Chronology - Quarter 2 1971 home
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1971 April -
  • McDonnell Douglas conducted a 90-day experiment with four volunteer crewmen confined in a space station simulator. Nation: USA. McDonnell Douglas, Huntington Beach, conducted a 90-day experiment with four volunteer crewmen confined in a space station simulator. The purpose of the space station simulation was to provide an artificial environment in which man could live and work; with minimal stress and compromise to a normal existence. Test objectives were met. Medical and physiological data accumulated during the test would serve as an effective control in future experiments on the long-term effects of confinement and exposure to an elevated carbon dioxide partial pressure atmosphere that would probably be encountered in a long-duration space flight.
1971 April 1 - 02:57 GMT - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: SLC2E. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Delta. Model: Thor Delta E1. LV Configuration: Thor Delta E1 491/D84.
  • Isis 2 Nation: Canada. Payload: Isis B. Mass: 264 kg (582 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Magnetosphere. Spacecraft: Isis. Agency: CRC. Perigee: 1,358 km (843 mi). Apogee: 1,424 km (884 mi). Inclination: 88.20 deg. Period: 113.60 min. COSPAR: 1971-024A. USAF Sat Cat: 5104. Ionospheric research. Spacecraft engaged in research and exploration of the upper atmosphere or outer space (US Cat B). References: 2, 6.
1971 April 1 - 08:40 GMT - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: LF05. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Minuteman 2.
  • OT GT82M operational test launch Nation: USA. Agency: USAF SAC. Apogee: 1,300 km (800 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 1 - 11:29 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC90/19. Launch Pad: LC90/pad?. Launch Vehicle: Tsiklon. Model: Tsiklon-2.
  • Cosmos 402 Nation: USSR. Program: RORSAT. Mass: 3,800 kg (8,300 lb). Class: Surveillance. Type: Naval Radarsat. Spacecraft: US-A. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 965 km (599 mi). Apogee: 1,011 km (628 mi). Inclination: 65.00 deg. Period: 104.90 min. COSPAR: 1971-025B. USAF Sat Cat: 5107. Decay Date: 1971-05-06. Ocean surveillance; probably used chemical batteries. References: 2, 6, 290.
1971 April 2 -
  • International Delegations tour Star City. Nation: USSR. Star City staff is busy preparing for foreign delegations attending the communist party congress that will also visit the cosmonaut centre. There is dirty snow, icy roads - and in two days 100 delegates will have to get to the forested location and be able to get around. The Vietnamese are coming on 4 April, followed by the Hungarians on 6 April and the Czechs on 7 April. A standard tour is laid out, to be followed by the films 'Our Gagarin' and 'In Memory of a Visit to Star City'. References: 376.
1971 April 2 - 08:20 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Voskhod 11A57.
  • Cosmos 403 Nation: USSR. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Surveillance. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Zenit-2M. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 216 km (134 mi). Apogee: 229 km (142 mi). Inclination: 81.30 deg. Period: 88.90 min. COSPAR: 1971-026A. USAF Sat Cat: 5108. Duration: 12.00 days. Decay Date: 1971-04-14. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule. References: 2, 6.
1971 April 2 - 10:40 GMT - Launch Site: Kheysa. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: MR-12.
  • Aeronomy/Ionosphere mission Nation: USSR. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 3 - Launch Site: Green River. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Athena RTV. Model: Athena H. LV Configuration: Athena H H001.
  • ROCS Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 3 - 09:50 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Aerobee. Model: Aerobee 170. LV Configuration: Aerobee 170 CRL A04.004-2.
  • HISTAR 1 Infrared astronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: AFCRL. Apogee: 158 km (98 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 3 - 17:00 GMT - Launch Site: Green River. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Athena RTV. LV Configuration: Athena H-1JD.
  • Re-entry Vehicle test Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 4 - 14:27 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC90/19. Launch Pad: LC90/pad?. Launch Vehicle: Tsiklon. Model: Tsiklon-2.
  • Cosmos 404 Nation: USSR. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Military. Type: ASAT. Spacecraft: IS-A. Agency: PKO. Perigee: 802 km (498 mi). Apogee: 1,010 km (620 mi). Inclination: 65.70 deg. Period: 103.10 min. COSPAR: 1971-027A. USAF Sat Cat: 5113. Decay Date: 1971-04-04. ASAT interceptor. Conducted an extended test flight to shake out homing system and engine function. Tested new redundant ranging systems. Tested effectiveness of new approach trajectory to target, whereby target was approached from above rather than below. Following completion of tests and verification of system functions via telemetry, spacecraft was commanded to a destructive reentry over the Pacific Ocean. References: 2, 6, 272.
1971 April 5 -
  • Salyut preparations Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Spacecraft: Salyut 1. Flight: Soyuz 10. When DOS#1 was cleared for flight, it still had 182 discrepancies, of which only 10 were duplicates and 20 were purely cosmetic. Preparations for launch of Soyuz 10 were complicated by problems with the logic of the abort system. This was supposed to put the spacecraft in a purely ballistic re-entry mode. Additional Details: Salyut preparations. References: 367.
1971 April 5 -
  • Plans for launch of DOS#1. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Spacecraft: Salyut 1. Mishin says they are right on schedule. References: 376.
1971 April 5 - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: 576A1. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Atlas. Model: Atlas F. LV Configuration: Atlas F 85F.
  • ABRES LAR-1 re-entry vehicle test flight Nation: USA. Agency: USAF AFSC. Apogee: 1,400 km (800 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 5 - 23:53 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Petrel. Model: Petrel 1. LV Configuration: Petrel P68K.
  • Small-scale structure Ionosphere mission Nation: UK. Agency: SRC. Apogee: 134 km (83 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 6 -
  • DOS cosmonauts fly to Tyuratam. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Spacecraft: Salyut 1. Flight: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 11, Soyuz 12 / DOS 1. Kamanin, the DOS crews, and 40 VVS specialists fly to Tyuratam. VVS medical officers have to battle outbreaks of measles, rabies, and dysentery at the cosmodrome. The crews are medically isolated in the Hotel Kosmonavt. In the evening they watch the film '300 Spartans'. References: 376.
1971 April 6 - 18:00 GMT - Launch Site: Thule AFB. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Arcas. Model: Sparrow Arcas. LV Configuration: Sparrow Arcas PCA.
  • Ionosphere mission Nation: USA. Agency: AFCRL. Apogee: 108 km (67 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 7 -
  • DOS crew commanders inspect completed DOS#1 station. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Spacecraft: Salyut 1. Flight: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 11, Soyuz 12 / DOS 1. Shatalov, Leonov, and Dobrovolsky are all working hard on final preparations for DOS-7K. The station is fully complete. Only small defects have been noted. This is the first look by the crews at their future home in space in its fully completed version. On the bus back to the hotel the cosmonauts discuss the poor quality and inedibility of 'space food'. References: 376.
1971 April 7 - 06:00 GMT - Launch Site: Thule AFB. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Arcas. Model: Sparrow Arcas. LV Configuration: Sparrow Arcas PCA.
  • Ionosphere mission Nation: USA. Agency: AFCRL. Apogee: 122 km (75 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 7 - 07:10 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Vostok 8A92M.
  • Cosmos 405 Nation: USSR. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-D no. 2. Mass: 3,800 kg (8,300 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-D. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 594 km (369 mi). Apogee: 603 km (374 mi). Inclination: 81.20 deg. Period: 96.70 min. COSPAR: 1971-028A. USAF Sat Cat: 5117. References: 2, 6.
1971 April 8 -
  • Soyuz 10 crew preparations. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Flight: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 11, Soyuz 12 / DOS 1. The DOS cosmonauts are working on their flight plans/logs at Area 17. Kamanin discusses the physical training of crews for long missions with Stepanov. They must do thirty minutes of vigorous exercise per day. References: 376.
1971 April 8 - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: LF21. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Minuteman 3. LV Configuration: Minuteman 3 STM-2W.
  • Research and development launch Nation: USA. Agency: USAF AFSC. Apogee: 1,300 km (800 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 9 -
  • State Commission meets at new MIK. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Flight: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 11, Soyuz 12 / DOS 1. DOS-7K#1 will be ready on 19 April. The first crew is completely trained. During the day the engineers of the second and third crews train aboard the station. Afterwards the technicians fix the defects they have noted. The evening film is 'Beginning'. There are many high-level guests at Area 2. After the film the brass try out the training machines that will be used aboard the station - they tire quickly. References: 376.
1971 April 10 -
  • Old Comrades toast Gagarin's memory. Nation: USSR. -6 deg C at Baiknur, 5 m/s wind. A party of the 'old comrades' is held in Leninsk to commemorate the tenth anniversary of Gagarin's launch. References: 376.
1971 April 11 -
  • Cosmonaut fishing trip cancelled. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Flight: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 11, Soyuz 12 / DOS 1. Weather continues cold and windy, but clear, at the cosmodrome. Leonov wants to take the DOS crews fishing on the Syr Darya River, but he is vetoed by the doctors. They were afraid they might catch cold. References: 376.
1971 April 12 -
  • Tenth Anniverary of Yuri Gagarin's launch. Nation: USSR. More than 1,000 people gather at Area 2 of Baikonur to commemorate the day. Kamanin muses that of the dozens of cosmonauts present, only one - Feoktistov - was there on the day the first man went into space. Now there were men on the moon, and the first space station was being prepared for flight. Kamanin believes the crew can survive a thirty-day flight, now that Shatalov has replaced Shonin on the crew. References: 376.
1971 April 13 -
  • Cosmodrome jammed for series of historic launches. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut, Lunar L3. Spacecraft: Salyut 1. Flight: Soyuz 10. Nikolayev and others are flying to the cosmodrome. All of the cosmonauts except Volynov will be present for the historic launch of the first space station., the first crew to the station, and the N1 launch planned for 1 May. Kamanin has an argument with the cosmonauts on the necessity of working out on the KTF trainer during the mission. References: 376.
1971 April 14 - Launch Vehicle: N1.
  • N1 threatened again Nation: USSR. Program: Lunar L3. Spacecraft: LK, Soyuz 7K-LOK. An expert commission met to consider the N1-L3. Keldysh made several categorical demands:

    • the laser-based Kontakt rendezvous and docking system had to either be backed up with redundancy throughout, or an independent back-up system had to be developed
    • the L3 had to be designed with an internal transfer compartment, as was being done for the DOS/7K-T space station system
    • each stage of the N1 had to undergo flammability tests
    • the mission scenario had to be reformulated to provide support by more than one cosmonaut on the moon at a time, and use of automated landers and rovers from Babakin at Lavochkin
    • landings of the capsule in the equatorial oceans of the world had to be eliminated. The capsules had to land on the territory of the USSR
    Additional Details: N1 threatened again. References: 367.
1971 April 14 - Launch Vehicle: N1.
  • Zarya renamed Salyut Nation: USSR. Program: Lunar L3, Salyut. Spacecraft: Salyut 1, Shuguang 1. All of the pressure on the N1 project was going on simultaneously with the launch preparations for DOS#1. The Central Committee had approved the name 'Zarya' (Dawn) for the station, but it was felt that this name might offend the Chinese, who's secret new manned spacecraft was also called 'Dawn' (it is interesting that Chertok and the Soviet space community was aware of this in 1970 - the existence of the nascent Chinese manned space project of that name was not revealed publicly in the West until 2002!). After some hurried consultations, it was decided to give the station the public name 'Salyut' (although the vehicle rolled out to the pad still had 'Zarya' emblazoned on the payload shroud -- but these pictures were not revealed until the 1990's). References: 367.
1971 April 14 -
  • Salyut 1 cleared for roll-out. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Spacecraft: Salyut 1. Flight: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 11, Soyuz 12 / DOS 1. Marshal Grechko has sent a telegram to Kamanin, informing him that the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre has received the Order of Lenin. The UR-500K booster is mated to space station DOS-7K#1. Chelomei is ill. Mishin takes the opportunity to insult him by replacing Chelomei with Mishin's man on the commission that will judge the UR-500's readiness for launch. Nevertheless, the commission clears the booster to be moved out to the pad on 15 April, with launch set for 19 April at 06:40. In the evening Beregovoi's 50th birthday is celebrated. References: 376.
1971 April 14 - 08:00 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Voskhod 11A57.
  • Cosmos 406 Nation: USSR. Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Class: Surveillance. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Zenit-4M. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 217 km (134 mi). Apogee: 246 km (152 mi). Inclination: 81.30 deg. Period: 89.20 min. COSPAR: 1971-029A. USAF Sat Cat: 5124. Duration: 10.00 days. Decay Date: 1971-04-24. High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable. References: 2, 6.
1971 April 14 - 22:27 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Petrel. Model: Petrel 1. LV Configuration: Petrel P61K.
  • Particles Ionosphere mission Nation: UK. Agency: SRC. Apogee: 154 km (95 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 15 - Launch Vehicle: N1.
  • Salyut preparations Nation: USSR. Program: Lunar L3, Salyut, Almaz. Spacecraft: Salyut 1, Almaz OPS, MKBS. The Salyut station was prepared in a huge two story bunker built for launch vehicle / payload processing. The contrast between the money lavished by the military on this facility for Chelomei's projects and the limited funds available for a proper N1 preparation and test facilities was enormous. Here funds were available without limit. The air was controlled by a self-contained environmental control system with its own independent electrical-diesel generators. The facility was a miracle. It was shocking that this was made available for Almaz, while the military told Mishin that he would have to prepare the immense MKBS station in the uncontrolled environment, subject to frequent power blackouts, of the N1 facility. At Chelomei's facility, everything was completely checked out on earth prior to launch. References: 367.
1971 April 15 -
  • Anokhin injured Nation: USSR. Anokhin injured in the crash of a Tu-16 into the Aral Sea. The bomber was flying parabolas for zero-G tests of the engine of the Block L stage of Mishin's bureau, to study why the stage was continually failing to restart in earth orbit. References: 367.
1971 April 15 -
  • Salyut 1 erected on pad. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Spacecraft: Salyut 1. Flight: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 11, Soyuz 12 / DOS 1. The Proton booster is erected on the pad. The decision is made to proceed despite a prediction of 15 m/s winds -- the prediction turns out to be wrong. All of the big brass are present for the rollout. Afterwards Mishin visits the cosmonauts. He says all is ready for the first space station mission, and promises them the N1-L3 will be available soon for lunar missions. References: 376.
1971 April 15 - Launch Site: WTR Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Polaris. Model: Polaris A2.
  • Safeguard M1-7 Target mission Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 15 - 00:30 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Petrel. Model: Petrel 1. LV Configuration: Petrel P66K.
  • Winds / E field Aurora mission Nation: UK. Agency: SRC. Apogee: 131 km (81 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 15 - 09:19 GMT - Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: Diamant. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Diamant. Model: Diamant B. LV Configuration: Diamant B No. 3.
  • Tournesol Nation: France. Payload: D-2A. Mass: 96 kg (211 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Geodetic. Spacecraft: D. Agency: CNES. Perigee: 457 km (283 mi). Apogee: 696 km (432 mi). Inclination: 46.30 deg. Period: 96.20 min. COSPAR: 1971-030A. USAF Sat Cat: 5128. Decay Date: 1980-01-28. References: 2, 6.
1971 April 16 -
  • Soyuz 10 closed out. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Flight: Soyuz 10. Soyuz s/n 31 is completed. The crew are given a final look at it in the afternoon. They spend four hours in the powered-down spacecraft. Kamanin notes that Nikolayev and Sevastyanov do not look out after their physical condition even on the ground -- no wonder they were so sick after their flight! Afterwards all three crews go to the sauna together. References: 376.
1971 April 16 - 05:25 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Petrel. Model: Petrel 1. LV Configuration: Petrel P62K.
  • VLF waves Ionosphere mission Nation: UK. Agency: SRC. Apogee: 138 km (85 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 17 -
  • Soyuz 10 crew preparations. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Flight: Soyuz 10. The day dawns warm at Baikonur (7 deg C at 7 am). The cosmonauts' morning is spent in a review of the space station's guidance and control systems. In the afternoon there is a briefing by officers of IAKM-VVS on use of the vacuum facility 'Polinom' during the flight. The cosmonauts are against use of the device. References: 376.
1971 April 17 - 11:44 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Vostok 8A92M.
  • Meteor 1-08 Nation: USSR. Payload: Meteor M no. 8. Mass: 3,800 kg (8,300 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Weather. Spacecraft: Meteor M. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 243 km (150 mi). Apogee: 248 km (154 mi). Inclination: 81.20 deg. Period: 89.40 min. COSPAR: 1971-031A. USAF Sat Cat: 5142. Decay Date: 1991-01-10. Acquisition of meteorological information needed for use by the weather service. References: 2, 6.
1971 April 18 -
  • More brass arrive at Baikonur to view the launch of Salyut 1. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Spacecraft: Salyut 1. All is on schedule at Area 81. References: 376.
1971 April 19 - 01:40 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Model: Proton-K. LV Configuration: Proton-K 254-01.
  • Salyut 1 Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Payload: Zarya s/n 121. Mass: 18,500 kg (40,700 lb). Class: Manned. Type: Space station. Spacecraft: Salyut 1. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 180 km (110 mi). Apogee: 214 km (132 mi). Inclination: 51.40 deg. Period: 88.50 min. COSPAR: 1971-032A. USAF Sat Cat: 5160. Duration: 179.93 days. Decay Date: 1971-10-11. Flight: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 11, Soyuz 12 / DOS 1. First manned space station. Salyut 1 included a number of military experiments, including the OD-4 optical visual ranger, the Orion ultraviolet instrument for characterising rocket plumes, and the highly classified Svinets radiometer. Primary objectives included photography of the earth, spectrographs of the earth's horizon, experiments with intense gamma rays, and studying manual methods for station orientation.

    At 05:20 the State Commission and their guests arrive at the Area 95 observation point to view the launch. The booster takes off on schedule at 06:40 in light rain and 60 km/hr wind. The tracking station reports good orbital insertion, separation from the third stage, and antennae and solar panel deployment. But the cover of the scientific equipment bay does not separate. This will mean that many experiments cannot be accomplished. It is decided to launch the crew to the station anyway, since the station is otherwise functioning normally. The cosmonauts go to the baths in the evening. Additional Details: Salyut 1. References: 2, 6, 67, 274, 376.

1971 April 19 - 06:30 GMT - Launch Site: Green River. Launch Complex: Pad 3. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Athena RTV. LV Configuration: Athena V127D.
  • Re-entry Vehicle test Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 19 - 13:25 GMT - Launch Site: Thumba. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Apache. Model: Nike Apache. LV Configuration: Nike Apache NASA 14.406IA.
  • ISRO 10.41 Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 198 km (123 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 19 - 23:45 GMT - Launch Site: ETR Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Poseidon. LV Configuration: Poseidon C3E-44.
  • Demonstration and shakedown operations launch Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 20 -
  • DOS State Commission. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Spacecraft: Salyut 1. Flight: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 11, Soyuz 12 / DOS 1. Six of eight fans in the ECS have failed. There are only two back-ups, which are not enough for the 90-day active mission life planed. But it is decided the problem could actually be failed sensors, and in any case the first crew can easily repair the fans. At 17:00 the State Commission meets publicly (radio and television coverage) to approve the launch of Soyuz 10. Launch is set for 22 April at 03:30. References: 376.
1971 April 21 -
  • Rain at the cosmodrome jeopardises Soyuz 10 launch. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Flight: Soyuz 10. References: 376.
1971 April 21 - Launch Vehicle: Shuttle.
  • Shuttle SSME Protest Nation: USA. Pratt and Whitney filed a protest against NASA's award to Rocketdyne of the SSME contract. This action prevented further work on Rocketdyne's contract until the issue was adjudicated. References: 44.
1971 April 21 - Launch Site: Kwajalein. Launch Complex: Meck. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Spartan.
  • Safeguard M1-7A Interceptor mission Nation: USA. Agency: USA. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 21 - 18:59 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Petrel. Model: Petrel 1. LV Configuration: Petrel P64K.
  • E field Ionosphere mission Nation: UK. Agency: SRC. Apogee: 143 km (88 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 21 - 21:42 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Petrel. Model: Petrel 1. LV Configuration: Petrel P67K.
  • Winds / E field Aurora mission Nation: UK. Agency: SRC. Apogee: 128 km (79 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 21 - 23:03 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Petrel. Model: Petrel 1. LV Configuration: Petrel P63K.
  • E field Ionosphere mission Nation: UK. Agency: SRC. Apogee: 165 km (102 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 22 -
  • Launch of Soyuz 10? Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Flight: Soyuz 10. nearly scrubbed due to weather.?. References: 376.
1971 April 22 - 13:00 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Complex: V-2. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: MR-12.
  • Ionosphere mission Nation: USSR. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 22 - 14:15 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Complex: V-2. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: MR-12.
  • Ionosphere mission Nation: USSR. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 22 - 15:30 GMT - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: SLC4W. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Titan. Model: Titan 23B. LV Configuration: Titan 23B 23B-9 (3B-31).
  • OPS 7899 Nation: USA. Payload: KH-8 no. 31 / Agena D. Mass: 3,000 kg (6,600 lb). Class: Surveillance. Type: Military. Spacecraft: KH-8. Agency: NRO/USAF. Perigee: 132 km (82 mi). Apogee: 403 km (250 mi). Inclination: 110.60 deg. Period: 89.80 min. COSPAR: 1971-033A. USAF Sat Cat: 5171. Decay Date: 1971-05-13. KH-8 type satellite. Space craft engaged in investigation of spaceflight techniques and technology (US Cat A). References: 2, 6.
1971 April 22 - 23:54 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Soyuz 11A511. LV Configuration: Soyuz 11A511 25.
  • Soyuz 10 Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Payload: Soyuz 7K-OKS s/n 31. Mass: 6,800 kg (14,900 lb). Class: Manned. Type: Spacecraft. Spacecraft: Soyuz 7KT-OK. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 209 km (129 mi). Apogee: 258 km (160 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 89.10 min. COSPAR: 1971-034A. USAF Sat Cat: 5172. Duration: 1.99 days. Decay Date: 1971-04-24. Crew: Rukavishnikov, Shatalov, Yeliseyev. Flight: Soyuz 10. Intended first space station mission; soft docked with Salyut 1. Launch nearly scrubbed due to poor weather. Soyuz 10 approached to 180 m from Salyut 1 automatically. It was hand docked after faillure of the automatic system, but hard docking could not be achieved because of the angle of approach. Post-flight analysis indicated that the cosmonauts had no instrument to proivde the angle and range rate data necessary for a successful manual docking. Soyuz 10 was connected to the station for 5 hours and 30 minutes. Despite the lack of hard dock, it is said that the crew were unable to enter the station due to a faulty hatch on their own spacecraft. When Shatalov tried to undock from the Salyut, the jammed hatch impeded the docking mechanism, preventing undocking. After several attempts he was unable to undock and land. References: 2, 6, 32, 33,60, 376.
1971 April 23 -
  • Soyuz 10 docking failure. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Spacecraft: Salyut 1. Flight: Soyuz 10. Soyuz 10 approached to 180 m from Salyut 1 automatically. It was hand docked after faillure of the automatic system, but hard docking could not be achieved because of the angle of approach. Post-flight analysis indicated that the cosmonauts had no instrument to proivde the angle and range rate data necessary for a successful manual docking. Soyuz 10 was connected to the station for 5 hours and 30 minutes. Despite the lack of hard dock, it was said that the crew were unable to enter the station due to a faulty hatch on their own spacecraft. When Shatalov tried to undock from the Salyut, the jammed hatch impeded the docking mechanism, preventing undocking. After several attempts he was unable to undock and land. Additional Details: Soyuz 10 docking failure.. References: 367, 376.
1971 April 23 - 01:18 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Apache. Model: Nike Apache. LV Configuration: Nike Apache NASA 14.465UA.
  • Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 23 - 01:48 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Apache. Model: Nike Apache. LV Configuration: Nike Apache NASA 14.467UA.
  • Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 124 km (77 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 23 - 09:25 GMT - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: LF26. Launch Pad: LF26?. Launch Vehicle: Minuteman 3.
  • OLD FOX 06F demonstration and shakedown operations launch Nation: USA. Agency: USAF SAC. Apogee: 1,300 km (800 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 23 - 11:30 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Model: Kosmos 11K65M. LV Configuration: Kosmos 11K65M 53727-116.
  • Cosmos 407 Nation: USSR. Program: Strela. Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military Store-dump. Spacecraft: Strela-2M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 773 km (480 mi). Apogee: 800 km (490 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 100.60 min. COSPAR: 1971-035A. USAF Sat Cat: 5174. References: 2, 6.
1971 April 24 -
  • Landing of Soyuz 10 Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Spacecraft: Soyuz 7KT-OK. Flight: Soyuz 10. Only a night landing on Soviet territory was possible, which meant the spacecraft could not be oriented for retrofire. The landing commission started planning for an emergency landing in South America, Africa, or Australia. But Shatalov reported the gyroscopes and orientation sensors were functioning well. He proposed that he orient on the dayside, spin up the gyro platform, and let the gyros orient the spacecraft on the nightside for retrofire. The plan is followed and the spacecraft was targeted for a landing area 80-100 km southwest of Karaganda.

    PVO radars pick up the capsule as it soars over the Caspian Sea, and a Mi-4 helicopter sights the parachute even before it thumps down, upright, on the steppes. During the landing, the Soyuz air supply became toxic, and Rukavishnikov was overcome and became unconscious. Nevertheless the crew safely landed at 23:40 GMT, 120 km NW of Karaganda. At the cosmodrome, Chertok is assigned to head a special commission to find the cause of the docking failure and correct it before the next mission can be launched. The VVS aircraft leaves at 07:00 for Moscow. Mishin was to accompany the VPK on their aircraft back, but he is drunk and has to go separately at 15:00. The Soyuz 10 crew reaches Chkalovsky Air Base at 14:00 on 26 April and proceed to Star City for further debriefings. Film and photos indicated that the docking system on the Salyut was not damaged, setting the stage for the Soyuz 11 mission. References: 367, 376.

1971 April 24 - 07:32 GMT - Launch Site: San Marco. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Scout. Model: Scout B. LV Configuration: Scout B S173C.
  • San Marco 3 Nation: Italy. Payload: San Marco C. Mass: 164 kg (361 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Atmosphere. Spacecraft: San Marco. Agency: CRS. Perigee: 222 km (137 mi). Apogee: 707 km (439 mi). Inclination: 3.20 deg. Period: 93.80 min. COSPAR: 1971-036A. USAF Sat Cat: 5176. Decay Date: 1971-11-29. Atmospheric research. Spacecraft engaged in research and exploration of the upper atmosphere or outer space (US Cat B). References: 2, 6.
1971 April 24 - 11:15 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC133/1. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 2. Model: Kosmos 11K63.
  • Cosmos 408 Nation: USSR. Program: DS. Payload: DS-P1-Yu s/n 37. Mass: 250 kg (550 lb). Class: Military. Type: Target. Spacecraft: DS-P1-Yu. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 212 km (131 mi). Apogee: 1,488 km (924 mi). Inclination: 81.80 deg. Period: 102.00 min. COSPAR: 1971-037A. USAF Sat Cat: 5177. Completed Operations Date: 1971-12-22. Decay Date: 1971-12-29. Development of systems for air defence and the control of outer space. References: 2, 6, 99.
1971 April 24 - 23:35 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Petrel. Model: Petrel 1. LV Configuration: Petrel P54K.
  • E field Ionosphere mission Nation: UK. Agency: SRC. Apogee: 162 km (100 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 25 - 06:00 GMT - Launch Site: Thumba. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Apache. Model: Nike Apache. LV Configuration: Nike Apache NASA 14.407II/IE.
  • ISRO 10.40 Ionosphere / plasma mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 160 km (90 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 25 - 13:25 GMT - Launch Site: Thumba. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Apache. Model: Nike Apache. LV Configuration: Nike Apache NASA 14.408IA.
  • ISRO 10.39 Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 26 -
  • Quarantine for crew members who would go to the moon on future Apollo flights was discontinued Nation: USA. Program: Apollo. Flight: Apollo 15. Acting NASA Administrator George M. Low discontinued the quarantine for future Apollo flights to the moon beginning with the Apollo 15 mission. The decision was based on a recommendation of the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination (ICBC). The ICBC would continue as an active body, however, at least until the results of the last Apollo lunar mission were reviewed. Biomedical characterization of returned lunar samples would also be continued. References: 16.
1971 April 26 - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: LF07. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Minuteman 1. Model: Minuteman 1B.
  • FOT GT93B Follow-on Test launch Nation: USA. Agency: USAF SAC. Apogee: 1,300 km (800 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 26 - Launch Site: El Arenosillo. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Cajun. Model: Nike Cajun. LV Configuration: Nike Cajun NASA 10.388II.
  • Ionosphere mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 26 - Launch Site: El Arenosillo. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Cajun. Model: Nike Cajun. LV Configuration: Nike Cajun NASA 10.387II.
  • Ionosphere mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 26 - 19:34 GMT - Launch Site: El Arenosillo. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Belier. Model: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C136.
  • INTA C-7101 Aeronomy mission Nation: France. Agency: CNES. Apogee: 129 km (80 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 26 - 19:34 GMT - Launch Site: El Arenosillo. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Cajun. Model: Nike Cajun. LV Configuration: Nike Cajun NASA 10.386II.
  • Ionosphere mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 26 - 22:15 GMT - Launch Site: El Arenosillo. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Cajun. Model: Nike Cajun. LV Configuration: Nike Cajun NASA 10.319II.
  • INTA NC-7101 Ionosphere mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 154 km (95 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 27 - Launch Vehicle: Shuttle.
  • James C Fletcher sworn in as NASA Administrator Nation: USA. Program: Apollo. James C. Fletcher was sworn in as NASA Administrator at a White House ceremony. Fletcher decided to push for Congressional approval of the stalled space shuttle program, but found that would only be forthcoming if the US Air Force agreed to participate. In order for that to happen, NASA would have to incorporate the USAF requirements for the shuttle that it had so far ignored (greater payload, higher cross-range). In another attempt to share the cost of the shuttle with other nations, previous NASA Administrator Thomas Paine had already tried to obtain international partners. But the only remnants of that effort were the Canadian robotic arm for the shuttle, and the European Space Agency Spacelab module. Neither represented a significant amount of the total program cost.

    President Nixon had nominated Fletcher for the position on March 1, and the Senate had confirmed the nomination on March 11. George M. Low, NASA Deputy Administrator, had been Acting Administrator since the resignation of Paine on September 15, 1970. References: 16.

1971 April 28 - 14:35 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Model: Kosmos 11K65M. LV Configuration: Kosmos 11K65M 53727-115.
  • Cosmos 409 Nation: USSR. Mass: 600 kg (1,320 lb). Spacecraft: Sfera. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,176 km (730 mi). Apogee: 1,211 km (752 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 109.30 min. COSPAR: 1971-038A. USAF Sat Cat: 5180. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space. References: 2, 6.
1971 April 29 - 16:32 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Aerobee. Model: Aerobee 170. LV Configuration: Aerobee 170 NASA 13.14CS.
  • Solar mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 213 km (132 mi). References: 2.
1971 April 30 - 06:08 GMT - Launch Site: Thumba. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Apache. Model: Nike Apache. LV Configuration: Nike Apache NASA 14.411II.
  • ISRO 10.42 Ionosphere mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 171 km (106 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 1 - Launch Vehicle: Shuttle.
  • NASA budget constraints Nation: USA. Nixon's Office of Management of the Budget (OMB) tells NASA to expect no budget increases in the next five years (e.g. $ 3.2 billion per year, meaning no more than $1 billion per year could be spent on the shuttle). Since the peak funding to develop a two-stage-to-orbit shuttle as defined in Phase B studies would be $2 billion, this meant that development of a fully reusable shuttle would not be possible. References: 44.
1971 May - Launch Vehicle: N1. Model: N1F Sr.
  • Block Sr Lox/LH2 stage development begins Nation: USSR. The final version of the N1M replaced the fourth and fifth stages of the N1 with the single liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen Block Sr stage.
1971 May 1 - 00:03 GMT - Launch Site: ETR Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Poseidon. LV Configuration: Poseidon C3E-70.
  • Demonstration and shakedown operations launch Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 1 - 09:00 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: LC35. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Aerobee. Model: Aerobee 150. LV Configuration: Aerobee 150 NASA 04.332GG.
  • Astronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 1 - 09:35 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Aerobee. Model: Aerobee 170. LV Configuration: Aerobee 170 NASA 13.36UG.
  • Astronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 1 - 23:36 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Petrel. Model: Petrel 1. LV Configuration: Petrel P65K.
  • E field Ionosphere mission Nation: UK. Agency: SRC. Apogee: 146 km (90 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 3 -
  • EVA to Salyut discussed. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Spacecraft: Soyuz 7KT-OK, Salyut 1. Flight: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 11. The Soyuz 10 crew receive awards at the Kremlin. Rukavishnikov is made a Hero of the Soviet Union, which means he will receive 5,000 roubles, a Volga automobile, and other privileges. Kamanin calls Mishin later in the day. Mishin wants to send up a two-man crew in Soyuz 11, in space suits. One of them will make a spacewalk to examine the docking collar on the Salyut station prior to docking and remove the cover from the scientific sensor bay. Kamanin is infuriated. Seven to eight months ago the VVS had asked Mishin about the possibility of carrying at least one spacesuit aboard the Soyuz or Salyut and the possibility of making an EVA. He categorically rejected the idea. At that time he said it was practically impossible. There are insufficient oxygen reserves aboard the station for a full depressurisation. It would reduce the oxygen to a 75-day supply, and 45 to 50 days worth of reserves are required by mission rules. A cosmonaut meeting is called to discuss the matter. This reveals that DOS#2 is planned to have spacesuits and all of the equipment necessary for an EVA. But an EVA on Soyuz 11 is not possible. There EVA equipment and have not been manufactured. Two to three months would be required to fabricate the suits and equipment and to train for the EVA. Salyut 1 can only last 60 to 70 days. A Soyuz 12 mission in the first part of June could not be ready for an EVA. All in all it would be better to incorporate the EVA hardware into the first mission to a new DOS#2 station. References: 376.
1971 May 4 -
  • Soyuz 11 EVA pushed. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Spacecraft: Soyuz 7KT-OK, Salyut 1. Flight: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 11. At 10:00 the Soyuz 10 crew has the traditional post-flight meeting with the Central Committee, followed by speeches at 15:00 before the workers and engineers at TsKBEM. The truth about the flight is not revealed. Mishin is still pushing for an EVA on Soyuz 11; Kamanin tells him the idea is absurd. Kamanin fumes that Mishin still hasn't reliable solved the problem of automated space docking, on which he began work in 1962. References: 376.
1971 May 5 - 07:43 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: LC40. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Titan. Model: Titan 3C. LV Configuration: Titan IIIC 23C-2 (3C-20).
  • IMEWS 2 Nation: USA. Payload: DSP Phase 1 s/n 2. Mass: 900 kg (1,980 lb). Class: Early Warning. Spacecraft: DSP. Agency: USAF. Perigee: 36,156 km (22,466 mi). Apogee: 36,527 km (22,696 mi). Inclination: 10.50 deg. Period: 1,464.60 min. COSPAR: 1971-039A. USAF Sat Cat: 5204. Completed Operations Date: 1983-01-10. First generation geosynchronous ballistic missile launch detection satellite. First completely sucessful operational satellite, remained in service for nearly 12 years. Positioned over the Indian Ocean at 75 deg E in 1979-1982. As of 1983 May 11 located at 73.28W drifting at 7.684W degrees per day. References: 2, 6, 127.
1971 May 6 -
  • Almaz simulator delays. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut, Almaz. Spacecraft: Almaz OPS. Flight: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 11. The Soyuz 10 cosmonauts hold a press conference. The truth behind the mission is concealed. Afterwards a simulator program review is held. Progress is being made, but all of the equipment needed for the simulators is not being funded. MAP is to deliver the Almaz simulator on 1 December 1971, but they can't guarantee it will include equipment that has to be delivered by a range of other ministries. Later a meeting is held on plans by the Moscow Soviet for a space museum. MOM, MAP, and VVS have to contribute to the final exposition plan. References: 376.
1971 May 6 - 01:16 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Nike. Model: Nike Iroquois. LV Configuration: Nike Iroquois CRL A07.902-7.
  • Mass spectrometer Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: AFCRL. Apogee: 120 km (70 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 6 - 06:20 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Pad: LC1 or LC31. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Voskhod 11A57.
  • Cosmos 410 Nation: USSR. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Surveillance. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Zenit-2M. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 205 km (127 mi). Apogee: 280 km (170 mi). Inclination: 65.00 deg. Period: 89.40 min. COSPAR: 1971-040A. USAF Sat Cat: 5207. Duration: 12.00 days. Decay Date: 1971-05-18. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; deployed science capsule. References: 2, 6.
  • Nauka Nation: USSR. Payload: Nauka. Spacecraft: Nauka. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 195 km (121 mi). Apogee: 257 km (159 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 89.02 min. COSPAR: 1971-040C. USAF Sat Cat: 5228. Decay Date: 1971-05-25. References: 2, 279.
1971 May 7 - Launch Site: WTR Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Polaris. Model: Polaris A2.
  • Safeguard M1-8 Target mission Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 7 - 14:20 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Model: Kosmos 11K65M. LV Configuration: Kosmos 11K65M 53727-121.
  • Cosmos 411 Nation: USSR. Program: Strela. Payload: Strela-1M no. 9. Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military Store-dump. Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,316 km (817 mi). Apogee: 1,490 km (920 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 113.90 min. COSPAR: 1971-041A. USAF Sat Cat: 5210. Eight satellites launched by a single carrier rocket. References: 2, 6.
  • Cosmos 412 Nation: USSR. Program: Strela. Payload: Strela-1M no. 10. Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military Store-dump. Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,480 km (910 mi). Apogee: 1,535 km (953 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 116.20 min. COSPAR: 1971-041B. USAF Sat Cat: 5211. References: 2, 6.
  • Cosmos 413 Nation: USSR. Program: Strela. Payload: Strela-1M no. 11. Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military Store-dump. Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,474 km (915 mi). Apogee: 1,508 km (937 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 115.80 min. COSPAR: 1971-041C. USAF Sat Cat: 5212. References: 2, 6.
  • Cosmos 414 Nation: USSR. Program: Strela. Payload: Strela-1M no. 12. Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military Store-dump. Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,427 km (886 mi). Apogee: 1,494 km (928 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 115.10 min. COSPAR: 1971-041D. USAF Sat Cat: 5213. References: 2, 6.
  • Cosmos 415 Nation: USSR. Program: Strela. Payload: Strela-1M no. 13. Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military Store-dump. Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,451 km (901 mi). Apogee: 1,500 km (900 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 115.40 min. COSPAR: 1971-041E. USAF Sat Cat: 5214. References: 2, 6.
  • Cosmos 416 Nation: USSR. Program: Strela. Payload: Strela-1M no. 14. Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military Store-dump. Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,371 km (851 mi). Apogee: 1,492 km (927 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 114.50 min. COSPAR: 1971-041F. USAF Sat Cat: 5215. References: 2, 6.
  • Cosmos 417 Nation: USSR. Program: Strela. Payload: Strela-1M no. 15. Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military Store-dump. Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,343 km (834 mi). Apogee: 1,492 km (927 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 114.20 min. COSPAR: 1971-041G. USAF Sat Cat: 5216. References: 2, 6.
  • Cosmos 418 Nation: USSR. Program: Strela. Payload: Strela-1M no. 16. Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military Store-dump. Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,399 km (869 mi). Apogee: 1,493 km (927 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 114.80 min. COSPAR: 1971-041H. USAF Sat Cat: 5217. References: 2, 6.
1971 May 8 -
  • Soyuz 11 / Soyuz 12 plans. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Spacecraft: Soyuz 7KT-OK, Salyut 1. Flight: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 11, Soyuz 12 / DOS 1. Frolov reports to Kamanin on a meeting of the general designers. Mishin has planned the Soyuz 11 launch for June, to be followed by Soyuz 12 in July. The reworked docking mechanism will be ready for installation on Soyuz 11 by 18 May. Mishin recommends a full automated docking for the next mission. References: 376.
1971 May 8 - 16:15 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Nike. Model: Nike Iroquois. LV Configuration: Nike Iroquois CRL A07.902-8.
  • Mass spectrometer Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: AFCRL. Apogee: 135 km (83 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 9 - 01:11 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: LC36A. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Atlas. Model: SLV-3C Centaur. LV Configuration: SLV-3C Centaur AC-24 / Centaur D-1A 5405C. FAILURE: Inadvertent Centaur electronic signal shut down stage early.
  • Mariner H Nation: USA. Program: Mariner. Payload: Mariner 71H. Mass: 996 kg (2,195 lb). Class: Planetary. Type: Mars. Spacecraft: Mariner 8-9. Agency: NASA. COSPAR: F710509A. Decay Date: 1971-05-08. Intended Mars flyby. References: 126, 278.
1971 May 10 -
  • Cause of Soyuz 10's failure to dock. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Spacecraft: Soyuz 7KT-OK. Flight: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 11. A sunny day in Moscow. Chertok's investigative commission has found that the likely cause of Soyuz 10's failure to dock was a dented sleeve on the active part of the docking mechanism. In repeated tests the sleeve bent at 130 kg force 60% of the time. The real force of docking was estimated at 160 to 200 kg. Therefore for Soyuz 11 and subsequent models the sleeve will be reinforced by a factor of two. The crew will also be given the capability of steering the docking probe and of operating the orientation engine to improve the chances of docking when difficulties do occur. References: 376.
1971 May 10 - 12:03 GMT - Launch Site: Woomera. Launch Complex: LA2. Launch Pad: LA2 SL. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 6 AC. LV Configuration: Skylark 6 AC SL812. FAILURE: Failure.
  • X-ray Survey X-ray astronomy mission Nation: UK. Agency: BAC. Apogee: 219 km (136 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 10 - 16:58 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Model: Proton-K/D. LV Configuration: Proton-K/D 253-01. FAILURE: No Block D ignition due wrong timer setting.
  • Cosmos 419 Nation: USSR. Program: Mars. Payload: M-71 s/n 170. Mass: 4,650 kg (10,250 lb). Class: Planetary. Type: Mars. Spacecraft: Mars M-71. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 134 km (83 mi). Apogee: 187 km (116 mi). Inclination: 51.50 deg. Period: 87.70 min. COSPAR: 1971-042A. USAF Sat Cat: 5221. Decay Date: 1971-05-12. Mars probe intended to enter Martian orbit and comprehensively photograph Mars. Rocket block failed to reignite in Earth Orbit. It is widely believed this spacecraft was launched with the primary purpose of overtaking Mariner 8, which had been launched (unsuccessfully, as it turned out) two days earlier, and becoming the first Mars orbiter. The Proton booster successfully put the spacecraft into low (174 km x 159 km) Earth parking orbit with an inclination of 51.4 degrees, but the Block D stage 4 failed to function due to a bad ignition timer setting (the timer, which was supposed to start ignition 1.5 hours after orbit was erroneously set for 1.5 years.) The orbit decayed and the spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere 2 days later on 12 May 1971. The mission was designated Cosmos 419. References: 2, 6, 67, 118, 274, 296.
1971 May 11 - 22:30 GMT - Launch Site: ETR Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Poseidon. LV Configuration: Poseidon C3E-2.
  • Demonstration and shakedown operations launch Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 11 - 23:47 GMT - Launch Site: ETR Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Poseidon. LV Configuration: Poseidon C3E-9.
  • Demonstration and shakedown operations launch Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 12 -
  • X-24 Flight 26 Nation: USA. Payload: X-24A flight 26. Class: Manned. Type: Spaceplane. Spacecraft: X-24A. Crew: Powell. Maximum Speed - 1477 kph. Maximum Altitude - 21610 m. Flight Time - 423 sec. References: 49, 97.
1971 May 12 -
  • VPK Meeting on Soyuz 11/12. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Spacecraft: Soyuz 7KT-OK, Salyut 1. Flight: Soyuz 11, Soyuz 12 / DOS 1. Mishin guarantees to Smirnov that Soyuz 11 will be able to dock to Salyut 1. He also promises thirty-day missions for both Soyuz 11 and Soyuz 12. But there is a problem with this last promise -- Soyuz 12 won't launch until 15-18 July, which will be after the guaranteed life of the Salyut 1 station. Kamanin protests the decision. Smirnov points out that they must fulfil the resolutions of the Communist Party without question. But he reassures Kamanin that they will take everything one step at a time, keeping the safety of the crew in mind. Kutakhov also does not support the decision, but orders must be followed. References: 376.
1971 May 12 - 04:45 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Cajun. Model: Nike Cajun. LV Configuration: Nike Cajun NASA 10.280NA.
  • Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 13 - 01:10 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Cajun. Model: Nike Cajun. LV Configuration: Nike Cajun NASA 10.278NA.
  • Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 14 -
  • Soyuz 11 launch considerations argued. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Spacecraft: Soyuz 7KT-OK, Salyut 1. Flight: Soyuz 11. The crews are continuing training for Soyuz 11. Mishin expects launch on 6 June. He is not opposed to limiting the flight duration to 25 days, necessary in order to make a landing in daytime at the end of the mission. Kamanin doesn't trust this change of heart - he asks the VVS ballistics section to confirm Mishin's calculations. Feoktistov visits Kamanin. He wants to be on the fourth crew to fly to DOS#2. VVS ballistics calls back. A launch as late as 11-12 June would still allow a daytime landing after 25 days. However from day 6 to 24 of the flight retrofire would be on the night side, and could only be accomplished using the technique of Soyuz 10 - aligning the spacecraft on the day side, spinning up the gyro platform, and using the gyros for night-side orientation during retrofire. At a meeting of the Central Committee, Kamanin fights with Ustinov for the safety of the crew. After a three-hour debate the majority of those present are still worried about the reliability of the docking system. But nevertheless the decision is made to proceed with Soyuz 11. References: 376.
1971 May 14 - Launch Site: Green River. Launch Complex: Pad 3. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Athena RTV. LV Configuration: Athena V146D.
  • Re-entry Vehicle test Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 14 - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 1. LV Configuration: Skylark 1 S56B/2.
  • ESRO S56B / 2 Ionosphere / solar ultraviolet / x-ray mission Nation: Europe. Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 190 km (110 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 15 - Launch Vehicle: N1. Model: N1M.
  • Go-ahead to develop LH2/LOX stage for N1M Nation: USSR. Program: Lunar L3. Decision made to proceed with development of the multi-engined stage Block Sr with a propellant mass of 66.4 tonnes. This single stage would be used in place of the previously-planned Blocks S and R to insert the modernized Lunar Expeditionary Complex (LEK) into low lunar orbit. It was also to be used to insert heavy spacecraft into geosynchronous orbit and on interplanetary trajectories. References: 21.
1971 May 15 -
  • Party line on Soviet space program. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut, Lunar L3, Luna. Flight: Soyuz 10, Soyuz 11. Shatalov is actively pushing his candidacy for the position of Kamanin's deputy. Popovich and Sevastyanov prepare for a trip to the Paris Air how on 2 June. They need 'correct' replies to inevitable questions about the moon race, the Salyut 1 station, and Soyuz 10's failure to dock. The line they are to follow is that the Soviet Union is fulfilling its safe and systematic exploration of space. The robots Luna-16 and Lunokhod 1 safely surveyed the moon. After the Soyuz 9 long-duration flight, Salyut 1 was launched and Soyuz 10 tested the rendezvous equipment. The line is that the USSR is not behind the USA, but is exploring space in a safe and responsible way. References: 376.
1971 May 17 -
  • Feoktistov pushed for flight to DOS#2. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Spacecraft: Salyut 1. Tregub calls Kamanin to promote Feoktistov's plan to participate in a flight to a Salyut station. References: 376.
1971 May 17 - Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: ALFS. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Stromboli. Model: Eridan. LV Configuration: Eridan E006.
  • FU-203 recovery test Nation: France. Agency: CNES. Apogee: 196 km (121 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 17 - 08:02 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Nike. Model: Nike Iroquois.
  • KAY Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 152 km (94 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 17 - 08:02 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Nike. Model: Nike Iroquois.
  • LYNN Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 117 km (72 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 18 - 00:24 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Nike. Model: Nike Iroquois. LV Configuration: Nike Iroquois CRL A07.913-5.
  • Sphere Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: AFCRL. Apogee: 145 km (90 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 18 - 01:05 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Nike. Model: Nike Iroquois. LV Configuration: Nike Iroquois CRL A07.917-5.
  • Release Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: AFCRL. Apogee: 180 km (110 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 18 - 01:08 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Nike. Model: Nike Iroquois. LV Configuration: Nike Iroquois CRL A07.918-2.
  • Release Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: AFCRL. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 18 - 02:06 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Nike. Model: Nike Iroquois. LV Configuration: Nike Iroquois CRL A07.921-1.
  • Sphere Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: AFCRL. Apogee: 148 km (91 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 18 - 02:21 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Nike. Model: Nike Iroquois. LV Configuration: Nike Iroquois CRL A07.015-4.
  • Sphere Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: AFCRL. Apogee: 156 km (96 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 18 - 02:41 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Tomahawk Sandia. Model: Nike Tomahawk. LV Configuration: Nike Tomahawk CRL A08.919-2.
  • Release Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: AFCRL. Apogee: 203 km (126 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 18 - 03:05 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Nike. Model: Nike Iroquois. LV Configuration: Nike Iroquois CRL A07.918-4.
  • Release Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: AFCRL. Apogee: 161 km (100 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 18 - 08:00 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Pad: LC1 or LC31. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Voskhod 11A57.
  • Cosmos 420 Nation: USSR. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Surveillance. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Zenit-4M. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 199 km (123 mi). Apogee: 257 km (159 mi). Inclination: 51.80 deg. Period: 89.00 min. COSPAR: 1971-043A. USAF Sat Cat: 5230. Duration: 11.00 days. Decay Date: 1971-05-29. High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable. References: 2, 6.
1971 May 18 - 08:39 GMT - Launch Site: Woomera. Launch Complex: LA2. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Cockatoo. LV Configuration: Cockatoo 112.
  • Aeronomy mission Nation: Australia. Agency: WRE. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 18 - 10:09 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Nike. Model: Nike Iroquois. LV Configuration: Nike Iroquois CRL A07.917-6.
  • Release Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: AFCRL. Apogee: 153 km (95 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 19 - 01:14 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Nike. Model: Nike Iroquois. LV Configuration: Nike Iroquois CRL A07.918-3.
  • Release Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: AFCRL. Apogee: 145 km (90 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 19 - 06:20 GMT - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: LF24. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Minuteman 2.
  • FOT GT105F Follow-on Test launch Nation: USA. Agency: USAF SAC. Apogee: 1,300 km (800 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 19 - 07:30 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: LC35. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Aerobee. Model: Aerobee 150. LV Configuration: Aerobee 150 NASA 04.303NG.
  • Astronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 19 - 10:20 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC133/1. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 2. Model: Kosmos 11K63.
  • Cosmos 421 Nation: USSR. Program: DS. Payload: DS-P1-Yu s/n 48. Mass: 325 kg (716 lb). Class: Military. Type: Target. Spacecraft: DS-P1-Yu. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 292 km (181 mi). Apogee: 443 km (275 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 91.90 min. COSPAR: 1971-044A. USAF Sat Cat: 5232. Completed Operations Date: 1971-11-05. Decay Date: 1971-11-08. Development of systems for air defence and the control of outer space. References: 2, 6, 99.
1971 May 19 - 16:22 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Model: Proton-K/D. LV Configuration: Proton-K/D 255-01.
  • Mars 2 Nation: USSR. Program: Mars. Payload: M-71 s/n 171. Mass: 4,650 kg (10,250 lb). Class: Planetary. Type: Mars. Spacecraft: Mars M-71. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 1,380 km (850 mi). Apogee: 25,000 km (15,000 mi). Inclination: 48.90 deg. Period: 1,080.00 min. COSPAR: 1971-045A. USAF Sat Cat: 5234. Mars probe intended to conduct of a series of scientific investigations of the planet Mars and the space around it. Parameters are for Mars orbit. Mid-course corrections were made on 17 June and 20 November. Mars 2 released the descent module (1971-045D) 4.5 hours before reaching Mars on 27 November 1971. The descent system malfunctioned and the lander crashed at 45 deg S, 302 deg W, delivering the Soviet Union coat of arms to the surface. Meanwhile, the orbiter engine performed a burn to put the spacecraft into a 1380 x 24,940 km, 18 hour orbit about Mars with an inclination of 48.9 degrees. Scientific instruments were generally turned on for about 30 minutes near periapsis. Data was sent back for many months. It was announced that Mars 2 and 3 had completed their missions by 22 August 1972. On-orbit dry mass: 2265 kg. Had the lander survived, data would have been relayed to the earth via the orbiter. References: 2, 6, 67, 118, 274, 296, 376.
1971 May 21 -
  • Soyuz 11 crews arrive at Tyuratam. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Spacecraft: Soyuz 7KT-OK, Salyut 1. Flight: Soyuz 11, Soyuz 12 / DOS 1. The Salyut crews arrive at Tyuratam and see the new reinforced docking system for the first time. Then they go to Area 2 to prepare their flight plans. Aferwards they train from 20:00 to 24:00 aboard Soyuz 11. But due to the parallel work on revising the Igla system, the systems are not all updated yet. The cosmonauts have no confidence in the new system, and can only say they 'probably' have a better chance of success in docking than before. References: 376.
1971 May 21 - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: LF05. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Minuteman 2.
  • OT GT83M operational test launch Nation: USA. Agency: USAF SAC. Apogee: 1,300 km (800 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 21 - 01:15 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Nike. Model: Nike Iroquois. LV Configuration: Nike Iroquois CRL A07.917-4.
  • Release Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: AFCRL. Apogee: 145 km (90 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 22 -
  • Kamanin's position in jeopardy. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Flight: Soyuz 11. The weather dawns at Tyuratam 22 deg C, and has already risen to 30 deg C by 09:30. Kamanin flies back to Moscow, where the weather is rain, and he learns of new moves to try to put him aside. References: 376.
1971 May 22 - 00:51 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Model: Kosmos 11K65M. LV Configuration: Kosmos 11K65M 53727-120.
  • Cosmos 422 Nation: USSR. Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 982 km (610 mi). Apogee: 1,005 km (624 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 105.00 min. COSPAR: 1971-046A. USAF Sat Cat: 5238. Military navigation satellite. References: 2, 6.
1971 May 24 - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: LF22. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Minuteman 2.
  • FOT GT103F Follow-on Test launch Nation: USA. Agency: USAF SAC. Apogee: 1,300 km (800 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 25 -
  • X-24 Flight 27 Nation: USA. Payload: X-24A flight 27. Class: Manned. Type: Spaceplane. Spacecraft: X-24A. Crew: Manke. 3 chambers. Maximum Speed - 1265 kph. Maximum Altitude - 19903 m. Flight Time - 548 sec. References: 49, 97.
1971 May 25 -
  • Crews of Apollo 14 and Soyuz 9 to meet in Paris. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Flight: Soyuz 11. Sevastyanov is given further preparation for his visit to the Paris Air Show. He will meet with the crew of Apollo 14 on television. Kamanin informs him that he is earmarked for the fourth crew of DOS#2. References: 376.
1971 May 25 - 09:37 GMT - Launch Site: Barking Sands. Launch Complex: LC10. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Tomahawk Sandia. Model: Nike Tomahawk. LV Configuration: Nike Tomahawk-12 Sandia 152-171.
  • LRL ACS-1D X-ray astronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: Sandia. Apogee: 141 km (87 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 26 - 09:47 GMT - Launch Site: Barking Sands. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Sandhawk. Model: Terrier Sandhawk. LV Configuration: Terrier Sandhawk Sandia 281-19?.
  • LRL ACS-4B X-ray astronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: Sandia. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 26 - 10:10 GMT - Launch Site: Barking Sands. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Tomahawk Sandia. Model: Nike Tomahawk.
  • LEINAX I X-ray astronomy mission Nation: Japan. Agency: Sandia. Apogee: 209 km (129 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 26 - 20:00 GMT - Launch Site: El Arenosillo. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Belier. Model: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C141.
  • INTA C-7102 Aeronomy /ionosphere mission Nation: France. Agency: CNES. Apogee: 128 km (79 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 26 - 23:31 GMT - Launch Site: El Arenosillo. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Cajun. Model: Nike Cajun. LV Configuration: Nike Cajun INTA NC-7102.
  • Ionosphere mission Nation: Spain. Agency: INTA. Apogee: 145 km (90 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 27 -
  • Still no centrifuge for cosmonaut training centre. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Flight: Soyuz 11. Rebrov is working on a book on Salyut 1, and the Soyuz 10 and 11 missions. Despite three trips to Sweden and France, there has still been no vendor selection for the TsF-18 centrifuge. In any case there is still not enough money (12 million roubles needed, 3 million roubles available). References: 376.
1971 May 27 - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: LF02. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Minuteman 3.
  • OT GT03GM operational test launch Nation: USA. Agency: USAF SAC. Apogee: 1,300 km (800 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 27 - 01:41 GMT - Launch Site: El Arenosillo. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Cajun. Model: Nike Cajun. LV Configuration: Nike Cajun INTA NC-7103.
  • Ionosphere mission Nation: Spain. Agency: INTA. Apogee: 152 km (94 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 27 - 04:36 GMT - Launch Site: El Arenosillo. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Belier. Model: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C137.
  • INTA C-7103 Aeronomy mission Nation: France. Agency: CNES. Apogee: 127 km (78 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 27 - 06:56 GMT - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: LF08. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Minuteman 3.
  • OT GT02GM operational test launch Nation: USA. Agency: USAF SAC. Apogee: 1,300 km (800 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 27 - 11:59 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC133/1. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 2. Model: Kosmos 11K63.
  • Cosmos 423 Nation: USSR. Program: DS. Payload: DS-P1-Yu s/n 47. Mass: 325 kg (716 lb). Class: Military. Type: Target. Spacecraft: DS-P1-Yu. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 272 km (169 mi). Apogee: 487 km (302 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 92.20 min. COSPAR: 1971-047A. USAF Sat Cat: 5246. Completed Operations Date: 1971-11-20. Decay Date: 1971-11-26. Development of systems for air defence and the control of outer space. References: 2, 6, 99.
1971 May 27 - 20:00 GMT - Launch Site: El Arenosillo. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Belier. Model: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C142.
  • INTA C-7104 Aeronomy mission Nation: France. Agency: CNES. Apogee: 103 km (64 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 28 -
  • Soyuz 11 and 12 crews depart for Baikonur. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Flight: Soyuz 11, Soyuz 12 / DOS 1. The Salyut crews, Kamanin, and VVS support technicians and staff - 46 people altogether - fly to Tyuratam aboard three Tu-104's. References: 376.
1971 May 28 - 02:52 GMT - Launch Site: El Arenosillo. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Cajun. Model: Nike Cajun. LV Configuration: Nike Cajun INTA NC-7104.
  • Ionosphere mission Nation: Spain. Agency: INTA. Apogee: 160 km (90 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 28 - 04:31 GMT - Launch Site: El Arenosillo. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Skua. Model: Skua 2. LV Configuration: Skua 2 INTA SC-7102.
  • Ionosphere mission Nation: Spain. Agency: INTA. Apogee: 103 km (64 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 28 - 09:40 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: LC35. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Aerobee. Model: Aerobee 150 MI. LV Configuration: Aerobee 150 MI KP3.37.
  • Ultraviolet astronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: KPNO. Apogee: 179 km (111 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 28 - 10:30 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Voskhod 11A57.
  • Cosmos 424 Nation: USSR. Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Class: Surveillance. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Zenit-4M. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 204 km (126 mi). Apogee: 282 km (175 mi). Inclination: 65.40 deg. Period: 89.40 min. COSPAR: 1971-048A. USAF Sat Cat: 5248. Duration: 13.00 days. Decay Date: 1971-06-10. High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable. References: 2, 6.
1971 May 28 - 15:26 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Model: Proton-K/D. LV Configuration: Proton-K/D 249-01.
  • Mars 3 Nation: USSR. Program: Mars. Payload: M-71 s/n 172. Mass: 4,643 kg (10,236 lb). Class: Planetary. Type: Mars. Spacecraft: Mars M-71. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 1,528 km (949 mi). Apogee: 214,500 km (133,200 mi). Inclination: 60.00 deg. Period: 18,243.00 min. COSPAR: 1971-049A. USAF Sat Cat: 5252. Mars probe intended to conduct of a series of scientific investigations of the planet Mars and the space around it. Parameters are for Mars orbit. The Mars 3 orbiter also carried a French-built experiment which was not carried on Mars 2. Called Spectrum 1, the instrument measured solar radiation at metric wavelengths in conjunction with Earth-based receivers to study the cause of solar outbursts. The Spectrum 1 antenna was mounted on one of the solar panels. A mid-course correction was made on 8 June. The descent module (COSPAR 1971-049F) was released at 09:14 GMT on 2 December 1971 about 4.5 hours before reaching Mars. Through aerodynamic braking, parachutes, and retro-rockets, the lander achieved a soft landing at 45 S, 158 W and began operations. However, after 20 sec the instruments stopped working for unknown reasons. Meanwhile, the orbiter engine performed a burn to put the spacecraft into a long 11-day period orbit about Mars with an inclination thought to be similar to that of Mars 2 (48.9 degrees). Data was sent back for many months. It was announced that Mars 2 and 3 had completed their missions by 22 August 1972. References: 2, 6, 67, 118, 274, 296.
1971 May 29 -
  • No improvements at cosmodrome for cosmonauts. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut. Flight: Soyuz 11. Kamanin notes with disgust that the cosmodrome has been updated for 15 years but not one kopeck has been spent to provide training facilities for the cosmonauts. Leonov's 37th birthday is celebrated. References: 376.
1971 May 29 - 03:49 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Model: Kosmos 11K65M. LV Configuration: Kosmos 11K65M Z149-30.
  • Cosmos 425 Nation: USSR. Program: Tselina. Mass: 820 kg (1,800 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 506 km (314 mi). Apogee: 553 km (343 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.20 min. COSPAR: 1971-050A. USAF Sat Cat: 5253. Decay Date: 1979-11-30. Possible ELINT satellite. References: 2, 6.
1971 May 29 - 10:00 GMT - Launch Site: Biscarosse. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: MSBS. Model: MSBS M1.
  • Operational test Nation: France. Agency: DMA. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 29 - 10:48 GMT - Launch Site: Barking Sands. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Sandhawk. Model: Terrier Sandhawk.
  • Infrared astronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: Sandia. Apogee: 340 km (210 mi). References: 2.
1971 May 30 - 22:23 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: LC36B. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Atlas. Model: SLV-3C Centaur. LV Configuration: SLV-3C Centaur AC-23 / Centaur D-1A 5404C.
  • Mariner 9 Nation: USA. Program: Mariner. Payload: Mariner 71J. Mass: 974 kg (2,147 lb). Class: Planetary. Type: Mars. Spacecraft: Mariner 8-9. Agency: NASA/JPL. COSPAR: 1971-051A. USAF Sat Cat: 5261. The first spacecraft to orbit another planet. The Mariner Mars 71 mission was planned to consist of two spacecraft on complementary missions. Mariner 8 was to map 70 % of the Martian surface and Mariner 9 was to study temporal changes in the Martian atmosphere and on the Martian surface. Th