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Alternate designation for Ariane H8 rocket stage.
H-1.
Rocketdyne Lox/Kerosene rocket engine family. Saturn l/lB. Designed for booster applications. First flight 1961. Surplus Saturn motors adapted for use in Delta launch vehicle.
H-1.
Japanese license-built version of Delta launch vehicle, with Japanese-developed upper stages.
H-1.
Rocketdyne Lox/Kerosene rocket engine. 947.7 kN. Saturn l/lB. Designed for booster applications. Gas generator, pump-fed. Isp=289s. First flight 1961.
American orbital launch vehicle. Three stage version consisting of 9 x Castor 2 + 1 x ELT Thor N + 1 x LE-5
American orbital launch vehicle. Four stage version consisting of 6 x Castor 2 + 1 x ELT Thor N + 1 x LE-5 + 1 x UM129A
H-10.
Alternate designation for Ariane H10 rocket stage.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 4,480/750 kg. Thrust 258.92 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 265 seconds. Version for Japanese H-1 booster.
H-10+.
Alternate designation for Ariane H10+ rocket stage.
H-10-3.
Alternate designation for Ariane H10-3 rocket stage.
Lox/Kerosene propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 85,800/4,400 kg. Thrust 866.71 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 290 seconds. License built MB-3 ELT Thor
Nissan solid rocket engine. 77 kN. Isp=291s. Used on H-1 launch vehicle. First flight 1986.
Notional Lox/Solid hybrid rocket engine. 931.3 kN. Design 1988. Isp=284s. Used on Industrial Launch Vehicle launch vehicle.
H155.
Alternate designation for Ariane H155 rocket stage.
H173.
Alternate designation for Ariane 5 EPC rocket stage.
H-18.
Alternate designation for CZ H-18 rocket stage.
H-1b.
Rocketdyne Lox/Kerosene rocket engine. 1030.2 kN. Isp=296s. First flight 1966.
H-1c.
Rocketdyne Lox/Kerosene rocket engine. 1130 kN. Study Saturn IB-A, Saturn IB-B, 1965. Isp=296s.
H-2.
Heavy lift Japanese indigenous launch vehicle. The original H-2 version was cancelled due to high costs and poor reliability and replaced by the substantially redesigned H-2A.
H-2.
Heavy lift Japanese indigenous launch vehicle. The original H-2 version was cancelled due to high costs and poor reliability and replaced by the substantially redesigned H-2A.
3 stage vehicle consisted of 2 x H-II SRB + 1 x H-II stage 1 + 1 x H-II stage 2
Japanese orbital launch vehicle. Concept of H-2 augmented with Liquid-Air Cycle Engine boosters and advanced HIMES upper stage.
The H-2 horizontal takeoff / horizontal landing two-stage reusable space shuttle was proposed by Institute 601 of the Air Ministry in 1988. The first stage would used air breathing engines to accelerate the rocket-powered second stage to release velocity. This ambitious design would leapfrog China ahead of other spacefaring nations, but would be available no earlier than 2015. It was decided the concept was beyond Chinese technical capability, and it was not pursued further.
Chinese manned spaceplane. Study 1988. The H-2 horizontal takeoff / horizontal landing two-stage reusable space shuttle was proposed by Institute 601 of the Air Ministry in 1988.
H-2 Transfer Vehicle.
Alternate designation for HTV space tug.
Nissan solid rocket engine. 1556.6 kN. In Production. Used in J-1-1. Isp=273s.
Nissan solid rocket engine family. Used as strap-on booster on H-2, first stage on J-1.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 70,400/11,250 kg. Thrust 1,540.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 273 seconds.
Nissan solid rocket engine. 1540 kN. Isp=273s. Used as strap-on booster on H-2, first stage on J-1. First flight 1994.
Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 98,100/11,900 kg. Thrust 1,078.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 446 seconds.
H-2A.
Japanese orbital launch vehicle. Low-cost version of H-2 developed for the commercial market. The two SRB-A solid rocket boosters can be supplemented by 4 smaller SSB solid boosters. 0 or 2 SSB's can be fitted for reduced 9,940 kg or 10,740 kg LEO payloads.
Japanese orbital launch vehicle. This version uses two core stages side-by-side in an asymmetric configuration, supplemented by two SRB-A solid rocket boosters.
Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 117,000/17,800 kg. Thrust 2,196.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 440 seconds. Two-engine version of H-2A-1 used as strap-on booster.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 76,400/10,400 kg. Thrust 2,250.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 280 seconds.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 15,200/2,100 kg. Thrust 626.60 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 283 seconds. Provides supplemental thrust for H-2 or H-2A.
Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 113,600/13,600 kg. Thrust 1,098.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 440 seconds. Lower cost version of H-2 first stage. Can be throttled to 72% thrust.
H2O2.
Hydrogen peroxide is used as both an oxidiser and a monopropellant. Relatively high density and non-toxic, it was abandoned after early use in British rockets, but recently revived as a propellant for the Black Horse spaceplane.
H2O2.
Hydrogen peroxide is used as both an oxidiser and a monopropellant. Relatively high density and non-toxic, it was abandoned after early use in British rockets, but recently revived as a propellant for the Black Horse spaceplane.
H2O2.
Hydrogen peroxide is used as both an oxidiser and a monopropellant. Relatively high density and non-toxic, it was abandoned after early use in British rockets, but recently revived as a propellant for the Black Horse spaceplane. Hydrogen peroxide is used as both an oxidiser and a monopropellant. Relatively high density and non-toxic, it was abandoned after early use in British rockets, but recently revived as a propellant for the Black Horse spaceplane.
Hydrogen peroxide is used as both an oxidiser and a monopropellant. Relatively high density and non-toxic, it was abandoned after early use in British rockets, but recently revived as a propellant for the Black Horse spaceplane. Term for generic hydrocarbon fuels.
Hydrogen peroxide is used as both an oxidiser and a monopropellant. Relatively high density and non-toxic, it was abandoned after early use in British rockets, but recently revived as a propellant for the Black Horse spaceplane. Hydrazine (N2H4) found early use as a fuel, but it was quickly replaced by UDMH. It is still used as a monopropellant for satellite station-keeping motors.
Hydrogen peroxide is used as both an oxidiser and a monopropellant. Relatively high density and non-toxic, it was abandoned after early use in British rockets, but recently revived as a propellant for the Black Horse spaceplane. Hydyne was a propellant blend pushed rather vigorously by the Redstone arsenal in the late 1950's, but it found little application. Hydyne, which is also known as MAF-4, is a 60 per cent, by weight, mixture of UDMH and 40 weight percent diethyltrianine (DETA).
Hydrogen peroxide is used as both an oxidiser and a monopropellant. Relatively high density and non-toxic, it was abandoned after early use in British rockets, but recently revived as a propellant for the Black Horse spaceplane. Rocket propellant RP-1, or its foreign equivalents, is a straight-run kerosene fraction, which is subjected to further treatment, i.e., acid washing, sulphur dioxide extraction. Thus, unsaturated substances which polymerise in storage are removed, as are sulphur-containing hydrocarbons.
Hydrogen peroxide is used as both an oxidiser and a monopropellant. Relatively high density and non-toxic, it was abandoned after early use in British rockets, but recently revived as a propellant for the Black Horse spaceplane. Pentaborane (B5H9) was considered as a high performance fuel in the US in the 1950's. Its development was pursued with some vigour by Glushko in Russia during the 1960's. But like the other fluorine and boron motors of the time, it presented too many handling and safety problems to be adopted as a flight engine.
Hydrogen peroxide is used as both an oxidiser and a monopropellant. Relatively high density and non-toxic, it was abandoned after early use in British rockets, but recently revived as a propellant for the Black Horse spaceplane. Solid propellants have the fuel and oxidiser embedded in a rubbery matrix. They were developed to a high degree of perfection in the United States in the 1950's and 1960's. In Russia, development was slower, due to a lack of technical leadership in the area and rail handling problems.
Hydrogen peroxide is used as both an oxidiser and a monopropellant. Relatively high density and non-toxic, it was abandoned after early use in British rockets, but recently revived as a propellant for the Black Horse spaceplane. Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine ((CH3)2NNH2) became the storable liquid fuel of choice by the mid-1950's. Development of UDMH in the Soviet Union began in 1949. It is used in virtually all storable liquid rocket engines except for some orbital manoeuvring engines in the United States, where MMH has been preferred due to a slightly higher density and performance.
H-8.
Alternate designation for CZ-YF-73 rocket stage.
Haagen, Eugen German expert in biological warfare during World War II.
Haas, Martin German expert in rocket and aircraft equipment during World War II. Later worked in France at LRBA in the drafting group of the target acquisition department from 1947-1952.
Haase, Heinz (1910-) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the Soviet Union thereafter. Graduate engineer who worked on rocket engine development in Glushko's design bureau from 1947 to 1952. Worked as Deputy in charge of the Oxygen Plant.
Haber, Heinz (1913-1990) German expert in aero-medicine during World War II. As of January 1947, working at Heidelberg (American Zone of Occupation). Later moved to America and becaeme an astrophysicist and popular writer on the prospects for spaceflight.
Habermann, Helmut German engineer. Member of German Rocket Team in France after WW2.
American manned lunar rover. Study 2000. The Habot (Habitat Robot) modules would land on six articulated legs, which also provided the locomotion. These walking modules could operate autonomously or in a teleoperation mode.
Hackh, Rudolf (1900-1950) German engineer. Member of German Rocket Team in France after WW2.
HAD.
Australian test vehicle. The HAD vehicle was, like HAT, a two stage rocket, based on British Gosling and LAPStar motors. First launched in 1961, it had two test flights before becoming operational.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded mass 52 kg.
French short range ballistic missile. Single stage vehicle
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded mass 1,800 kg.
Hadfield, Chris Austin (1959-) Canadian test pilot mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-74, STS-100.
HAEC.
HAEC
Haeussermann, Walter (1914-) German-American engineer. Worked on V-2 gyro platform at Peenemuende 1939-1942. Returned to von Braun's team in US in 1948, working on Hermes II and Redstone guidance systems, becoming Director, Guidance and Control Division, at Huntsville.
HAFO.
American pressure suit, operational 1977. High Altitude Flying Outfit. Prototype developmental full pressure suit with integrated thermal/pressure/chemical defense/immersion and anti-G protection, ILC Dover.
Hage.
Hage, George H (1925-) American engineer. At Boeing from 1947-1968, on Bomarc, Minuteman, and reconnsats. 1968-1969 NASA Deputy Director of the Apollo program. Returned to Boeing, then from 1973 President, Aerojet.
Hagen, John P (1908-1990) American astronomer. At NRL from 1935. Director, Vanguard program, 1955-1962. Thereafter professor of astronomy, Penn State.
Hager, Karl Franz (1903-2005) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter.
Japanese lunar orbiter. One launch, 1990.01.24. Lunar orbiter ejected from Muses A 3/19/90; contact lost after release; engineering test. Lunar Orbit (Selenocentric).
MGM-13A Mace operating base.
Haig.
Haig, Thomas O American engineer and meteorologist, developed Moby Dick balloon, ground control stations for early USAF reconnsats, the first weather satellites, the Thor-Burner booster. Later worked on MOL and first global weather monitoring system.
Haignere, Jean-Pierre (1948-) French test pilot cosmonaut. Flew on Mir Altair, Mir EO-27. Was married to astronaut Claudie Andre-Deshays.
Sounding rocket launch location known to have been used for 5 launches from 1988 to 1991, reaching up to 120 kilometers altitude.
New Chinese launch center for manned and low-inclination orbital launches.
Haise, Fred Wallace Jr 'Pecky' (1933-) American pilot astronaut. Flew on Apollo 13. Survived first emergency beyond low earth orbit. Altitude (401,056 km) record.
HAL.
Indian manufacturer of rocket engines and rockets. HAL, India.
HALCA.
Alternate designation for Haruka radio astronomy satellite.
Halik, Nikos 'Nik' (1971-) Australian. Australian millionaire businessman who was the back-up to Richard Garriott for the space tourist seat on Soyuz TMA-13.
Sounding rocket launch location known to have been used for 7 launches in 1971, reaching up to 270 kilometers altitude.
TsNIIMASH / Rocketdyne electric/xenon rocket engine. 3 N. Development. Isp=1600s. Satellite orbit raising and station-keeping applications. Electric, pressure-fed. Variable 80 mN - 3.0 N thrust, specific impulse 1600 to 3500 seconds.
Halpern, Irwin P American Soviet specialist, director of NASA's Policy Analysis Staff in the mid 1960s; previously worked at the Central Intelligence Agency on Soviet and Chinese political-military affairs and doctrine.
Halsell, James Donald Jr (1956-) American test pilot astronaut. Flew on STS-65, STS-74, STS-83, STS-94, STS-101.
Ham.
Ham, Kenneth Todd (1964-) American test pilot astronaut. Flew on STS-124, STS-132.
Syrian military testing range, known to have been used for 9 launches from 1992 to 2007, reaching up to 200 kilometers altitude.
Hamburg, Friedrich German expert in rocket development during World War II. As of January 1947, working at Hannover (British Zone of Occupation).
Hamel, Michael Anthony (1950-) American engineer military spaceflight engineer astronaut, 1979-1985.
The constellation of launch complexes and nuclear weapons test sites established by France in Algeria began with the Special Weapons Test Center (CIEES). This began operations at Colomb-Bechar, Algeria, on April 24, 1947. Development of the larger Veronique series required a new facility. This went into operation at Hammaguir, 120 km southwest of Colomb-Bechar, in May 1952. The evacuation of these launch sites was a condition of the final agreement signed in March 1962 that ended the Algerian Civil War. The sites continued in use until finally turned over to the Algerian government on 1 July 1967. French missile test activities moved to Biscarosse, in France, and orbital launches to Kourou, in French Guiana. Hammaguira was known to have been used for at least 271 launches from 1952 to 1967.
VE, Diamant, Belier launch complex.
Europa launch complex. Sounding rocket launcher
Veronique, Belier launch complex. Bou Hammadi, CIEES B0, Colomb-Bechar
Beni Abbes
Veronique launch complex. Blandine, CIEES B2
VE, SSBS, MSBS, Diamant launch complex. Brigitte, CIEES B2
Agate launcher, Brigitte, CIEES B2
Monica launch complex.
Base Georges Leger, CIEES B1, Hameida Hammada, Colomb-Bechar
Hammond, Lloyd Blaine Jr (1952-) American test pilot astronaut. Flew on STS-39, STS-64.
American manufacturer. Hampton, USA.
Hanes, Horace A (-2002) American test pilot. Grew up in Bellflower, Indiana. Flew the X-1B.
Hansen, Grant Lewis (1921-) American engineer, aerospace manager who played key roles in development of the Thor and Centaur rockets.
Hansen, Jeremy Roger (1976-) Canadian pilot mission specialist astronaut, 2009-on.
HAO.
High Altitude Observatory
High Altitude Particle Program Experiment
HAPS.
American pressure suit, operational 1977. High Altitude Protective System (HAPS). Hybrid get-me-down system assembled for NASA Dryden Flight Research Center test pilots.
Harbaugh, Gregory Jordan 'Greg' (1956-) American engineer mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-39, STS-54, STS-71, STS-82.
Military testing range. In use from 1967 to present.
Chinese manufacturer of spacecraft. Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
HARC.
American manufacturer of spacecraft. HARC, USA.
Harer, Richard James American test pilot. Flew the X-1B.
HARP.
Canadian agency. High Altitude Research Project, Canada.
Canadian earth atmosphere probe. Launched from 1960. The HARP 5-1 gun probe was a dart-shaped, sub-caliber vehicle with a major diameter of 66 mm, a length of 116 cm and a flight weight of 10.4 kg.
Canadian earth atmosphere satellite. Study 1960. The HARP 5-3 probe was developed during HARP to reduce the complexity of the 5 inch vehicles and in particular the nose eject system used by the HARP 5-1 probe.
Canadian earth atmosphere suborbital probe. Flights from 1961. The original HARP 7-1 gun probe was fundamentally a scaled up version of the 5-1 gun probe and was used for similar payloads.
Canadian earth atmosphere probe. Study 1961. The Harp 7-2 vehicle was an optimized version of the 7-1 vehicle. The 7-2 had a body diameter of 76 mm a length of 1410 mm a flight weight of 18.2 kg and a payload volume of 2048 cc.
Guncotton propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 450/1 kg. Thrust 127,000.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 365 seconds. The HARP gun, a converted 16 inch naval gun, was used during the 1960's to launch the Martlet series of rocket-launched space probes.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded mass 100 kg.
Harr.
Harr, Karl G (1922-2002) American manager, served in senior US government policy boards in the late 1950's. President of the Aerospace Industries Association 1963-1988
Harras German Officer. Staff officer with the Flak Research Section of the Luftwaffe.
Harris, Dr Bernard Andrew Jr (1956-) African-American physician mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-55, STS-63. First African-American to walk in space.
Harris, Robert D American engineer, leading Aerojet rocket engine designer; finished career as Vice President of Strategic and Space Propulsion Aerojet vice president in 1999. Retired to northern California.
Harrison, John (1919-) American engineer. Manager of Test Operations for the Atlas-Centaur and Titan 3E-Centaur.
Hart.
Hart, Terry Jonathan 'TJ' (1946-) American engineer mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-41-C.
Hart, Jane Briggs (1920-) American pilot, one of the Mercury 13 female astroauts proposed in 1961, but never entered training.
Hartsfield, Henry Warren Jr 'Hank' (1933-) American test pilot astronaut. Flew on STS-4, STS-41-D, STS-61-A.
Hartshorn, Carl Lawrence 'Larry' (1921-2000) American engineer. Chief of Design for Plant Engineering for the Atlas
Japanese radio astronomy satellite. One launch, 1997.02.12. The Muses B satellite was renamed 'Haruka', meaning 'Far-away', after launch. It formed the spacesegment of the VLBI Space Observatory Program.
Haskell, George (1940-) British physicist. at ESA 1972-1992. 1972-1987 in ESA's space science planning office; 1987-1992, liaison officer for scientific use of the space station.
HAT.
Australian test vehicle. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x HAT + 1 x LAPSTAR
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded mass 300 kg.
Pakistani single-stage solid propellant tactical ballistic missile Developed by the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) based on French Stromboli engine technology. The unguided IA version went into service in 1992; the improved, inertiallty guided IB version in 2001.
Hatf 2.
Alternate designation for Abdali missile.
Hatf 3.
Alternate designation for Ghaznavi tactical ballistic missile.
Hatf 4.
Alternate designation for Shaheen 1 intermediate range ballistic missile.
Hatf 5.
Hatf 6.
Alternate designation for Shaheen 3 intermediate range ballistic missile.
Solid rocket stage.
Hatry, Julius (1906-) German Test pilot. Technical designer and piloted one of the first German rocket planes.
HATV.
Significant Navy program begun in 1946 to develop a single-stage-to-orbit satellite launch vehicle. The Air Force blocked Navy efforts to develop it on a joint basis, while at the same time having no interest in the project itself. Work was abandoned at the end of 1948.
HATV.
American orbital launch vehicle. Significant Navy program begun in 1946 to develop a single-stage-to-orbit satellite launch vehicle. The Air Force blocked Navy efforts to develop it on a joint basis, while at the same time having no interest in the project itself. Work was abandoned at the end of 1948.
Hauck, Frederick Hamilton 'Rick' (1941-) American test pilot astronaut. Flew on STS-7, STS-51-A, STS-26. Flew 114 combat missions in Vietnam.
Haug.
Haug German engineer, member of the Rocket Team in France after WW2. Secondary school teacher, made responsible for translation and interface with the French engineers of the German rocket technicians working at LRBA in France after WW2.
Haukohl, Guenther (1913-2002) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter.
Hawk.
Popular Name of MIM-23A surface-to-air missile.
Hawk.
American surface-to-air missile. The Hawk was the first mobile medium-range guided anti-aircraft missile deployed by the U.S. Army, and was the oldest SAM system still in use by U.S. armed forces in the late 1990s.
Hawk.
American surface-to-air missile and sounding rocket family.
American sounding rocket. Balloon-launched Loki with larger fins for stability at high altitudes. The larger Loki II motor was used from 5 August 1957 as part of the IGY. This variant could reach 122 km and was called the 'Hawk Rockoon'.
Hawker, John Edward 'Hawk' (1954-) American photointerpreter payload specialist astronaut, 1988-1991. Chief Warrant Officer CW3, US-Army; graduated from Rotary Wing Flight School; in 1988 selected for TERRA SCOUT - US Army Project; retired from USA on 1994.04.01.
British manufacturer of rockets and spacecraft. Hawker Siddeley, UK.
Hawker Siddeley Dynamics.
First Owner of Hawker Siddeley
Hawker Siddeley Waverider-1960.
British manned spaceplane. Study 1960. An ambitious Blue Streak / Waverider design study was conducted by Hawker Siddeley Aviation in the 1960's. The project was led by Peter A E Stewart, Astronautics Section, Advanced Projects Group.
Hawker Siddeley Waverider-1971.
British manned spaceplane. Study 1971. The Hawker Siddeley Waverider study of 1971 laid out a space vehicle with a waveriding airbreathing hypersonic first stage, and a rocket propelled, lifting body second stage.
American solar satellite. One launch, 1974.06.03, Explorer 52. Solar wind experiments. Follow-on to Injun.
Hawley, Dr Steven Alan (1951-) American astronomer mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-41-D, STS-61-C, STS-31, STS-82, STS-93. Was married to astronaut Sally Ride.
Japanese asteroid probe. One launch, 2003.05.09.
Hayward, John Tucker (1910-) American officer. Naval liasison to Manhattan Project and Sandia. Deputy commanding officer for research and development, USN, 1957-1963.
HCI.
American agency. Hughes Communications Inc. , USA
HCMM.
Heat Capacity Mapping Mission Explorer
HCO.
Harvard College Observatory.
HD.
Henry Draper catalog entry
HDP.
Manufacturer's designation for V-3 gun-launched missile.
German manned rocketplane. Flown 1935. The Heinkel He-112 was an unsuccessful pre-war German monoplane fighter, competing for orders with the Bf 109. However it entered rocketry history when tests were conducted with rocket engines.
The Heinkel He-112 was an unsuccessful pre-war German monoplane fighter, competing for orders with the Bf 109. However it entered rocketry history when tests were conducted with rocket engines.
German manned rocketplane. Flown 1938. Early German rocketplane.
German manned rocketplane. Flown 1938. Early German rocketplane.
Healey, Roger American fictitious astronaut, featured in I Dream of Jeannie television program.
Healey, John American engineer, one of the Martin managers brought to North American by Bergen after the Apollo fire. In charge of getting the Apollo 7 CSM 101 first article of the new configuration through its modification, construction, and completion.
HEAO.
American x-ray astronomy satellite. 3 launches, 1977.08.12 (HEAO 1) to 1979.09.20 (HEAO 3). The 3 satellites of the High Energy Astronomical Observatory program surveyed the celestial sphere for X-ray sources and gamma and cosmic ray phenomena.
American heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle. ATK Thiokol concept corresponding to earlier Shuttle-C proposals. The shuttle orbiter is replaced by a 6.5 m diameter x 25 m long cargo container, powered by two Space Shuttle main engines. Availability would be three to four years after go-ahead.
American heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle. ATK Thiokol concept for a shuttle-derived heavy lift vehicle. The shuttle orbiter would be replaced by a 6.5 m diameter x 35 m long cargo container, powered by three Space Shuttle main engines. The shuttle RSRM motors would have a fifth segment added, and the External Tank would be stretched to 56 m long. Availability would be six years after go-ahead.
American heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle. ATK Thiokol concept for a shuttle-derived heavy lift vehicle with a lift equivalent to the Saturn V. The radical reconfiguration would put all elements in-line. Four SSME engines would be at the base of a stretched external tank, flanked by two shuttle RSRM motors with a fifth segment added. Atop this would be an 8.7 m diameter Lox/LH2 stage, followed by a 10-m diameter payload fairing. Availability would be ten years after go-ahead.
Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle.
Alternate designation for Exploration HLLV heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle.
Heavy Orbital Earth Space Station.
Alternate designation for TKS Heavy Space Station manned space station.
Heavy Piloted Interplanetary Spacecraft.
Manufacturer's designation for TMK-1 manned mars flyby.
Category of launch vehicles.
HEDI.
American anti-ballistic missile. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x X-265 + 1 x X-271
Hedrick, Walter (1921-) American USAF Officer. Walter Hedrick was an Air Force Brigadier General who was involved in space systems throughout the 1960s. In 1967, he became the Air Force's director of space, deputy chief of staff, research and development.
German test range for production V-2 missiles. Used for 265 launches from 1944 to 1945, reaching up to 90 kilometers altitude.
German test range for production V-2 missiles, used for 278 launches from 1943 to 1944, reaching up to 90 kilometers altitude.
Heimburg, Karl Ludwig (1910-1997) German-American engineer. Worked in Japan 1937-1941, then at Peenemuende. Worked on test stands for Wasserfall and A4b. Helped with Backfire. Then joined von Braun team, becoming Director, Test Division, in Huntsville.
Heine German rocket engineer in WW2; later worked in France at LRBA on gyroscopes and antennae in the automated control loop department 1947-1952.
Heinemann, Wolfgang German expert in aerodynamics during World War II. As of January 1947, working at Peenemuende or DGS.
Heinisch, Kurt (1910-) German rocket technician at Peenemuende.
German manufacturer of rockets and spacecraft. Heinkel, Germany.
Heinkel, Ernst (1888-1958) German aircraft builder, owner of the Heinkel concern.
Heinlein, Robert A (1907-1988) Leading American writer of technical science fiction, inspired many engineers that would later make space travel a reality. Major corporations, the military, and nuclear power were key aspects of the colonization of space in his stories.
Heiss, Klaus P (1942-) Austrian-American economist, prepared a major economic feasibility study for the Space Shuttle program in 1971. He later worked with Econ, Inc., and founded and headed Space Transportation Corp., in Princeton, New Jersey.
German solar satellite. 2 launches, 1974.12.10 (Helios 1) and 1976.01.15 (Helios 2). Solar probe. Launched by the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany. Heliocentric orbit 190 days, 0.309 x 0.985 AU x 0 deg.
Study by Kraft Ehricke of a vehicle where the booster stage contains liquid oxygen tanks only and takes the nuclear second stage to the stratosphere. The nuclear sustainer then takes the payload to orbit or escape trajectory.
American nuclear-powered orbital launch vehicle. Study by Kraft Ehricke of a vehicle where the booster stage contains liquid oxygen tanks only and takes the nuclear second stage to the stratosphere. The nuclear sustainer then takes the payload to orbit or escape trajectory.
French military surveillance satellite. 2 launches, 1995.07.07 (Helios 1A) to 1999.12.03 (Helios 1B). Helios 1A an 1B were advanced French military surveillance satellites which were widely believed to have 1 meter resolution capability.
French military surveillance satellite. One launch, 2004.12.18. French military surveillance satellite series which began service in 2004.
American nuclear-powered orbital launch vehicle.
Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 200,000/10,000 kg. Thrust 6,660.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 400 seconds. Booster stage with Lox tanks only to take nuclear second stage to stratosphere.
Nuclear/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 153,000/26,000 kg. Thrust 2,892.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 830 seconds. Nuclear second stage
American nuclear-powered orbital launch vehicle.
Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 236,000/14,000 kg. Thrust 7,786.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 400 seconds. Booster stage with Lox tanks only to take nuclear second stage to stratosphere.
Nuclear/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 177,000/29,000 kg. Thrust 3,330.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 830 seconds. Nuclear second stage
American nuclear-powered orbital launch vehicle.
Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 395,000/18,000 kg. Thrust 12,450.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 400 seconds. Booster stage with Lox tanks only to take nuclear second stage to stratosphere.
Nuclear/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 309,000/54,000 kg. Thrust 5,780.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 830 seconds. Nuclear second stage
Notional lox/lh2 rocket engine. 1667 kN. Study 1960. Engines for booster stage with Lox tanks only to take nuclear second stage to stratosphere. Isp=400s. Helios A, B, C studies.
Greek agency. Hellas Sat Consortium, Greece.
Hellebrandt, Emil A H, (1914-1981) Austrian-German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter.
Heller, Gerhard Bernhard (1914-2005) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter.
Helm.
Helm, Bruno (1909-1987) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter.
Helms, Susan Jane (1958-) American test engineer mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-54, STS-64, STS-78, STS-101, ISS EO-2.
Henize, Dr Karl Gordon (1926-1993) American astronomer mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-51-F.
Hennen, Thomas John 'Tom' (1952-) American photointerpreter payload specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-44. US Army. Grew up in Columbus, Ohio, son of an Air Force officer.
Hennig, Otto German manufacturing engr. a4 assembly during World War II. As of January 1947, living at Witzenhausen bei Kassel Goldner Loewe (American Zone of Occupation).
Henning, Alfred H (1904-) German-American expert in guided missiles during World War II. Went to the USA with von Braun, by 1960, Deputy Director, Weapons System Coordination Office, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center.
Henning, Bruno (1908-) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter. Engineer who worked on rocket engine development in Glushko's design bureau from 1947 to 1952. Worked in Engineering and Design; Dept. 61.
Henricks, Terence Thomas 'Tom' (1952-) American test pilot astronaut. Flew on STS-44, STS-55, STS-70, STS-78.
Henry, Richard C American officer. Commander of Air Force Space Division, 1978-1982; Vice Commander, Air Force Space Command 1982-1983.
American pressure suit, tested 1943. J P Henry and D R Drury designed the capstan partial pressure suit and exposed subjects to 24,000 m. Three models were tested. These would be the basis of the post-war Dave Clark rocketplane suits.
HEOS.
European earth magnetosphere satellite. 2 launches, 1968.12.05 (HEOS 1) and 1972.01.31 (HEOS 2). Highly Eccentric Orbiting Satellite; examined magnetic fields outside of Earth's magnetosphere.
HeRA.
Hermes Robotic Arm
Hera.
American target missile. Two stage vehicle used as a target for test of anti-ballistic missile systems. The vehicle consisted of surplus Minuteman 2 second and third stages (SR19AJ1 + M57A1).
Solid rocket stage. 76.00 kN (17,085 lbf) thrust. Mass 1,900 kg (4,189 lb).
Russian air-launched winged orbital launch vehicle. Launch vehicle design by NPO Molniya / TsAGI that would utilize air launch from a giant cargo aircraft capable of lifting 900 tonne payloads. The single stage to orbit spaceplane would be released at subsonic velocity.
Hercules solid rocket engine. 15,565.8 kN. In development. Isp=286s. Planned replacement for shuttle solid rocket boosters after Challenger disaster. A billion dollars spent in development, but contract terminated. NASA decided to stay with Thiokol RSRM.
American manufacturer of rocket engines and rockets. Hercules, Wilmington, Delaware, USA.
Hermann, Rudolf (1904-1991) German-American expert in supersonics during World War II. Member of the German rocket team, arrived in America under Project Paperclip on 1945.11.16 aboard the Argentina from La Havre. As of January 1947, working at Wright Field, Ohio.
Hermann, Werner German test pilot, aviation engineer during World War II. As of January 1947, living at c/o Forsthaus Beiberstein b. Fulda Revierfoerster Berg..
Hermaszewski, Miroslaw 'Mirek' (1941-) Polish pilot cosmonaut. Flew on Salyut 6 EP-3. First Polish astronaut.
American tactical ballistic missile. Hermes was a major US Army project to implement German rocket technology after World War II. Development started in 1944 with award to General Electric as the prime contractor. The program was cancelled in 1954 after $ 96.4 million had been spent. Most of this was for nought since the Air Force received the long-range missile assignment in the end.
The designs ran the gamut from short range solid propellant rockets through Mach 3 ramjets to intercontinental boost-glide vehicles. General Electric was also responsible for firing captured German V-2 rockets, training Army personnel in their use, and the Bumper project which created a two-stage vehicle using a V-2 and a WAC-Corporal. See individual entries for the Hermes A-1, Hermes A-3, Hermes B-1, and Hermes C.
Hermes was a major US Army project to implement German rocket technology after World War II. Development started in 1944 with award to General Electric as the prime contractor. The program was cancelled in 1954 after $ 96.4 million had been spent. Most of this was for nought since the Air Force received the long-range missile assignment in the end.
French manned spaceplane. Cancelled 1992. The Hermes spaceplane would have provided independent European manned access to space. Hermes was designed to take three astronauts to orbits of up to 800 km altitude on missions of 30 to 90 days in space.
The Army Hermes A-1 single stage test rocket was an American version of the German Wasserfall anti-aircraft rocket.
GE Nitric acid/Tonka rocket engine. 71 kN.
Nitric acid/Amine propellant rocket stage. Loaded mass 5,000 kg. Thrust 71.00 kN. Nitric acid/Tonka propellants.
American tactical ballistic missile. The Army Hermes A-2 single stage test rocket proved the technology of large solid rocket motors as developed by H L Thackwell at Thiokol. But the Army preferred to have further development done in-house and JPL was selected to develop the Sergeant rocket. In addition to the flight tests, a total of 22 motors were static fired, including one after seven years of storage.
American tactical ballistic missile. Prototype of a single-stage liquid propellant tactical Army missile. Two versions test flown but abandoned in favour of the Redstone in-house design.
GE Nitric acid/Tonka rocket engine. 80 kN.
American tactical ballistic missile.
Nitric acid/Amine propellant rocket stage. Loaded mass 3,800 kg. Thrust 80.00 kN. Nitric acid/Tonka propellants.
American tactical ballistic missile.
GE Nitric acid/Tonka rocket engine. 100 kN.
Nitric acid/Tonka propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 5,300/2,000 kg. Thrust 100.00 kN.
American tactical ballistic missile. Test vehicle for Hermes II Mach 3 ramjet cruise missile. The modified V-2 merely acted as a booster for the 'Ram' second stage.
Hermes C.
Alternate designation for Redstone short range ballistic missile.
American tactical ballistic missile. The Hermes C1 was a clustered-engine intercontinental ballistic missile proposed by General Electric in June 1946. It was eventually down-scoped to a single-engine tactical missile, which flew as the Redstone in 1953.
Hermes II.
Manufacturer's designation for Hermes B-1 tactical ballistic missile.
Hernandez, Jose Moreno (1962-) Hispanic-American engineer mission specialist astronaut, 2004-on.
Herres, Robert Tralles (1932-2008) American pilot astronaut, 1967-1969.
Herrington, John Bennett (1958-) American test pilot mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-113.
Herrmann, Paul German engineer during World War II. As of January 1947, last known to be working at Aero Medicine Center, Heidelberg.
Herschel
Hertel, Heinrich German expert in aircraft design during World War II. As of January 1947, living in the French Zone.
American military anti-satellite system. Study 1995.
Hess.
Hess, Harry H (1906-1969) American geologist. Senior scientist involved in analysing the lunar samples returned to Earth by Project Apollo.
American solar satellite. One launch, 2002.02.05. HESSI, the sixth Small Explorer, was a Spectrum Astro satellite derived from the SA-200S design. It carried a rotating modulation collimator transform telescope.
HET.
Health/education telecommunications experiment (on ATS 6)
HETE.
American gamma ray astronomy satellite. 2 launches, 1996.11.04 (HETE) and 2000.10.09 (HETE-2). The High Energy Transient Experiment (HETE) was an international mission led by The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
Heusinger, Bruno (1912-1973) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter.
Hexagon.
Code name for KH-9 military surveillance satellite.
HF.
High Frequency
HG-3.
Rocketdyne lox/lh2 rocket engine family. High-performance high-pressure chamber engine developed from J-2. Considered for upgrades to Saturn V launch vehicle upper stages. Technology led to Space Shuttle Main Engines.
HG-3.
Rocketdyne lox/lh2 rocket engine. 1400.7 kN. Study 1967. Isp=451s. High-performance high-pressure chamber engine developed from J-2. Considered for upgrades to Saturn V launch vehicle upper stages. Technology led to Space Shuttle Main Engines.
Rocketdyne lox/lh2 rocket engine. 1387 kN. Study 1966. Isp=450s. High-performance high-pressure chamber engine developed from the J-2, fitted with lower-expansion nozzle for sea level use on Saturn INT-17. Technology led to Space Shuttle Main Engines.
HGA.
High Gain Antenna
American intercontinental ballistic missile. ICBM version. Also CGM-16F
HGV.
American spaceplane. Study 1992. The Hypersonic Glide Vehicle was a USAF project discussed openly in 1987 to 1988, which may have flown as a black project in 1992-1993.
HHMU.
Hand Held Maneuvering Unit.
HHN.
Headquarters Historical Note (NASA)
American anti-ballistic missile. Hibex was a 5.2 m long test vehicle used by the Army in a series of research experiments investigating high performance missile boosters. During mid-1960's experimental flights at White Sands, Hibex was fired successfully from underground cells and above-ground launch sites.
Boeing solid rocket engine.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded mass 6,000 kg.
Air-launched rocket drop zone known to have been used for 50 launches from 1961 to 1968, reaching up to 54 kilometers altitude.
Sounding rocket launcher
Hieb.
Hieb, Richard James 'Rick' (1955-) American engineer mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-39, STS-49, STS-65.
Higbee, Terry Alan (1949-) American engineer military spaceflight engineer astronaut, 1979-1985.
Higginbotham, Joan Elizabeth Miller (1964-) African-American engineer mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-116. Engineer.
Category of spacecraft.
High Energy Astronomical Observatory.
Alternate designation for HEAO x-ray astronomy satellite.
High Energy Transient Experiment.
Alternate designation for HETE gamma ray astronomy satellite.
Poem: Oh! I have slipped the surly bonds of Earth...
American air-launched test vehicle. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x B-58 Hustler + 1 x TX-20 Sergeant
American earth atmosphere satellite. 2 launches, 1962.04.25 (Highwater 1) and 1962.11.16 (Highwater 2). Release of large quantities of chemicals at high altitudes during suborbital tests of Saturn I.
American technology satellite. 3 launches, 1961.10.05 (Hi-Hoe 1) to 1962.07.26 (Hi-Hoe 3). US antisatellite tests.
H-II.
Alternate designation for H-2 orbital launch vehicle.
H-II.
Japanese orbital launch vehicle. 3 stage vehicle consisted of 2 x H-II SRB boosters + core vehicle.
Japanese orbital launch vehicle. Three stage version consisting of 2 x H-II SSB boosters + 2 x H-II SRB boosters + core vehicle.
Japanese orbital launch vehicle. Three stage version of H-IIA consisting of 2 x H-II SRB-A + two-stage core vehicle.
Japanese orbital launch vehicle.
H-IIA 2024.
Alternate designation for H-2A orbital launch vehicle.
Japanese orbital launch vehicle. Three stage vehicle consisting of 4 x Castor 4XL + 2 x H-II SRB-A boosters + two-stage core vehicle.
Japanese orbital launch vehicle.
H-IIA 212.
Alternate designation for H-2A 212 orbital launch vehicle.
Japanese orbital launch vehicle, utilizing H-IIA engines, but with larger-diameter all-new stages. Designed to place Japanese ISS HTV logistics vehicle into orbit.
American communications satellite. One launch, 1983.06.27. Communications technology tests. Spacecraft engaged in practical applications and uses of space technology such as weather or communication.
Hilburn, Earl D (1920-1989) American engineer. At NASA 1963-1966, in charge of industrial affairs. Later President of Western Union.
Robertson, Patricia Consolatrix nee Hilliard (1963-2001) American physician mission specialist astronaut, 1998-2001.
Hilmers, David Carl 'Dave' (1950-) American USMC engineer mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-51-J, STS-26, STS-36, STS-42. Known as a religiously conservative astronaut; summed up many astronaut's fears of the shuttle, saying before a flight "I have no plans past MECO".
Himawari.
Code name for GMS earth weather satellite.
Mitsubishi lox/lh2 rocket engine. 137.3 kN. Design 1999. Isp=452s. Used on H-2 HIMES launch vehicle.
Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 13,600/3,100 kg. Thrust 274.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 452 seconds.
American sounding rocket.
Solid rocket stage. Mass 300 kg (661 lb).
Hinners, Noel W (1935-) American geologist. Worked on Apollo at Bellcomm, 1963-1972. NASA HQ on lunar and space science programs, 1972-1979. Director NASM 1979-1982. Directed Goddard, 1982-1987. Associate Deputy Administrator 1987-1989. Martin Marietta VP, 1989-on.
Japanese solar satellite. One launch, 2006.09.22. Solar satellite with a large optical telescope and an X-ray telescope built by the Smithsonian Observatory.
Hintze, Guenther (1906-) German-American engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter. German expert in guided missiles during WW2. As of January 1947, working at Fort Bliss, Texas. Died at El Paso, Texas.
Redmond N2O4/MMH rocket engine. 0.445 kN. In Production. High performance liquid apogee thruster. Isp=323s.
European visible astronomy satellite. One launch, 1989.08.08. Scientific satellite for astrometry. Didn't reach GEO due to AKM failure; measured star positions. Frequency plan 2054.25 /2241 MHz. Launch time 2325:53 UT. Designator ESA/89/03.
Hire.
Hire, Kathryn Patricia 'Kay' (1959-) American engineer mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-90, STS-130. US Navy aviator; first woman assigned to a combat aircrew.
American test vehicle, built and flown by Convair in 1945-1947 to test technologies applied to the later Atlas ICBM.
Hirschler, Otto Heinrich (1913-2001) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter.
Spanish agency. Hisdesat, Spain.
Category of persons.
Domestic communications satellite network.
Spanish agency. Hispasat SA, Madrid, Spain.
Category of persons.
Japanese lunar orbiter. One launch, 1990.01.24. MUSES-A was renamed Hiten after launch. It developed of lunar swingby techniques for future missions and ejected a lunar orbiter.
Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945) German Politician. National Socialist politician and Reich Chancellor.
Japanese technology satellite. One launch, 2006.09.22, SSSat.
Hittenberger German rocket technician in WW2; later worked in France at LRBA from 1947 to 1959 in the test stand group. Returned to Germany thereafter.
Hitter, Hans H (-1970) German Engineer. Rocket propulsion engineer and director of the Development Centre at Karlshagen.
NASA Cleveland electric/xenon rocket engine. 430 mN. Isp=2800s. HIVHAC offered mission benefits compared to the 4000s NEXT engine for deep space missions.
Hixson, Jean (1922-1984) American pilot, one of the Mercury 13 female astroauts proposed in 1961, but never entered training.
HJ.
American sounding rocket. Single stage sounding rocket.
American sounding rocket. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M-6 + 1 x Hydac
American sounding rocket. NASA/Canadian four-stage sounding rocket could reach altitudes of 850 km.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded mass 200 kg. Thrust 93.00 kN.
American sounding rocket. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M-6 + 1 x Nike
American test vehicle. Three stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M-6 + 1 x Nike + 1 x Gosling
American sounding rocket. Three stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M-6 + 1 x Nike + 1 x Hydac
American sounding rocket. Three stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M-6 + 1 x Nike + 1 x Javelin 3
American sounding rocket. Three stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M-6 + 1 x Nike + 1 x Nike
Four stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M-6 + 1 x Nike + 1 x Nike + 1 x Cygnus 20
Solid rocket stage. 30.00 kN (6,744 lbf) thrust. Mass 100 kg (220 lb).
American test vehicle. Four stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M-6 + 1 x Nike + 1 x Nike + 1 x Recruit
American test vehicle. Five stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M-6 + 1 x Nike + 1 x Nike + 1 x Recruit + 1 x T-55
Solid rocket stage. 21.00 kN (4,721 lbf) thrust.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 599/256 kg. Thrust 195.60 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 195 seconds. The average sea level thrust of the Nike rocket motor was 190.3 kN. The interstage adapter was bolted to the front of the Nike and consisted of a conical shaped adapter which slip-fit into the second stage nozzle, thus providing for drag separation at Nike burnout. Each Nike fin was 0.45 square meters in area. Normally, the fins were canted to provide a two revolutions per second spin rate at Nike burnout.
American test vehicle. Three stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M-6 + 1 x Nike + 1 x T-40
American test vehicle. Four stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M-6 + 1 x Nike + 1 x T-40 + 1 x T-55
American test vehicle. Four stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M-6 + 1 x Nike + 3 x Deacon + 1 x T-40
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 1,900/954 kg. Thrust 365.00 kN. Rocket motor originally developed for the Army Honest John tactical missile. In sounding rocket applications the interstage adapter was bolted to the front of the Taurus and consisted of a conical shaped adapter which slip-fit into the second stage nozzle, thus providing for drag separation at Taurus burnout. Each Taurus fin was 0.46 square meters in area. Normally, the fins were canted to provide a two revolutions per second spin rate at Taurus burnout. The weight of the booster system is 3005 pounds.
American sounding rocket. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M-6 + 1 x Orion
American sounding rocket.
American tactical ballistic rocket.
HJ-1.
Chinese civilian surveillance satellite. 2 launches, 2008.09.06 (Huan Jing-1A) to 2008.09.06 (Huan Jing-1B).
Hjornevik, Wesley L (1926-2000) American bureaucrat. In federal service from 1949, NASA from 1959. Associate Director for Manned Space flight, Houston, 1961-1969. Then went to other government departments, and finally state of Texas.
American manned spaceplane. 37 launches, 1966.12.22 to 1970.07.17 . The HL-10 was the favored lifting body configuration of NASA Langley in the 1960's. It reached Mach 1.86 and 27,700 m during its flight tests.
American manned spaceplane. Study 1988. The HL-20 was a NASA Langley design for a manned spaceplane as a backup to the space shuttle (in case it was abandoned or grounded) and as a CERV (Crew Emergency Return Vehicle) for the Freedom space station.
American manned spaceplane. Study 1997. The HL-42 was a reusable, lifting body manned spacecraft designed to be placed into low-Earth orbit by an expendable booster.
HLC.
Heavy Lift Capability
HLV.
Heavy Lift Vehicle
SEP, Ottobrunn lox/lh2 rocket engine. 61.8 kN. Developed 1990's. Engine for potential Ariane 5 upper stage. Isp=443s.
Japanese sounding rocket. Single stage vehicle.
Mitsubishi solid rocket engine.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded mass 100 kg.
HM-7.
SEP, Ottobrunn lox/lh2 rocket engine family used on Ariane booster upper stages.
SEP, Ottobrunn lox/lh2 rocket engine. 61.7 kN. Development begun 1973. Out of production. Isp=443s. Used on Ariane 1 launch vehicle. First flight 1979.
SEP, Ottobrunn lox/lh2 rocket engine. 70 kN. Isp=447s. Increased performance version of the HM-7 engine for the Ariane 2 and 3. Combustion chamber pressure raised from 30 to 35 bar and nozzle extended. First flight 1984.
HMC.
Halley Multicolor Camera (on Giotto)
HMX.
Solid propellant with nitramine additive
Hoag.
Hoag, Peter American test pilot. Flew the HL-10.
Hobaugh, Charles Owen 'Scorch' (1961-) American test pilot astronaut. Flew on STS-104, STS-118, STS-129. US Marine Corps.
Hoberg, Otto August (1912-1991) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter.
Hoch.
Hoch, Johannes (1913-1955) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the Soviet Union thereafter. Flight control technician; worked in the Soviet Union after WW2. One of the group that fired V-2 rockets at Kapustin Yar in 1946.
Hodge, John (1929-) British-American engineer. From 1952 worked at Avro. At NASA in flight controls from 1959 at Langley and Houston. 1982, Director of the Space Station Task Force, NASA HQ. Associate Administrator for Operations, Space Station, from 1986
Hodgson, Alfred S American bureaucrat. At NASA from 1958. 1962-1968, leading administrative positions at NASA HQ.
HOE.
American anti-ballistic missile. Two stage vehicle used to test the Homing Overlay Experiment anti-ballistic missile kill vehicle.
Hoehne German rocket engineer in WW2. Later worked in France at LRBA in the accelerometer group of the flight mechanics and control department from 1947-1952.
Hoelker, Rudi (1912-2003) German-American engineer. Member of the German rocket team, went to America after the first group. As of 1960, Deputy Director, Aeroballistics Division, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Died at Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Hoelzer, Helmut (1912-1987) German-American engineer. Worked at Peenemuende from 1939 on V-2 guidance system and Messina telemetry system. Led similar efforts for von Braun's later missiles, becoming Director, Computation Division, at Huntsville.
Hoernig, Otto William Jr (1938-) British engineer payload specialist astronaut, 1984-1986.
Hoeter, Bernhard German expert in guided missiles during World War II. As of January 1947, working "c/o Klinger", British Zone.
Hoffman, Dr Jeffrey Alan 'Jeff' (1944-) Jewish-American astrophysicist mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-51-D, STS-35, STS-46, STS-61, STS-75.
Hoffman, Samuel K American engineer. Head of Rocketdyne's Canoga Park, California Facility 1948-1971.
Hoffpauir, Michael Edward (1957-) American Army geologist payload specialist astronaut, 1990-1992.
Hohmann, Walter (1880-1945) German architect who became interested in interplanetary spaceflight, defined the minimum energy transfer orbit which bears his name in 1916. Rocket enthusiast with VfR but broke off contact after military took over development.
Hohmann, Bernhard (1916-1984) German test pilot. Chief of Flight Development at Wright FIeld, consultant on astronaut flight safety on Mercury, Gemini, and MOL programs.
Japanese agency overseeing development of spacecraft. Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan.
Holaday, William M (1901-1995) American manager, special assistant to the secretary of defense for guided missiles 1957-1958, then DOD director of guided missiles in 1958 and chairman of the civilian-military liaison committee, 1958-1960.
Holder, Livingston Lionel Jr 'Livvy' (1956-) African-American engineer USAF spaceflight engineer astronaut, 1982-1988. Later worked for the Boeing Company, then Vice President of Space Systems, Andrews Space.
Holderer, Oskar F (1919-) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter.
Holker, Rudolf Franz Maria German-American expert in guided missiles during WW2. Member of the German rocket team, arrived in America under Project Paperclip on 1945.11.16 aboard the Argentina from La Havre. As of January 1947, working at Fort Bliss, Texas.
Military missile and sounding rocket launch site. Also notable for several rocket-powered sleds, used to test a variety of manned and unmanned aircraft and aerospace vehicles at supersonic speeds. Known to have been used for 147 major launches from 1948 to 1959, reaching up to 235 kilometers altitude.
Aerobee launch complex. Aerobee tower
Navaho launch complex. NATIV pad
Snark launch complex. Sled Test Track
Matador launch complex. Able-51/ZEL for Matador/Mace
Hollweck, Franz German aviation engineer during World War II. As of January 1947, living at c/o Weygand, Forsthaus Bieberstein bei Fulda / Revierfoerster Berg.
Holmes, Christopher John Nicholas (1950-) British physicist payload specialist astronaut, 1984-1986. Bachelor of Science in physics from the Queen Mary College, London, 1972. Physicist. Selected in 1984 for the British Skynet-Program. British National Space Center, London.
Holmes, D Brainard (1921-) American engineer and senior manager, at Bell 1945-1953; RCA, 1953-1961; Deputy Associate Administration for Manned Space Flight at NASA, 1961-1963. Thereafter at Raytheon 1963-1982, and Beechcraft from 1982.
Holmquest, Dr Donald Lee (1939-) American physician astronaut, 1967-1971.
Holt.
Holt, Dr Ray Glynn (1959-) American physicist payload specialist astronaut, 1994-1995.
Holtoner, J Stanley American test pilot. Flew the X-1.
Holy Moses.
Popular Name of HVAR air-to-air rocket.
Honest John.
American tactical ballistic rocket. Unguided single-stage solid-propellant US Army missile developed by Douglas Aircraft. It was later used as the booster stage for a range of sounding rockets, test vehicles, and targets.
Unguided single-stage solid-propellant US Army missile developed by Douglas Aircraft. It was later used as the booster stage for a range of sounding rockets, test vehicles, and targets.
American manufacturer of spacecraft. Honeywell, USA.
Hoover, Herbert H American test pilot. Flew the XS-1 # 2.
Hoover, George W (1915-1998) American naval officer and early space enthusiast, who, at ONR, became a driving force behind the Skyhook, D-558-1, and a supporter of von Braun's Project Orbiter.
HOPE.
Japanese spaceplane. Study 1986. Like Europe, the National Space Development Agency had big plans to develop a large carrier rocket and manned 'H2 Orbiting Plane' (HOPE).
American manned space station. Study 1961. Douglas space station concept of the early 1960's using a spent Saturn S-IV stage and Gemini spacecraft as crew shuttles.
Hopi.
American sounding rocket. The Hopi-Dart vehicle consisted of a Hopi III booster as first stage, and an unpowered dart as second stage. A boosted version of the configuration used a Kiva motor as the first stage.
Hopi.
The Hopi-Dart vehicle consisted of a Hopi III booster as first stage, and an unpowered dart as second stage. A boosted version of the configuration used a Kiva motor as the first stage.
RPI solid rocket engine. 28 kN.
RPI solid rocket engine. 18 kN.
RPI solid rocket engine. 7.7 kN.
American sounding rocket. Single stage vehicle consisting of a Hopi III and an unpowered dart.
Solid rocket stage. 28.00 kN (6,295 lbf) thrust. Mass 30 kg (66 lb).
Hopkins, Michael Scott (1968-) American scientist mission specialist astronaut, 2009-on.
HORIZON was a 1959 US Army study to establish a military lunar outpost. According to the project plan, by the end of 1964, a total of 40 SATURN vehicles would have been launched to assemble the necessary spacecraft and infrastructure in low earth orbit. Cargo delivery to the moon would begin in January 1965 with the first manned landing by two men in April 1965. The build-up and construction phase continued until the outpost would be manned by a task force of 12 men in November 1966.
American manned lunar lander. Study 1959. Lunar landing and return vehicle planned to take up to 16 crew to the lunar surface and back in the US Army's Project Horizon of 1959.
American manned lunar base. Study 1959. In 1959 the US Army completed a plan for a manned military outpost on the moon.
American pressure suit, study of 1959. For sustained operation on the lunar surface Project Horizon advocated a 'body conformation suit' having a substantial outer metal surface.
American manned space station. Study 1959.
Horizontal Takeoff and Landing.
Alternate designation for HOTOL rocket stage.
Horn.
Horn, Helmut (1912-1994) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter.
Horner, Richard E (1917-) American USAF officer, associated with aerospace activities through out his career, pilot during World War II, and duty between 1945 and 1949 as director of flight test engineering at Wright Field, Ohio.
Horowitz, Dr Scott Jay 'Doc' (1957-) Jewish-American test pilot astronaut. Flew on STS-75, STS-82, STS-101, STS-105. Grew up in Thousand Oaks, California. Left NASA for a position with ATK Thiokol, promoting shuttle-derived vehicles for use as the CEV launch vehicle.
Horowitz, Norman H (1915-2005) American biologist, at Caltech from 1940, worked at JPL on the Viking Mars lander program.
Horus.
Alternate designation for Sanger II-2 rocket stage.
German manned spaceplane. Hypersonic Orbital Upper Stage was part of the Saenger-II spaceplane studied in Germany from 1985-1993. It would have separated from the lower stage at Mach 6.6 and flown to orbit.
Hosenthien, Hans Henning (1905-1996) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter.
Hoshide, Akihito (1968-) Japanese engineer mission specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-124. Underwent cosmonaut training in Russia, then Astronaut training in USA.
This single-stage-to-orbit winged horizontal takeoff/horizontal landing launch vehicle concept was powered by the unique Rolls-Royce RB545 air / liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen rocket engine. HOTOL development was conducted from 1982 to 1986 before the British government withdrew funding. It was superseded by the Interim HOTOL design which sought to reduce development cost through use of existing Lox/LH2 engines.
This single-stage-to-orbit winged horizontal takeoff/horizontal landing launch vehicle concept was powered by the unique Rolls-Royce RB545 air / liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen rocket engine. HOTOL development was conducted from 1982 to 1986 before the British government withdrew funding. It was superseded by the Interim HOTOL design which sought to reduce development cost through use of existing Lox/LH2 engines.
Liquid Air/Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 250,000/50,000 kg. Thrust 1,103.20 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 700 seconds.
NOTS solid rocket engine. 63.2 kN.
Houbolt, John C (1919-) American engineer, at NASA 1945-1985. Claimed to have discovered and certainly promoted the lunar orbit rendezvous strategy used for Apollo.
Hound Dog.
First American air-launched cruise missile to become operational. Based on Navaho technology.
First American air-launched cruise missile to become operational. Based on Navaho technology.
American manufacturer. Houston, USA.
South African manufacturer.
HP-1.
Notional lox/lh2 rocket engine. 6536 kN. Study 1963. Operational date would have been December 1974. Isp=451s. Used in Martin Nova studies MM 24G, MM 33.
HP2.
Chinese sounding rocket. Two-stage solid propellant sounding rocket. Evidently used two of the first stage motors developed for the T-7A in tandem. Replaced the T-7 from 1970 on. Used for routine measurement of the upper atmosphere.
HP6.
Chinese sounding rocket. Lightweight single stage solid propellant sounding rocket. Used for routine measurement of the upper atmosphere.
HPAG.
American test vehicle. Single stage vehicle.
HPAG.
NOTS solid rocket engine. 12.5 kN.
American test vehicle. Two stage vehicles consisting of HPAG boosters + 1 x Deacon
HPB.
American sounding rocket. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Talos + 1 x M56A1
HR.
Hertzsprung-Russell (diagram)
hour, hours
HRI.
High Resolution Imager (on ROSAT)
HRMS.
High Resolution Microwave Survey
American communications satellite. 8 launches, 1972.11.10 (Anik A1) to 1979.08.10 (Westar 3). The satellites, act as space repeaters capable of receiving transmissions from earth stations and retransmitting them to other earth stations in Canada.
American communications satellite. 56 launches, 1980.11.15 (SBS 1) to 2003.09.27 (E-Bird). Mass 654 kg at beginning-of-life in geosynchronous orbit. Spin stabilized at 50 rpm by 4 hydrazine thrusters with 136 kg propellant.
American communications satellite. 4 launches, 1994.08.10 (Brasilsat B1) to 2000.08.17 (Brasilsat B-4). Based on Hughes HS-376, single antenna on despun platform, spin stabilized, hydrazine thrusters, body mounted solar cells provide 982 W BOL.
American military communications satellite. 4 launches, 1984.08.30 (Syncom IV-2) to 1985.08.27 (Syncom IV-4). The Leasat HS 381 series was developed as a commercial venture to provide dedicated communications services to the U. S. military.
American communications satellite. 7 launches, 1989.03.06 (JCSAT 1) to 1991.10.29 (Intelsat 6A F-1). Domestic communication. Launching states: Japan, France, USA. At the time, these were the largest commercial spacecraft ever built.
American communications satellite bus. First launch 1990.01.09. 3-axis unified ARC 22 N and one Marquardt 490 N bipropellant thrusters, Sun and Barnes Earth sensors and two 61 Nms 2-axis gimbaled momentum bias wheels.
American communications satellite bus. Operational, first launched 1999.12.22.
Hs-117.
Manufacturer's designation for Schmetterling surface-to-air missile.
HSCC.
Historical Services and Consultants Company
HSM-3B.
Alternate designation for STS-109 manned spaceflight.
HSM-5.
Alternate designation for STS-128A manned spaceflight.
HSM-80A.
Alternate Designation of Minuteman 1B intercontinental ballistic missile.
HSM-80B.
Alternate Designation of Minuteman 2 intercontinental ballistic missile.
HSP.
High Speed Photometer (on HST)
HSS.
Habitability Support System.
HST.
American visible astronomy satellite. One launch, 1990.04.24. The Hubble Space Telescope was designed to provide a space telescope with an order of magnitude better resolution than ground-based instruments.
HST-SM4.
Alternate designation for STS-125 manned spaceflight.
HSTV.
Half-scale test vehicle
HSV.
American manufacturer of rockets. , USA.
HTHL.
Horizontal Takeoff Horizontal Landing
HTPB.
Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene
HTR.
Nammo Lox/Solid hybrid rocket engine. 30 kN.
Chinese technology satellite. 2 launches, 2002.09.15 to 2003.09.16 . 50 kg test satellite, built by university students, was to have been placed in a 300 km polar orbit.
HTV.
HTV
HTV.
Japanese unmanned spacecraft designed for launch by the H-IIB launch vehicle for International Space Station resupply. The HTV carried International Standard Payload Racks, and was docked using the ISS robot arm after rendezvous with the station. First launched 2009.09.10.
HTVL.
Horizontal Takeoff Vertical Landing
Hu Zhanzi Chinese pilot taikonaut, 1971, but program cancelled less than a year later. Joined PLA in 1958. He was a PLAAF pilot when selected. Selected as Chinese astronaut in March 1971.
Huang Weilu Chinese Engineer. Chief Designer for Chinese submarine-launched ballistic missiles.
Hubble
Hubble Space Telescope.
Alternate designation for HST visible astronomy satellite.
Huebenner German expert in guided missiles during World War II. As of January 1947, living at Darmstadt-Eberstadt A. Hitlerstr. 164.
Hueter, Hans (1906-1970) German-Swiss engineer. Member of the German Rocket Team in the United States after WW2.
Huettuer, Lothar German expert in guided missiles during World War II. As of January 1947, working "c/o Klinger", British Zone.
Hughes.
First name of El Segundo
American manufacturer of rockets, spacecraft, and rocket engines. Hughes Aircraft Co. , USA
Hughes Aircraft Co.
Second Owner of Hughes
Hughes Communications Inc..
Fifth Owner of El Segundo
Hughes Network Systems.
Fourth Owner of El Segundo
Hughes Space and Communications.
Second Owner of El Segundo
Hughes Tool Co.
First Owner of Hughes
Hughes-Fulford, Dr Millie Elizabeth (1945-) American biologist payload specialist astronaut. Flew on STS-40. Biochemist. US Army
Hugo III
Hujsak, Edward J (1925-) American engineer. Designer of rocket engines and advanced launch vehicle designs; worked on the Rascal, Atlas, Centaur, and Space Station programs.
American manned lunar base. Study 1996.
Humphrey, Hubert H (1911-1978) American politician, in Senate 1949-1964 and 1971-1978, Vice President 1965-1969. In 1958 pressed for creation of a cabinet-level Department of Science and Technology, but defeated by Eisenhower's proposal to establish NASA.
Hungarian AF.
Hungary
Hunsaker, Jerome C (1886-1984) American engineer. Organized and headed department of aeronautical engineering at MIT, 1939-1951. Influentical, and discouraged development of jet and rocket propulsion in the US before 1945.
Hurley, Douglas Gerald (1966-) American test pilot astronaut, 2000-on. Flew on STS-127, STS-135. US Marine Corps.
Husband, Rick Douglas (1957-2003) American test pilot astronaut. Flew on STS-96, STS-107. Perished in Columbia shuttle disintegration during re-entry.
Husser, F German Luftwaffe Me-163 test pilot.
Aerojet isopropylnitrate monopropellant rocket engine. B-58. Development begun 1953. APU for the Hustler 'controlled bomb pod', which was really a long range air to surface strategic missile
HUT.
Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope (ASTRO package)
European outer planets probe. One launch, 1997.10.15. Titan landing probe; attached to Cassini spacecraft.
Huzel, Dieter Karl F (1912-1994) German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter.
HV.
High Voltage
HVAR.
American air-to-air rocket. High-Velocity Air Rocket. An unguided fighter weapon, it was later adapted for use by NACA in the early 1950's to boost subscale aerodynamic models to supersonic speed.
HVAR.
High-Velocity Air Rocket. An unguided fighter weapon, it was later adapted for use by NACA in the early 1950's to boost subscale aerodynamic models to supersonic speed.
HVAR.
CIT solid rocket engine. 25 kN. HVAR.
American test vehicle. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x HVAR + 1 x Mk7
Solid rocket stage. 25.00 kN (5,620 lbf) thrust. Mass 40 kg (88 lb).
HW-1.
Johannes Winkler was a founding member and president of the VfR. On 14 March 1931, his HW-1 lifted off from a field outside of Dessau, Germany, becoming the first liquid fuel rocket in Europe to be successfully launched.
HW-2.
German sounding rocket. Johannes Winkler followed up his experimental HW-1 by the much larger and ambitious HW-2, which had an aerodynamic teardrop-shaped outer shell and a very respectful fuel mass fraction of 72% using an aluminium-magnesium structure.
North Korean mobile liquid propellant single stage tactical ballistic missile. Reverse-engineered from Russian R-17's provided by Egypt around 1980. Often referred to as 'Scud-B'. 340 km range compared to 300 km for the original R-17 design.
Nitric acid/Kerosene propellant rocket stage. Loaded mass 5,000 kg. Thrust 93.00 kN.
North Korean mobile liquid propellant single stage tactical ballistic missile. Derived from Russian R-17, often referred to as 'Scud-C'. The Hwasong had a 500 km range, achieved by halving the payload.
Nitric acid/Kerosene propellant rocket stage. Loaded mass 5,000 kg. Thrust 93.00 kN.
North Korean mobile liquid propellant single stage tactical ballistic missile. Derived from Russian R-17, often referred to as 'Scud-D'. The Hwasong had a 700 km range with a 500 kg payload and went into service in 1994.
HY-1.
Chinese earth land resources satellite. 2 launches, 2002.05.15 (Hai Yang 1) to 2007.04.11 (Haiyang 1B).
Hyatt, Abraham (1910-1998) American engineer. Navy chief aeronautics scientist, 1948-1958. Director positions at NASA, 1959-1964. After 1965 corporated director at NA.
Category of engines.
American sounding rocket.
Lox/Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded mass 500 kg. Thrust 30.00 kN.
Aerojet solid rocket engine. 58.7 kN.
American sounding rocket.
American sounding rocket. Two stage underwater-launched vehicle consisting of 3 x Sparrow motors in the booster stage and an Iris upper stage.
Solid propellant rocket stage. Loaded mass 100 kg.
Solid rocket stage. 17.00 kN (3,822 lbf) thrust. Mass 500 kg (1,102 lb).
Hydrazine (N2H4) found early use as a fuel, but it was quickly replaced by UDMH. It is still used as a monopropellant for satellite station-keeping motors.
Hydrazine (N2H4) found early use as a fuel, but it was quickly replaced by UDMH. It is still used as a monopropellant for satellite station-keeping motors. Hydrazine (N2H4) found early use as a fuel, but it was quickly replaced by UDMH. It is still used as a monopropellant for satellite station-keeping motors.
Hydyne was a propellant blend pushed rather vigorously by the Redstone arsenal in the late 1950's, but it found little application. Hydyne, which is also known as MAF-4, is a 60 per cent, by weight, mixture of UDMH and 40 weight percent diethyltrianine (DETA).
Japanese spaceplane. Unmanned testbed for Japanese HOPE spaceplane.
American spaceplane.
American test vehicle. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x NB-52 + 1 x Orion 50S
A term used to describe propellants that ignite spontaneously on contact with an oxidizer; a self-igniting fuel, propellant, or propulsion system.
American sounding rocket. Series of single-stage sounding rockets using eAc hybrid propulsion.
eAC hybrid N2O/Solid rocket engine. 6 kN.
American nuclear-powered orbital launch vehicle. Hyperion was considered in 1958 as a ca. 1970 Saturn follow-on. It used a small jettisonable chemical booster stage that contained chemical engines and the LOX oxidizer for the conventional engines.
Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 394,625/18,144 kg. Thrust 13,700.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 457 seconds.
Lox/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 450,000/44,000 kg. Thrust 7,840.00 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 459 seconds. All values estimated based on drawing, statement that 5 x mass of SASSTO, payload performance, and 300 m/s sled velocity augmentation.
American manned spacecraft. Study 1966. Yet another of Philip Bono's single-stage-to-orbit designs of the 1960's, using a plug-nozzle engine for ascent and as a re-entry heat shield.
American sled-launched SSTO VTOVL orbital launch vehicle. Yet another of Philip Bono's single-stage-to-orbit designs of the 1960's, using a plug-nozzle engine for ascent and as a re-entry heat shield. Hyperion would have taken 18,100 kg of payload or 110 passengers to orbit or on 45 minute flights to any point on earth. Hyperion used a sled for launch, which would have seriously hurt its utility. The sled gave a 300 m/s boost to the vehicle before it ascended to orbit. The sled would have 3 km of straight course, followed by 1 km up a mountainside, with a 3 G acceleration.
Nuclear/LH2 propellant rocket stage. Loaded/empty mass 453,592/110,000 kg. Thrust 5,782.68 kN. Vacuum specific impulse 800 seconds.
Solid rocket stage. 6.00 kN (1,349 lbf) thrust. Mass 100 kg (220 lb).
Hypersonic Flight Experiment.
Alternate designation for Hyflex spaceplane.
Hypersonic Glide Vehicle.
Alternate designation for HGV spaceplane.
Hypersonic Weapon And R&D System.
Alternate designation for Hywards manned combat spacecraft.
Hyper-X.
Alternate designation for X-43 spaceplane.
HYSR.
American sounding rocket. Hybrid single stage rocket intended to replace multiple-stage sounding rockets.
HYSR.
LMSS Lox/Solid hybrid rocket engine. 270 kN.
Lox/Solid propellant rocket stage. Thrust 270.00 kN.
HySTP.
Alternate Designation of X-30 ssto winged orbital launch vehicle.
German manned rocketplane. Study 1995. Following the cancellation of Saenger II, Germany briefly considered a manned X-15/NASP type flight test vehicle (HYTEX) capable of Mach 6 flight. This too was cancelled for cost reasons.
Following the cancellation of Saenger II, Germany briefly considered a manned X-15/NASP type flight test vehicle (HYTEX) capable of Mach 6 flight. This too was cancelled for cost reasons.
American manned combat spacecraft. Study 1956. Hypersonic manned test spaceplane project of the 1950's. Predecessor to Dynasoar.