage finally reached hardware status as a joint Russian-Indian development for India's GSLV booster.
GSMZ.
State Union Machine Building Plant (Russian abbreviation)
GT.
Gemini-Titan
GTA.
Gemini-Titan-Agena
GTD-21B.
Popular Name of D-21 air-launched drone.
GTE.
Through a series of purchases and mergers, General Telephone and Electronics (GTE) ended up with a consolidated constellation of geosynchronous communications satellites originally launched by itself and two other entities. Gstar was GTE's original planned fleet.
GTE.
American agency. GTE, USA.
GTO.
Geostationary Transfer Orbit
GTS.
Geostationary Technology Satellite .
GTsP.
State Central Range (Russian abbreviation)
GTsP-4.
Alternate name for Kapustin Yar launch site.
GU.
Chief Directorate (Russian abbreviation)
Guam.
Sounding rocket launch location known to have been used for 12 launches from 1957 to 1958, reaching up to 85 kilometers altitude.
American technology satellite. Cancelled 2006. 45% scale version of the Nautilus inflatable human space habitat module, designed to prove the ECS system.
Gubanov, Boris Ivanovich (1930-1999) Russian engineer. Leading manager at the Yangel and Korolev design bureaus, 1972-1993.
Gubarev, Aleksey Aleksandrovich (1931-) Russian pilot cosmonaut. Flew on Soyuz 17, Salyut 6 EP-2.
Gubenko, Yevgeni Stepanovich (-1959) Russian engineer. Chief Designer 1950-1959 of SKB-567. Specialised in ground communications systems for missiles.
Guderlein German expert in guided missiles during World War II.
Guendel, Herbert Hans (1914-1976) German-American engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter. German expert in guided missiles during WW2. As of January 1947, working at Fort Bliss, Texas. Died at Boston, New York.
GUGK.
Central Agency for Geodesy and Cartography, Russia (Russian abbreviation)
Guideline.
ASCC Reporting Name of V-753 surface-to-air missile.
Guideline Mod 0,1.
ASCC Reporting Name of S-75 surface-to-air missile.
Guideline Mod 2, 3,4,5.
ASCC Reporting Name of S-75M surface-to-air missile.
Guidoni, Umberto (1954-) Italian physicist mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-75, STS-100.
Guild.
ASCC Reporting Name of S-25 missile.
Chief Directorate of the Space Forces of the Ministry of Defence (Russian abbreviation)
Chief Directorate of Camps (Russian abbreviation)
Gulyayev, Vladislav Ivanovich (1937-1990) Russian engineer cosmonaut, 1963-1968. Graduated from Soviet Navy Engineering School Cosmonaut training January 1963 - 21 January 1965. Resigned for medical reasons after an accident. Worked at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. Died of a heart attack.
Gulyayev, Rudolf Alekseyevich (1934-) Russian scientist cosmonaut, 1967-1968. Scientist, Institute of Terrastrial Magnetism & Radiowaves of AN. Cosmonaut training May 1967 - August 1968. Left cosmonaut team for medical reasons. Worked as a research scientist at IZMIRAN.
Gun Projectile 5-inch
Gun Projectile 7-inch
Propellant for gun used in gun-launched rockets such as Martlet.
Propellant for gun used in gun-launched rockets such as Martlet. Propellant for gun used in gun-launched rockets such as Martlet.
Artillery dominated military ballistics from the earliest use of gunpowder. In 1865 Jules Verne could only realistically consider a cannon for a moon launch in his influential novel. Even after the rocket established its primacy as a method of accessing space, Canadian Gerald Bull began a life-long struggle to use guns for cheap access to space. His successes could not generate funding to continue. Others since then have pursued the technology, convinced it was the only way for low-cost delivery of payloads to orbit.
American military anti-satellite system. Study 1990. One of the applications of the superguns Gerald Bull was designing for Iraq would have been firing of an anti-satellite shell that would have blinded Western spy satellites with a sticky material.
GUNPP Zavod Imeni V. Ya. Klimova.
Third Owner of Izotov
Gurovskiy, Nikolai Nikolayevich Russian physician. Deputy Director of IMBP. Began as physician at the Institute of Aviation and Space Medicine.
Gurragcha Jugderdemidiin 'Gurr' (1947-) Mongolian pilot cosmonaut. Flew on Salyut 6 EP-9. First Mongolian astronaut. Graduated from Zhukovsky Military Engineering Academy, 1977. Aeronautic engineer, Mongolian Air Force. From 2000 Mongolian Secretary of Defense.
Chief Directorate of the Rocket Forces (Russian abbreviation)
Israeli technology satellite. 2 launches, 1995.03.28 (Gurwin 1) and 1998.07.10 (Gurwin Techsat 1B). Gurwin satellites were built by the Technion Institute of Technology, Israel.
Gusev, Leonid Ivanovich (1922-) Russian engineer. Director of Nll-695. After 1965 Director of NIIP. Led work on guidance systems.
Gushchin, Nikolai Ivanovich Russian engineer. From 1989 Head and Chief Designer Kolomna Mechanical Engineering Design Bureau. Missile designer.
Gustav, Johann German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter. German expert in guided missiles during WW2. As of January 1947, working at Fort Bliss, Texas.
Gutierrez, Sidney McNeill 'Sid' (1951-) Hispanic-American test pilot astronaut. Flew on STS-40, STS-59. Some data removed at subject's request.
Guy.
Guy, Will C American engineer. Deputy to Samuel K Hoffmann at Rocketdyne from 1948-1978.
Headquarters of an RVSN Division, 1960-1990. This was one of the oldest rocket units in the Soviet Union, being first formed at Kapustin Yar, 1950-1953, then deploying to Medved, Novgorod 1953-1960. Earlier had fielded R-1, R-2, and R-5 missiles. These were followed by R-12 IRBM's.
Ukrainian earth ionosphere satellite. One launch, 1977.02.15, Cosmos 893. Designation indicates a mass model of the DS-U2-IK (which studied charged particle flows and the ionosphere). However flown after the functional spacecraft's flights were completed.