1978 July 2 - 09:30 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC31. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Soyuz 11A511U. -
Cosmos 1026 Nation: USSR. Payload: Energia s/n 2. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Magnetosphere. Spacecraft: Energia. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 212 km (131 mi). Apogee: 247 km (153 mi). Inclination: 51.70 deg. Period: 89.00 min. COSPAR: 1978-069A. USAF Sat Cat: 10977. Duration: 4.00 days. Decay Date: 1978-07-06. Investigation of primary cosmic radiation and meteoritic particles in near-earth outer space. References: 2, 6.
1978 July 3 - -
Deliver left-hand OMS/RCS pod to WSTF Nation: USA. Program: STS. References: 15.
1978 July 4 - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: LF06. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Minuteman 1. Model: Minuteman 1B. -
ABRES ANT-2 re-entry vehicle test flight Nation: USA. Agency: USAF AFSC. Apogee: 1,300 km (800 mi). References: 2.
1978 July 5 -
1978 July 7 - -
Fourth static firing, MPTA-098 Nation: USA. Program: STS. References: 15.
1978 July 7 - -
Complete mate payload bay doors, Columbia Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Spaceplane. Spacecraft: Columbia. Complete mate forward and aft payload bay doors, Columbia (OV-102) References: 15.
1978 July 7 - Launch Vehicle: Shuttle. -
Shuttle MPTA long duration test Nation: USA. The engine assembly is run for several minutes, and engine restart is demonstrated. References: 44.
1978 July 7 - Launch Site: WTR Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Polaris. Model: Polaris A3. LV Configuration: Polaris A3TA. -
Follow-on operational missile test Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 2.
1978 July 7 - Launch Site: WTR Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Polaris. Model: Polaris A3. LV Configuration: Polaris A3TA. -
Follow-on operational missile test Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 2.
1978 July 7 - 11:26 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC31. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Soyuz 11A511U. -
Progress 2 Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut 6. Payload: Progress s/n 101. Mass: 7,014 kg (15,463 lb). Class: Manned. Type: Logistics. Spacecraft: Progress. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 248 km (154 mi). Apogee: 307 km (190 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 90.00 min. COSPAR: 1978-070A. USAF Sat Cat: 10979. Duration: 27.59 days. Completed Operations Date: 1978-08-04 01:30:51 PM. Decay Date: 1978-08-04 01:30:51 PM. Flight: Salyut 6 EO-2. Unmanned supply vessel to Salyut 6. Delivery of fuel, consumable materials and equipment to the Salyut 6 station. Docked with Salyut 6 on 9 Jul 1978 12:58:59 GMT. Undocked on 2 Aug 1978 04:57:44 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 4 Aug 1978 01:31:07 GMT. Total free-flight time 3.92 days. Total docked time 23.67 days.
References: 2, 6, 275.
1978 July 12 - Launch Site: WTR Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Polaris. Model: Polaris A3. LV Configuration: Polaris A3TA. -
Follow-on operational missile test Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 2.
1978 July 12 - Launch Site: WTR Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Polaris. Model: Polaris A3. LV Configuration: Polaris A3TA. -
Follow-on operational missile test Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 2.
1978 July 12 - Launch Site: WTR Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Polaris. Model: Polaris A3. LV Configuration: Polaris A3TA. -
Follow-on operational missile test Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 2.
1978 July 13 - -
Reconfigure from boost to launch, vibe test Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Spaceplane. Spacecraft: Enterprise. Reconfigure from boost to launch, mated vertical ground vibration test, MSFC, Enterprise (OV-101) References: 15.
1978 July 14 - 10:43 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: LC17A. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Delta. Model: Delta 2914. LV Configuration: Delta 2914 631/D143. -
ESA-Geos 2 Nation: Europe. Payload: ESA GEOS 2. Mass: 573 kg (1,263 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Magnetosphere. Spacecraft: ESA-Geos. Agency: ESA. Perigee: 36,027 km (22,386 mi). Apogee: 36,049 km (22,399 mi). Inclination: 14.60 deg. Period: 1,449.00 min. COSPAR: 1978-071A. USAF Sat Cat: 10981. Completed Operations Date: 1984-01-24. Magnetospheric research. European Space Agency satellite. Launch time 1043 GMT. Reached initial operational position of 6 deg East on 26 Jul 1978. During the two years of its mission, it will be maintained in position between longitude 0 and 35 deg east in geosynchronous orbit. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Atlantic Ocean at 36 deg E in 1978-1979 over the Atlantic Ocean 6-36 deg E in 1979-1981; over the Atlantic Ocean 24 deg E in 1981; over the Atlantic Ocean 33-37 deg E in 1981-1984 As of 3 September 2001 located at 177.77 deg W drifting at 3.212 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 179.12E drifting at 3.212W degrees per day.
References: 2, 6.
1978 July 14 - 15:00 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Molniya 8K78M. -
Molniya 1-41 Nation: USSR. Program: Molniya. Payload: Molniya-1T. Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Molniya-1T. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 260 km (160 mi). Apogee: 38,306 km (23,802 mi). Inclination: 61.80 deg. Period: 681.90 min. COSPAR: 1978-072A. USAF Sat Cat: 10984. Decay Date: 1992-02-08. Uncertain if Molniya-1T model was Molniya-1 or Molniya-1T. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radiocommunications system in the USSR; transmission of television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. References: 2, 6.
1978 July 15 - -
Deliver SRBs empty for mated vertical vibe test Nation: USA. Program: STS. Deliver SRBs (2) empty to MSFC for mated vertical ground vibration test References: 15.
1978 July 18 - 21:59 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Model: Proton-K/DM. LV Configuration: Proton-K/DM 292-02. -
Raduga 4 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 14L. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,757 km (22,218 mi). Apogee: 35,854 km (22,278 mi). Inclination: 12.30 deg. Period: 1,437.10 min. COSPAR: 1978-073A. USAF Sat Cat: 10987. Completed Operations Date: 1981-03-01. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Atlantic Ocean at 35 deg E in 1978-1981 As of 1 September 2001 located at 42.47 deg E drifting at 0.129 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 108.35E drifting at 0.106E degrees per day.
References: 2, 6, 67, 274.
1978 July 20 - 04:30 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Astrobee. Model: Astrobee F. LV Configuration: Astrobee F NASA 25.37UH. -
X-ray astronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 190 km (110 mi). References: 2.
1978 July 21 - -
First firing development test, OMS Nation: USA. Program: STS. References: 15.
1978 July 25 - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: LF09. Launch Pad: LF09?. Launch Vehicle: Minuteman 2. -
FOT GT133M-1 Follow-on Test launch Nation: USA. Agency: USAF SAC. Apogee: 1,300 km (800 mi). References: 2.
1978 July 25 - 04:05 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: LC35. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Aerobee. Model: Aerobee 150. LV Configuration: Aerobee 150 GL A03.604. -
DENSITY Laser Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF GL. Apogee: 144 km (89 mi). References: 2.
1978 July 26 - Launch Vehicle: Shuttle. -
Shuttle SRB Drop test Nation: USA. An unloaded shuttle solid rocket motor is dropped from an NB-52 in a test of the parachute recovery system. References: 44.
1978 July 27 - 04:49 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/2. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Model: Kosmos 11K65M. LV Configuration: Kosmos 11K65M 53716-313. -
Cosmos 1027 Nation: USSR. Mass: 920 kg (2,020 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 957 km (594 mi). Apogee: 998 km (620 mi). Inclination: 82.90 deg. Period: 104.70 min. COSPAR: 1978-074A. USAF Sat Cat: 10991. Military navigation satellite. References: 2, 6.
1978 July 27 - 23:30 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: LC29A. Launch Pad: LC29/pad?. Launch Vehicle: Polaris. Model: Polaris A3. LV Configuration: Polaris A3TK P-1. -
Chevaline warhead test launch Nation: USA. Agency: RN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 2.
1978 July 29 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC106. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: R-36M. -
DP Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 2.
1978 July 29 - 04:00 GMT -
1978 July 30 - 22:41 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Petrel. Model: Petrel 1. LV Configuration: Petrel P205K. -
Atomic oxygen Aeronomy mission Nation: UK. Agency: SRC. Apogee: 149 km (92 mi). References: 2.
1978 July 30 - 23:13 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Hawk. Model: Nike Orion. -
SSC S32 NLC-OBS Aeronomy mission Nation: Sweden. Agency: SSC. Apogee: 131 km (81 mi). References: 2.
1978 July 31 - -
Operational readiness date, OPF 1 Nation: USA. Program: STS. Operational readiness date, Orbiter Processing Facility Bay 1, shuttle landing facility, and Hypergolic Maintenance Facility, KSC References: 15.
1978 August - -
Mir draft project completed Nation: USSR. Program: Mir. Spacecraft: Mir. By this time Mir had evolved to the final configuration of one aft port and five ports in a spherical compartment at the forward end of the station. It was planned that the ports would provide docking positions for 7 tonne modules derived from the Soyuz spacecraft. These would use the Soyuz propulsion module, as in Soyuz and Progress, but would be equipped with long laboratory modules in place of the descent module and orbital module.
1978 August 5 - 05:00 GMT - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: SLC4W. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Titan. Model: Titan 34B. LV Configuration: Titan 34B 34B-7 (3B-57) / Ascent Agena D. -
SDS no. 3 Nation: USA. Payload: SDS no. 3. Mass: 700 kg (1,540 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: SDS. Agency: NRO/USAF. Perigee: 315 km (195 mi). Apogee: 39,053 km (24,266 mi). Inclination: 62.50 deg. Period: 697.10 min. COSPAR: 1978-075A. USAF Sat Cat: 10993. Decay Date: 2001-02-08. References: 2, 6.
1978 August 5 - 15:00 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC43/3. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Soyuz 11A511U. -
Cosmos 1028 Nation: USSR. Payload: Yantar-2K s/n 14. Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Class: Surveillance. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Yantar-2K. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 170 km (100 mi). Apogee: 247 km (153 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 88.70 min. COSPAR: 1978-076A. USAF Sat Cat: 10995. Duration: 30.00 days. Decay Date: 1978-09-04. Successful full duration flight. Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission. References: 2, 6, 69.
1978 August 7 - 22:31 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC31. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Soyuz 11A511U. -
Progress 3 Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut 6. Payload: Progress s/n 103. Mass: 7,014 kg (15,463 lb). Class: Manned. Type: Logistics. Spacecraft: Progress. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 190 km (110 mi). Apogee: 232 km (144 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 88.70 min. COSPAR: 1978-077A. USAF Sat Cat: 10999. Duration: 15.76 days. Completed Operations Date: 1978-08-24 16:44:38 PM. Decay Date: 1978-08-24 16:44:38 PM. Flight: Salyut 6 EO-2. Unmanned supply vessel to Salyut 6. Delivery of fuel, consumable materials and equipment to the Salyut 6 station. Docked with Salyut 6 on 9 Aug 1978 23:59:30 GMT. Undocked on 21 Aug 1978 15:42:50 GMT. Destroyed in reentry on 23 Aug 1978 16:45:00 GMT. Total free-flight time 4.10 days. Total docked time 11.66 days.
References: 2, 6, 275.
1978 August 8 - 07:33 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: LC36A. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Atlas. Model: SLV-3D Centaur. LV Configuration: SLV-3D Centaur AC-51 / Centaur D-1AR 5031. -
Pioneer Venus 2 Nation: USA. Program: Pioneer. Payload: Pioneer-Venus 2. Mass: 904 kg (1,992 lb). Class: Planetary. Type: Venus. Spacecraft: Pioneer 13. Agency: NASA ARC. COSPAR: 1978-078A. USAF Sat Cat: 11001. Decay Date: 1978-12-09. The Pioneer Venus Multiprobe consisted of a bus which carried one large and three small `atmospheric probes. The large probe was released on November 16, 1978 and the three small probes on November 20. All four probes entered the Venus atmosphere on December 9, followed by the bus. The small probes were each targeted at different parts of the planet and were named accordingly. The North probe entered the atmosphere at about 60 degrees north latitude on the day side. The night probe entered on the night side. The day probe entered well into the day side, and was the only one of the four probes which continued to send radio signals back after impact, for over an hour. With no heat shield or parachute, the bus survived and made measurements only to about 110 km altitude before burning up. It afforded the only direct view of the upper Venus atmosphere, as the probes did not begin making direct measurements until they had decelerated lower in the atmosphere.
References: 2, 6, 278, 296.
-
Pioneer Venus Probe 1 Nation: USA. Program: Pioneer. Payload: Pioneer-Venus 2. Mass: 315 kg (694 lb). Class: Planetary. Type: Venus. Spacecraft: Pioneer 13. Agency: NASA ARC. COSPAR: 1978-078D. USAF Sat Cat: 12103. Decay Date: 1978-12-09. References: 2, 6, 278.
-
Pioneer Venus Probe 2 Nation: USA. Program: Pioneer. Payload: Pioneer-Venus 2. Mass: 90 kg (198 lb). Class: Planetary. Type: Venus. Spacecraft: Pioneer 13. Agency: NASA ARC. COSPAR: 1978-078E. USAF Sat Cat: 12104. Decay Date: 1978-12-09. References: 2, 6, 278.
-
Pioneer Venus Probe 3 Nation: USA. Program: Pioneer. Payload: Pioneer-Venus 2. Mass: 90 kg (198 lb). Class: Planetary. Type: Venus. Spacecraft: Pioneer 13. Agency: NASA ARC. COSPAR: 1978-078F. USAF Sat Cat: 12105. Decay Date: 1978-12-09. References: 2, 6, 278.
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Pioneer Venus Probe 4 Nation: USA. Program: Pioneer. Payload: Pioneer-Venus 2. Mass: 90 kg (198 lb). Class: Planetary. Type: Venus. Spacecraft: Pioneer 13. Agency: NASA ARC. COSPAR: 1978-078G. USAF Sat Cat: 12106. Decay Date: 1978-12-09. References: 2, 6, 278.
1978 August 11 - -
Complete forward RCS, Columbia (OV-102) Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Spaceplane. Spacecraft: Columbia. References: 15.
1978 August 11 - -
Complete forward RCS thermal test Nation: USA. Program: STS. References: 15.
1978 August 11 - -
Complete test preparation, STA-099 Nation: USA. Program: STS. References: 15.
1978 August 11 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC173. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: MR-UR-100. Model: MR-UR-100. -
Combat training launch Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 2.
1978 August 11 - 02:20 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: LC25C. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Trident. Model: Trident C-4. LV Configuration: Trident C-4 C4X-18. -
Test mission Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 2.
1978 August 12 - 15:12 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: LC17B. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Delta. Model: Delta 2914. LV Configuration: Delta 2914 633/D144. -
ISEE 3 Nation: USA. Payload: ISEE C. Mass: 479 kg (1,056 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Magnetosphere. Spacecraft: ISEE. Agency: NASA GSF. Perigee: 181 km (112 mi). Apogee: 1,089,200 km (676,700 mi). Inclination: 1.00 deg. Period: 67,852.90 min. COSPAR: 1978-079A. USAF Sat Cat: 11004. International Sun-Earth Explorer; later renamed the International Cometary Explorer. Measured interaction between solar wind and Earth; rendezvoused with comet Giacobini-Zinner September 11, 1985. After several passes through the Earth's magnetotail, with gravity assists from lunar flybys in March, April, September and October of 1983, a final close lunar flyby (119.4 km above the moon's surface) on December 22, 1983, ejected the spacecraft out of the Earth-Moon system and into a heliocentric orbit ahead of the Earth, on a trajectory intercepting that of Comet Giacobini-Zinner. A total of fifteen propulsive maneuvers (four of which were planned) and five lunar flybys were needed to carry out the transfer from the halo orbit to an escape trajectory from the earth-moon system into a heliocentric orbit. The primary scientific objective of ICE was to study the interaction between the solar wind and a cometary atmosphere. As planned, the spacecraft traversed the plasma tail of Comet Giacobini-Zinner on September 11, 1985, and made in situ measurements of particles, fields, and waves. It also transited between the Sun and Comet Halley in late March 1986, when other spacecraft (Giotto, Planet-A, MS-T5, VEGA) were also in the vicinity of Comet Halley on their comet rendezvous missions. ICE became the first spacecraft to directly investigate two comets. An update to the ICE mission was approved by NASA headquarters in 1991. It defined a Heliospheric mission for ICE consisting of investigations of coronal mass ejections in coordination with ground-based observations, continued cosmic ray studies, and special period observations such as when ICE and Ulysses are on the same solar radial line. As of January 1990, ICE was in a 355 day heliocentric orbit with an aphelion of 1.03 AU, a perihelion of 0.93 AU and an inclination of 0.1 degree. This will bring it back to the vicinity of the earth-moon system in August, 2014. Termination of operations of ISEE 3 was authorized May 5, 1997.
Additional Details: ISEE 3. References: 2, 6, 296.
1978 August 13 - 00:58 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Petrel. Model: Petrel 1. LV Configuration: Petrel P206K. -
Atomic oxygen Aeronomy mission Nation: UK. Agency: SRC. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 2.
1978 August 14 - -
Start coefficient tests, STA-099 Nation: USA. Program: STS. Start coefficient tests, STA-099, Lockheed facility, Palmdale References: 15.
1978 August 14 - 14:45 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Black Brant. Model: Black Brant 8C. LV Configuration: Black Brant 8C NASA 27.34DS. FAILURE: Failure. -
HRTS-3 Solar mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 220 km (130 mi). References: 2.
1978 August 17 - 20:02 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200/40. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Model: Proton-K/DM. LV Configuration: Proton-K/DM 297-02. FAILURE: Stage 1 - vehicle failed at launch. -
Ekran s/n 15L Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran s/n 15L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran. Agency: RVSN. COSPAR: F780817A. References: 67, 274.
1978 August 20 - -
Kamanin in Star City. Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut 6. Flight: Salyut 6 EO-2. At a visit to Star City, Kamanin is allowed to participate together with Yeliseyev in a communications session with the EO-2 crew (Ivanchenkov, Kovalyonok) aboard Salyut 6. References: 376.
1978 August 20 - 11:30 GMT - Launch Site: Kagoshima. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Kappa. Model: Kappa 9M. LV Configuration: Kappa 9M K-9M-64. -
Near infrared Galactic Plane Test / infrared astronomy / ultraviolet astronomy mission Nation: Japan. Agency: ISAS. Apogee: 319 km (198 mi). References: 2.
1978 August 22 - 23:47 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Molniya 8K78M. -
Molniya 1-42 Nation: USSR. Program: Molniya. Payload: Molniya-1T. Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Molniya-1T. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 1,181 km (733 mi). Apogee: 34,374 km (21,358 mi). Inclination: 63.80 deg. Period: 622.70 min. COSPAR: 1978-080A. USAF Sat Cat: 11007. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radiocommunications system in the USSR; transmission of television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. References: 2, 6.
1978 August 24 - Launch Site: McConnell AFB. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Titan. Model: Titan 2. -
Accident at Titan 2 Silo 533-7 at McConnell AFB kills 2 and injures 25 Nation: USA. Large scale oxidizer spill during fueling operation caused extensive damage to the silo and resulted in the death and injuries. Repairs were started but the silo complex was never returned to alert status.
1978 August 25 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC181. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: MR-UR-100. Model: MR-UR-100U 15A16. -
Joint flight trials launch Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 2.
1978 August 25 - 01:30 GMT - Launch Site: Tanegashima. Launch Complex: T. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: S. Model: TT-500. LV Configuration: TT-500 TT-500-4F. -
Test mission Nation: Japan. Agency: NASDA. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi). References: 2.
1978 August 26 - 14:51 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Soyuz 11A511U. -
Soyuz 31 Nation: USSR. Program: Salyut 6. Payload: Soyuz 7K-T s/n 47. Mass: 6,800 kg (14,900 lb). Class: Manned. Type: Spacecraft. Spacecraft: Soyuz 7K-T. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 193 km (119 mi). Apogee: 243 km (150 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 88.80 min. COSPAR: 1978-081A. USAF Sat Cat: 11010. Duration: 67.84 days. Decay Date: 1978-11-02. Crew: Bykovsky, Jaehn. Flight: Salyut 6 EP-4, Salyut 6 EO-2. Manned two crew. Docked with Salyut 6. Delivered to the Salyut-6 station the third international 'Intercosmos' crew consisting of V F Bykovsky (USSR) and S Jaehn (German Democratic Republic) to carry out scientific research and experiments. References: 2, 6, 32, 33.
1978 August 29 - 15:00 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Soyuz 11A511U. -
Cosmos 1029 Nation: USSR. Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Class: Surveillance. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Zenit-4MKM. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 194 km (120 mi). Apogee: 316 km (196 mi). Inclination: 62.80 deg. Period: 89.60 min. COSPAR: 1978-082A. USAF Sat Cat: 11012. Duration: 10.00 days. Decay Date: 1978-09-08. High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable. References: 2, 6.
1978 August 31 - -
Operational readiness date, VAB Nation: USA. Program: STS. Operational readiness date, Vertical Assembly Building High Bays 3 and 4, KSC References: 15.
1978 September 1 - Launch Site: Sea-launched. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: UNKPL. Launch Vehicle: R-29. Model: Volna. LV Configuration: Volna VMF. -
Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: VMF. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 2.
1978 September - -
Uragan space interceptor allegedly authorised Nation: USSR. Spacecraft: Uragan Space Interceptor. Russian sources continue to maintain that the Uragan manned spaceplane project never existed. However Western intelligence reported that development of a larger manned 'space interceptor' was authorised in September 1978. This spaceplane, supposedly called 'Uragan', was to be launched atop the new Zenit launch vehicle.
1978 September - Launch Vehicle: Spiral 50-50. -
MiG 105-11 final flight Nation: USSR. Spacecraft: MiG 105-11. The eighth and final flight resulted in a hard landing and the write-off of the aircraft. First and last flights were made by test pilot A. G. Festovets. The eight flights were considered sufficient to characterize the spaceplane's subsonic aerodynamic characteristics and air breathing systems.
1978 September 3 -
1978 September 6 - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: LF26. Launch Pad: LF26?. Launch Vehicle: Minuteman 3. -
FOT GT65GB Follow-on Test launch Nation: USA. Agency: USAF SAC. Apogee: 1,300 km (800 mi). References: 2.
1978 September 6 - 03:04 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC43/4. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Molniya 8K78M. -
Cosmos 1030 Nation: USSR. Payload: Oko #10. Mass: 2,030 kg (4,470 lb). Class: Early Warning. Spacecraft: Oko. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 4,131 km (2,566 mi). Apogee: 36,185 km (22,484 mi). Inclination: 66.20 deg. Period: 717.00 min. COSPAR: 1978-083A. USAF Sat Cat: 11015. Decay Date: 2004-08-17. Covered Oko constellation plane 4 - 39 degree longitude of ascending node. References: 2, 6, 100.
1978 September 8 - -
Start OMS left-hand development test Nation: USA. Program: STS. References: 15.
1978 September 9 - 03:25 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/23. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Model: Proton-K/D-1. LV Configuration: Proton-K/D-1 296-01. -
Venera 11 Nation: USSR. Program: Venera. Payload: 4V-1 s/n 360. Mass: 4,715 kg (10,394 lb). Class: Planetary. Type: Venus. Spacecraft: Venera 4V-1. Agency: MOM. COSPAR: 1978-084A. USAF Sat Cat: 11020. Venera 11 was part of a two-spacecraft mission to study Venus and the interplanetary medium. Each of the two spacecraft, Venera 11 and Venera 12, consisted of a flight platform and a lander probe. Identical instruments were carried on both spacecraft. Venera 11 was launched into a 177 x 205 km, 51.5 degree inclination earth orbit from which it was propelled into a 3.5 month Venus transfer orbit. After ejection of the lander probe, the flight platform continued on past Venus in a heliocentric orbit. Near encounter with Venus occurred on December 25, 1978, at approximately 34,000 km altitude. The flight platform acted as a data relay for the descent craft for 95 minutes until it flew out of range and returned its own measurements on interplanetary space. The Venera 11 descent craft separated from its flight platform on December 23, 1978 and entered the Venus atmosphere two days later at 11.2 km/sec. During the descent, it employed aerodynamic braking followed by parachute braking and ending with atmospheric braking. It made a soft landing on the surface at 06:24 Moscow time on 25 December after a descent time of approximately 1 hour. The touchdown speed was 7-8 m/s.
Both Venera 11 and 12 landers failed to return colour television views of
the surface and perform soil analysis experiments. All of the camera protective covers failed to eject after landing (the cause was not established) The soil drilling experiment was apparently damaged by a leak in the soil collection device, the interior of which was exposed to the high Venusian atmospheric pressure. The leak had probably formed during the descent phase because the lander was less aerodynamically stable than had been thought.
Two further experiments on the lander failed as well. Results reported included evidence of lightning and thunder, a high Ar36/Ar40 ratio, and the discovery of carbon monoxide at low altitudes.
References: 2, 6, 67, 274, 296, 428.
1978 September 9 - 15:00 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Soyuz 11A511U. -
Cosmos 1031 Nation: USSR. Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Class: Surveillance. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Zenit-4MKM. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 182 km (113 mi). Apogee: 329 km (204 mi). Inclination: 62.80 deg. Period: 89.60 min. COSPAR: 1978-085A. USAF Sat Cat: 11022. Duration: 13.00 days. Decay Date: 1978-09-22. High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable. References: 2, 6.
1978 September 11 - 16:00 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: LC36. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Black Brant. Model: Black Brant 5C. LV Configuration: Black Brant VC NASA 21.46NP. -
SPAR 5 Microgravity mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 165 km (102 mi). References: 2.
1978 September 12 - Launch Vehicle: Shuttle. -
Shuttle SRB Drop test Nation: USA. An unloaded shuttle solid rocket motor is dropped from an NB-52 in a test of the parachute recovery system. References: 44.
1978 September 12 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC177. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: MR-UR-100. Model: MR-UR-100U 15A16. FAILURE: Failure. -
Joint flight trials launch Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 0 km ( mi). References: 2.
1978 September 12 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC140/18. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: R-36M. -
Missile accuracy test launch Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 2.
1978 September 14 - 02:25 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81/24. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Proton. Model: Proton-K/D-1. LV Configuration: Proton-K/D-1 296-02. -
Venera 12 Nation: USSR. Program: Venera. Payload: 4V-1 s/n 361. Mass: 4,715 kg (10,394 lb). Class: Planetary. Type: Venus. Spacecraft: Venera 4V-1. Agency: MOM. COSPAR: 1978-086A. USAF Sat Cat: 11025. Venera 12 was part of a two-spacecraft mission to study Venus and the interplanetary medium. Each of the two spacecraft, Venera 11 and Venera 12, consisted of a flight platform and a lander probe. Identical instruments were carried on both spacecraft. Venera 12 was launched into a 177 x 205 km, 51.5 degree inclination Earth orbit from which it was propelled into a 3.5 month Venus transfer orbit which involved two mid-course corrections, on 21 September and 14 December. After ejection of the lander probe on 19 December, two days before encounter, the flight platform continued on past Venus in a heliocentric orbit. Near encounter with Venus occurred on December 21, 1978, at approximately 34,000 km altitude. The flight platform acted as a data relay for the descent craft for 110 minutes until it flew out of range and returned to its own measurements on interplanetary space. The Venera 12 descent craft entered the Venus atmosphere at 11.2 km/sec two days after separation from the flight bus. During the descent, it employed aerodynamic braking followed by parachute braking and ending with atmospheric braking. It made a soft landing on the surface at 06:30 Moscow time on 21 December after a descent time of approximately 1 hour. The touchdown speed was 7-8 m/s.
Both Venera 11 and 12 landers failed to return colour television views of the surface and perform soil analysis experiments. All of the camera protective covers failed to eject after landing (the cause was not established) The soil drilling experiment was apparently damaged by a leak in the soil collection device, the interior of which was exposed to the high Venusian atmospheric pressure. The leak had probably formed during the descent phase because the lander was less aerodynamically stable than had been thought. Therefore the landing gear of the following two landers (Venera-13/14) were equipped with tooth-shaped stabilisers.
Results reported included evidence of lightning and thunder, a high Ar36/Ar40 ratio, and the discovery of carbon monoxide at low altitudes.
The Venera-12 flyby bus continued in solar orbit and successfully used its Soviet-French ultraviolet spectrometer to study Comet Bradfield on 13 February 1980 (one year and two months after its Venus encounter). At that time the spacecraft was 190,373,790 km from Earth.
References: 2, 6, 67, 274, 296, 428.
1978 September 15 - Launch Vehicle: Shuttle. -
Shuttle tests at NASA Huntsville Nation: USA. The shuttle Enterprise is first mated to an external tank for vertical ground vibration tests and simulated high-altitude aborts. Thereafter two SRB's are mounted for the first full-size shuttle static tests. This initial test series is completed on 5 December 1978.
References: 44.
1978 September 15 - Launch Site: Woomera. Launch Complex: LA2. Launch Pad: LA2 HRV. Launch Vehicle: Stonechat. Model: Falstaff. LV Configuration: Falstaff F.2. -
Chevaline warhead test launch Nation: UK. Agency: RAE. Apogee: 97 km (60 mi). References: 2.
1978 September 15 - 21:00 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Tomahawk Sandia. Model: Nike Tomahawk. LV Configuration: Nike Tomahawk GL A08.708-1. -
CLUSTER ION Ionosphere mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF GL. Apogee: 114 km (70 mi). References: 2.
1978 September 16 - 05:00 GMT - Launch Site: Kagoshima. Launch Complex: M. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Mu. Model: Mu-3H. LV Configuration: Mu-3H M-3H-3. -
SS-06 Jikiken Nation: Japan. Payload: Exos B. Mass: 100 kg (220 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Ionosphere. Spacecraft: EXOS. Agency: ISAS. Perigee: 251 km (155 mi). Apogee: 21,192 km (13,168 mi). Inclination: 31.30 deg. Period: 370.90 min. COSPAR: 1978-087A. USAF Sat Cat: 11027. Launching organization: Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science, University of Tokyo. Stimulated plasma wave experiment, natural plasma wave measurement, plasma parameter measurement by VLF Doppler technique, electric field probe and plasma density me asurement, energetic particle analysis, and controlled electron beam emission experiment. Characteristics: weight 90.5 kg, configuration - polyhedron with 38 faces, height 0.6m , diameter 0.75m, attitude control spin stabilization, life two years.
References: 2, 6.
1978 September 19 - 08:05 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Soyuz 11A511U. -
Cosmos 1032 Nation: USSR. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Surveillance. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Zenit-2M. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 215 km (133 mi). Apogee: 226 km (140 mi). Inclination: 81.30 deg. Period: 88.90 min. COSPAR: 1978-088A. USAF Sat Cat: 11029. Duration: 13.00 days. Decay Date: 1978-10-02. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; separated capsule. References: 2, 6.
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Nauka Cosmos 1032 Nation: USSR. Payload: Nauka. Spacecraft: Nauka. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 171 km (106 mi). Apogee: 187 km (116 mi). Inclination: 81.30 deg. Period: 88.07 min. COSPAR: 1978-088D. USAF Sat Cat: 11038. Decay Date: 1978-10-03. References: 2, 279.
1978 September 19 - 18:30 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Aerobee. Model: Aerobee 170. LV Configuration: Aerobee 170 GL A04.711-1. -
Solar ultraviolet Solar ultraviolet mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF GL. Apogee: 192 km (119 mi). References: 2.
1978 September 20 - -
Start acoustic test, forward RCS Nation: USA. Program: STS. References: 15.
1978 September 20 - 02:58 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Astrobee. Model: Astrobee F. LV Configuration: Astrobee F NASA 25.28UL. -
Extreme ultraviolet astronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 224 km (139 mi). References: 2.
1978 September 20 - 16:00 GMT - Launch Site: ETR Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Polaris. Model: Polaris A3. LV Configuration: Polaris A3TA. -
Demonstration and shakedown operations launch Nation: USA. Agency: RN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 2.
1978 September 25 - -
Start precombined system test, Columbia (OV-102) Nation: USA. Program: STS. Class: Manned. Type: Spaceplane. Spacecraft: Columbia. References: 15.
1978 September 26 - 05:05 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Astrobee. Model: Astrobee F. LV Configuration: Astrobee F NASA 25.42GG. -
Ultraviolet astronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 231 km (143 mi). References: 2.
1978 September 27 - Launch Site: Natal. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Sonda. Model: Sonda 3. LV Configuration: Sonda 3-M1 XV-06. -
Ionosphere mission Nation: Brazil. Agency: IAE. Apogee: 230 km (140 mi). References: 2.
1978 September 27 - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Apache. Model: Nike Apache. LV Configuration: Nike Apache NASA 14.542UE. -
Plasma mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 183 km (113 mi). References: 2.
1978 September 29 - -
Complete coefficient tests, STA-099 Nation: USA. Program: STS. Complete coefficient tests, STA-099, Lockheed facility, Palmdale References: 15.
1978 September 29 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: R-36M. Model: R-36MU 15A18. FAILURE: Failure. -
Joint flight trials launch Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 0 km ( mi). References: 2.
1978 September 30 - -
Uragan space interceptor project begun Nation: USSR. Class: Manned. Type: Spaceplane. Spacecraft: Uragan Space Interceptor. In order to counter US space shuttle flights made in polar orbits from Vandenberg, deep black Uragan project begun. Scaled-up Spiral to be launched by new Zenit launch vehicle, carrying Nudelmann recoilless gun (same as developed for TKS) for destruction of shuttle after interception and inspection. First flight planned 1983.
References: 83.
1978 September 30 - -
Operational readiness date, crawler. Nation: USA. Program: STS. Operational readiness date, mobile launcher platform, KSC References: 15.
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