Europe
Launch Sites Operated by Europe in Other Countries
  • Kiruna. Agency: ESRO. Operator: Europe. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: ESRANGE. Latitude: 67°53'38" N. Longitude: 21°06'25" E.
Rockets Developed in Europe
  • Europa. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Out of production. Europe's first space launcher. First stage British Blue Streak IRBM, second stage French, third stage German. All orbital launch attempts failed due to unreliability of third stage. Project cancelled after withdrawal of British support and replaced by Ariane.
  • FLTP. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1999. Europe's Future Launcher Technology Program (FLTP) was an ESA study program that ran from 1999-2002, with the objective of identifying and developing technologies necessary for the successor to the Ariane 5. The planned configuration was a two-stage fully recoverable winged launch vehicle. The winged booster would deliver the orbiter to a given altitude, then booster fly back to its launch base at Kourou. The second stage orbiter continued to orbit, delivered its payload and then returned to Kourou. The program faded out following collapse of the commercial launch market, development problems with the Ariane 5, and cancellation of NASA reusable launch vehicle projects.
Spacecraft Designed in Europe
  • Artemis. - Technology Communications
  • CAT. - Technology
  • COS. - Technology
  • ESA. - Manned Space Suits
  • HEOS. - Earth Magnetosphere
  • Huygens. - Planetary Outer Planets
  • ISO. - Astronomy Infrared
  • MSG. - Earth Weather
  • Olympus. - Technology Communications
  • OTS. - Technology
  • SMART-1. - Planetary Lunar Orbiter
  • STV. - Technology
  • XMM. - Astronomy X-ray
  • YES. - Technology
Chronology of Events for Europe

1961 January 30 - Launch Vehicle: Europa.

  • Europa conference. Conference of 12 European nations held at Strasbourg to discuss a British and French proposal for a European satellite launcher development program. References: 18. Level: 1.
1961 November 3 - Launch Site: Woomera. Launch Vehicle: Europa.
  • Woomera selected for Europa launches. Nine-nation Western European Conference in London announced decision to launch a satellite in mid-1965, using a British Blue Streak first stage, a French Veronique second stage, and a West German third stage, from the Woomera range in Australia. References: 18. Level: 1.
1963 October 17 - 10:52 GMT - Launch Site: Woomera. Launch Complex: LA5. Launch Vehicle: Black Knight. LV Configuration: Black Knight 201 BK.11.
  • Blue Streak test mission Agency: ELDO/RAE. Apogee: 527 km (327 mi). References: 1832. Level: 1.
1964 June 4 - 23:44 GMT - Launch Site: Woomera. Launch Complex: LA6. Launch Pad: LA6A. Launch Vehicle: Europa. Model: Blue Streak. LV Configuration: Blue Streak F-1.
  • Blue Streak only. Successful. Agency: ELDO. Apogee: 157 km (97 mi). References: 5, 814. Level: 1.
1964 July 6 - 19:23 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark 7C ESRO S01/1.
  • ESRO S01/1 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 180 km (110 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1964 July 8 - 19:22 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark 7C ESRO S01/2.
  • ESRO S01/2 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 180 km (110 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1964 October 19 - 23:00 GMT - Launch Site: Woomera. Launch Complex: LA6. Launch Pad: LA6A. Launch Vehicle: Europa. Model: Blue Streak. LV Configuration: Blue Streak F-2.
  • Blue Streak only. Successful. Agency: ELDO. Apogee: 243 km (150 mi). References: 5, 1796. Level: 1.
1964 October 30 - Launch Site: Ile du Levant. Launch Vehicle: Centaure.
  • ESRO C02 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 1101. Level: 1.
1965 March 21 - 23:08 GMT - Launch Site: Woomera. Launch Complex: LA6. Launch Pad: LA6A. Launch Vehicle: Europa. Model: Blue Streak. LV Configuration: Blue Streak F-3.
  • Blue Streak only. Successful. Agency: ELDO. Apogee: 263 km (163 mi). References: 5, 1796. Level: 1.
1965 March 31 - 14:34 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark S03/1. FAILURE: Failure.
  • ESRO S03/1 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 45 km (27 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1965 April 3 - 12:54 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark S03/2.
  • ESRO S03/2 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 155 km (96 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1965 August 11 - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark 7C S05/1.
  • ESRO S05/1 Ultraviolet Astronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 215 km (133 mi). References: 1836. Level: 1.
1965 September 30 - 04:15 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 S04/1.
  • ESRO S04/1 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 225 km (139 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1965 October 2 - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark 7C S04/2.
  • ESRO S04/2 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi). References: 1836. Level: 1.
1965 December 7 - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Centaure.
  • ESRO C07/1 Aeronomy mission? Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 1053. Level: 1.
1965 December 11 - 04:05 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Centaure.
  • ESRO C07/2 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 180 km (110 mi). References: 1101. Level: 1.
1965 December 14 - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-6.
  • ESRO C06/1 Solar X-ray mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 1836. Level: 1.
1966 February 4 - 23:19 GMT - Launch Site: Andoya. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-16.
  • ESRO C15/1 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 120 km (70 mi). References: 785. Level: 1.
1966 February 11 - 02:03 GMT - Launch Site: Andoya. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-15. FAILURE: Failure.
  • ESRO C15/2 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 20 km (12 mi). References: 785. Level: 2.
1966 February 22 - 18:28 GMT - Launch Site: Andoya. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-13.
  • ESRO C14/1 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 115 km (71 mi). References: 785. Level: 1.
1966 February 23 - 23:14 GMT - Launch Site: Andoya. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-14.
  • ESRO C14/2 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 117 km (72 mi). References: 785. Level: 1.
1966 March 9 - 22:20 GMT - Launch Site: Andoya. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-12.
  • ESRO C13/1 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 94 km (58 mi). References: 785. Level: 2.
1966 March 10 - 22:25 GMT - Launch Site: Andoya. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-11.
  • ESRO C13/2 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 114 km (70 mi). References: 785. Level: 1.
1966 May 15 - 05:03 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-5.
  • ESRO C06/2 Solar X-ray mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi). Launched from Karystos, Evvoia, Hellas - Latitude: 38.01 N - Longitude: 24.42 E. References: 1592. Level: 1.
1966 May 15 - 09:51 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Boosted Arcas. LV Configuration: Boosted Arcas AE001.
  • ESRO A23/1 Ionosphere-solar Eclipse mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 110 km (60 mi). Launched from Karystos, Evvoia, Hellas - Latitude: 38.01 N - Longitude: 24.42 E. References: 1592. Level: 1.
1966 May 20 - 11:40 GMT - Launch Site: Koroni. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-20.
  • ESRO C22/2 Solar Ultraviolet mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 114 km (70 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1966 May 20 - 10:40 GMT - Launch Site: Koroni. Launch Complex: LP2. Launch Vehicle: Boosted Arcas. LV Configuration: Boosted Arcas A006.
  • ESRO A23/6 Ionosphere-solar Eclipse mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 103 km (64 mi). Launched from Koroni, Peloponnisos, Hellas (beach launch area) - Latitude: 36.77 N, Longitude:21.95 E. References: 1592. Level: 1.
1966 May 20 - 10:10 GMT - Launch Site: Koroni. Launch Complex: LP2. Launch Vehicle: Boosted Arcas. LV Configuration: Boosted Arcas A005. FAILURE: Failure.
  • ESRO A23/5 Ionosphere-solar Eclipse mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 7.00 km (4.30 mi). Launched from Koroni, Peloponnisos, Hellas (beach launch area) - Latitude: 36.77 N, Longitude:21.95 E. References: 1592. Level: 2.
1966 May 20 - 09:41 GMT - Launch Site: Koroni. Launch Complex: LP2. Launch Vehicle: Boosted Arcas. LV Configuration: Boosted Arcas A004.
  • ESRO A23/4 Ionosphere-solar Eclipse mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 102 km (63 mi). Launched from Koroni, Peloponnisos, Hellas (beach launch area) - Latitude: 36.77 N, Longitude:21.95 E. References: 1592. Level: 1.
1966 May 20 - 09:01 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Boosted Arcas. LV Configuration: Boosted Arcas A003.
  • ESRO A23/3 Ionosphere-solar Eclipse mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 99 km (61 mi). Launched from Karystos, Evvoia, Hellas - Latitude: 38.01 N - Longitude: 24.42 E. References: 1592. Level: 2.
1966 May 20 - 08:38 GMT - Launch Site: Koroni. Launch Complex: LP2. Launch Vehicle: Boosted Arcas. LV Configuration: Boosted Arcas AE002. FAILURE: Failure.
  • ESRO A23/2 Ionosphere-solar Eclipse mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 90 km (55 mi). Launched from Koroni, Peloponnisos, Hellas (beach launch area) - Latitude: 36.77 N, Longitude:21.95 E. References: 1592. Level: 2.
1966 May 20 - 09:30 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-19.
  • ESRO C22/1 Solar Ultraviolet mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 118 km (73 mi). Launched from Karystos, Evvoia, Hellas - Latitude: 38.01 N - Longitude: 24.42 E. References: 1592. Level: 1.
1966 May 23 - 23:36 GMT - Launch Site: Woomera. Launch Complex: LA6. Launch Pad: LA6A. Launch Vehicle: Europa. Model: ELDO A. LV Configuration: ELDO A F-4. FAILURE: Flight terminated after 136 seconds.
  • Active first stage with dummy upper stages and satellite. and satellite. Flight terminated after 136 seconds. Agency: ELDO. Apogee: 86 km (53 mi). References: 756. Level: 1.
1966 June 16 - 19:20 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark 7C S17/1.
  • ESRO S17/1 Aeronomy/Barium release mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 230 km (140 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1966 June 18 - 02:35 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark 7C S17/2.
  • ESRO S17/2 Aeronomy/Barium release mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 220 km (130 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1966 June 20 - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark 7C S08/1.
  • ESRO S08/1 (SK7) Aeronomy/SUltraviolet mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 220 km (130 mi). References: 753. Level: 1.
1966 June 27 - 17:05 GMT - Launch Site: Hammaguira. Launch Complex: Blandine. Launch Vehicle: Veronique. Model: Veronique AGI. LV Configuration: Veronique AGI AGI/60.
  • Test mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 123 km (76 mi). FU154 Technology (recovery) mission. References: 793. Level: 1.
1966 June 28 - 02:53 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark 7C S08/2.
  • ESRO S08/2 (SK8) Aeronomy/SUltraviolet mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 228 km (141 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1966 July 8 - 19:47 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark 7C S18/1.
  • ESRO S18/1 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi). References: 1836. Level: 1.
1966 Jul 13 1944? - 19:44 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark 7C S18/2.
  • ESRO S18/2 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 240 km (140 mi). References: 1102. Level: 1.
1966 July 20 - 17:01 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Belier.
  • ESRO B12/1 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 65 km (40 mi). References: 1102. Level: 2.
1966 July 25 - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Belier.
  • ESRO B12/2 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 1102. Level: 2.
1966 November 14 - 20:38 GMT - Launch Site: Woomera. Launch Complex: LA6. Launch Pad: LA6A. Launch Vehicle: Europa. Model: ELDO A. LV Configuration: ELDO A F-5.
  • Active first stage with dummy upper stages and satellite. Flight successful. Agency: ELDO. Apogee: 120 km (70 mi). References: 5, 1796. Level: 1.
1966 November 20 - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure.
  • ESRO C21/1 Auroral/Chemical release mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 1102. Level: 1.
1966 November 26 - 19:11 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 S11/2. FAILURE: Failure.
  • ESRO S11/2 (SK16) Ultraviolet Astronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 3.00 km (1.80 mi). References: 572. Level: 2.
1966 November 29 - 01:06 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-8.
  • ESRO C9/1 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 147 km (91 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1966 November 30 - 22:04 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-7.
  • ESRO C9/2 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 145 km (90 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1967 February 4 - 23:54 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-22.
  • ESRO C21/2 Auroral/Chemical release mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 128 km (79 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1967 February 16 - 07:37 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-9.
  • ESRO C10/1 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 148 km (91 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1967 February 22 - 07:12 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-10.
  • ESRO C10/2 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 145 km (90 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1967 April 19 - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. Model: Centaure 2B. LV Configuration: Centaure 2B CE-24/1.
  • ESRO C24/1 Test mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 128 km (79 mi). References: 1836. Level: 1.
1967 May 22 - 00:12 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 S11/1.
  • ESRO S11/1 Ultraviolet Astronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 230 km (140 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1967 May 25 - 23:24 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 S05/2.
  • ESRO S05/2 Ultraviolet Astronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 215 km (133 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1967 May 30 - 02:06 GMT - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: SLC5. Launch Pad: SLC5. Launch Vehicle: Scout B. Model: Scout B. LV Configuration: Scout B S152C. FAILURE: Third stage failure.
  • ESRO 2A Payload: Iris 1. Mass: 74 kg (163 lb). Class: Technology. Spacecraft: ESRO. Agency: ESRO. COSPAR: F670530A. Decay Date: 1967-05-29. References: 5, 126. Level: 1.
1967 July 31 - 00:58 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-31.
  • ESRO C32/1 Meteorite mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 128 km (79 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1967 July 31 - 00:31 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-30.
  • ESRO C20/1 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 127 km (78 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1967 August 4 - 03:53 GMT - Launch Site: Woomera. Launch Complex: LA6. Launch Pad: LA6A. Launch Vehicle: Europa. Model: Europa I. LV Configuration: Europa I F-6/1. FAILURE: Second stage failed to ignite.
  • Active first and second stages with dummy third stage and satellite. Agency: ELDO. Apogee: 180 km (110 mi). References: 5, 126, 901. Level: 1.
1967 September 27 - 13:32 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark 7C S26/1.
  • ESRO S26/1 Ionosphere-solar mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 183 km (113 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1967 October 4 - 13:23 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark 7C S19/1.
  • ESRO S19/1 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 206 km (128 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1967 October 4 - 13:12 GMT - Launch Site: Andoya. Launch Vehicle: Dragon. LV Configuration: Dragon DE-35.
  • ESRO D34/1 Solar X-ray/Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 248 km (154 mi). Level: 1.
1967 October 7 - 10:32 GMT - Launch Site: Andoya. Launch Vehicle: Dragon. LV Configuration: Dragon DE-30.
  • ESRO D30/1 Solar X-ray/Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 233 km (144 mi). Level: 1.
1967 October 7 - 14:50 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark 7C S26/2.
  • ESRO S26/2 Ionosphere-solar mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 164 km (101 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1967 October 10 - 14:01 GMT - Launch Site: Andoya. Launch Vehicle: Dragon. LV Configuration: Dragon DE-36. FAILURE: Failure.
  • ESRO D34/2 Solar X-ray/Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 1.00 km (0.60 mi). Level: 2.
1967 October 10 - 14:33 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark 7C S19/2.
  • ESRO S19/2 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 204 km (126 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1967 November 24 - 10:37 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-36. FAILURE: Failure.
  • ESRO C13/P Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 160 km (90 mi). References: 753. Level: 1.
1967 November 26 - 19:44 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-17.
  • ESRO C31/2 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 125 km (77 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1967 December 4 - 21:01 GMT - Launch Site: Woomera. Launch Complex: LA6. Launch Pad: LA6A. Launch Vehicle: Europa. Model: Europa I. LV Configuration: Europa I F-6/2. FAILURE: First and second stages failed to separate.
  • Active first and second stages with dummy third stage and satellite. Agency: ELDO. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi). References: 5, 126, 815. Level: 1.
1967 December 6 - 21:21 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-2.
  • ESRO C31/1 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 129 km (80 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1968 February 1 - 05:42 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-34.
  • ESRO C36/1 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1968 February 4 - 05:33 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-35.
  • ESRO C36/2 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 146 km (90 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1968 March 6 - 21:35 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-37.
  • ESRO C14/P Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 155 km (96 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1968 March 26 - 23:41 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 1. LV Configuration: Skylark 1 S16/1.
  • ESRO S16/1 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 171 km (106 mi). References: 1103. Level: 1.
1968 May 8 - 11:47 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-46.
  • ESRO C33/1 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 53 km (32 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1968 May 14 - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Belier. Model: Belier III. LV Configuration: Belier III 306.
  • Test mission Agency: ESRO/CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.
1968 May 15 - 12:24 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-47.
  • ESRO C33/2 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 80 km (49 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1968 May 17 - 02:06 GMT - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: SLC5. Launch Pad: SLC5. Launch Vehicle: Scout B. Model: Scout B. LV Configuration: Scout B S161C.
  • ESRO 2B Payload: IRIS. Mass: 75 kg (165 lb). Class: Technology. Spacecraft: ESRO. Agency: ESRO EST. Perigee: 334 km (207 mi). Apogee: 1,085 km (674 mi). Inclination: 97.20 deg. Period: 99.00 min. COSPAR: 1968-041A. USAF Sat Cat: 3233. Decay Date: 1971-05-08. References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1968 May 20 - 16:20 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-38.
  • ESRO C42/1 Meteorites mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 135 km (83 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1968 May 22 - 17:29 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Dragon. LV Configuration: Dragon D-31. FAILURE: Failure.
  • ESRO D30/2 Ionosphere-solar mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 440 km (270 mi). References: 1103. Level: 1.
1968 June 7 - 15:26 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-44.
  • ESRO C42/2 Meteorites mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 131 km (81 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1968 June 8 - 21:01 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-32.
  • ESRO C32/2 Meteorites mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 135 km (83 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1968 July 30 - 22:53 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-31.
  • ESRO C20/2 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 135 km (83 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1968 August 12 - 12:04 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Vehicle: Boosted Arcas. LV Configuration: Boosted Arcas AE007.
  • ESRO A50/1 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 96 km (59 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1968 August 25 - 16:41 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Vehicle: Boosted Arcas. LV Configuration: Boosted Arcas AE008.
  • ESRO A50/2 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 109 km (67 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1968 October 3 - 20:49 GMT - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: SLC5. Launch Pad: SLC5. Launch Vehicle: Scout B. Model: Scout B. LV Configuration: Scout B S167C.
  • ESRO 1A Payload: Aurorae. Mass: 81 kg (178 lb). Class: Technology. Spacecraft: ESRO. Agency: ESRO. Perigee: 258 km (160 mi). Apogee: 1,538 km (955 mi). Inclination: 93.80 deg. Period: 103.00 min. COSPAR: 1968-084A. USAF Sat Cat: 3459. Decay Date: 1970-06-26. Aurora, polar ionosphere investigations. References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1968 October 7 - 21:40 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 S47/1.
  • ESRO S47/1 Ultraviolet Astronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1968 October 8 - 11:43 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C35.
  • ESRO C35/1 X-ray Astronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1968 October 15 - 16:32 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-39.
  • ESRO C45/1 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 160 km (90 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1968 November 1 - 04:59 GMT - Launch Site: Andoya. Launch Vehicle: Sidewinder-Arcas. LV Configuration: Sidewinder-Arcas NASA 15.24II. FAILURE: Failure.
  • Arcas VI PCA Ionosphere/Plasma/Field mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 80 km (49 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1968 November 1 - 04:40 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure CE-50.
  • ESRO C45/2 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 167 km (103 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1968 November 22 - 11:16 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3 AC. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 AC S41.
  • ESRO S41/1 Solar X-ray mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 210 km (130 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1968 November 25 - 00:42 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S43/1.
  • ESRO S43/1 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 210 km (130 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1968 November 29 - 23:12 GMT - Launch Site: Woomera. Launch Complex: LA6. Launch Pad: LA6A. Launch Vehicle: Europa. Model: Europa I. FAILURE: Third stage exploded.
  • STV 1 / Europa F-7 Mass: 249 kg (548 lb). Class: Technology. Spacecraft: STV. Agency: ELDO. Apogee: 230 km (140 mi). COSPAR: F681129A. Decay Date: 1968-11-30. First attempt by ELDO to launch a satellite to orbit. Satellite Test Vehicle payload. References: 5, 126. Level: 1.
1968 December 3 - 20:38 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 S27/1.
  • ESRO S27/1 Ultraviolet Astronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 198 km (123 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1968 December 5 - 18:55 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: LC17. Launch Pad: LC17B. Launch Vehicle: Delta E. Model: Thor Delta E1. LV Configuration: Thor Delta E1 481/D61.
  • HEOS 1 Payload: HEOS A1. Mass: 108 kg (238 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Magnetosphere. Spacecraft: HEOS. Agency: ESRO. Perigee: 20,020 km (12,430 mi). Apogee: 202,780 km (126,000 mi). Inclination: 60.50 deg. Period: 6,704.30 min. COSPAR: 1968-109A. USAF Sat Cat: 3595. Decay Date: 1975-10-28. Highly Eccentric Orbiting Satellite; examined magnetic fields outside of Earth's magnetosphere. Spacecraft engaged in research and exploration of the upper atmosphere or outer space (US Cat B). References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1969 February 25 - 14:21 GMT - Launch Site: Andoya. Launch Vehicle: Sidewinder-Arcas.
  • ESRO A40/3 Ionosphere/Plasma/Field mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 86 km (53 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1969 February 25 - 23:50 GMT - Launch Site: Andoya. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. Model: Centaure 2B. LV Configuration: Centaure 2B CE.
  • ESRO C49/2 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 128 km (79 mi). References: 1104. Level: 1.
1969 February 25 - 21:37 GMT - Launch Site: Andoya. Launch Vehicle: Sidewinder-Arcas.
  • ESRO A40/4 Ionosphere/Plasma/Field mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 68 km (42 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1969 February 25 - 16:33 GMT - Launch Site: Andoya. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. Model: Centaure 2B. LV Configuration: Centaure 2B CE.
  • ESRO C49/1 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 136 km (84 mi). References: 1104. Level: 1.
1969 March 15 - 22:31 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C52/1.
  • ESRO C52/1 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 136 km (84 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1969 March 15 - 20:54 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S43/2.
  • ESRO S43/2 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 211 km (131 mi). References: 1104. Level: 1.
1969 April 13 - 08:43 GMT - Launch Site: Andoya. Launch Vehicle: Sidewinder-Arcas.
  • ESRO A40/7 Ionosphere/Plasma/Field mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 51 km (31 mi). References: 785. Level: 2.
1969 April 13 - 10:40 GMT - Launch Site: Andoya. Launch Vehicle: Sidewinder-Arcas.
  • ESRO A40/5 Ionosphere/Plasma/Field mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 66 km (41 mi). References: 785. Level: 2.
1969 April 14 - 20:00 GMT - Launch Site: Andoya. Launch Vehicle: Sidewinder-Arcas.
  • ESRO A40/6 Ionosphere/Plasma/Field mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 56 km (34 mi). References: 785. Level: 2.
1969 April 14 - 18:15 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C39/1. FAILURE: Failure.
  • ESRO C39/1 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 5.00 km (3.10 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1969 April 14 - 17:11 GMT - Launch Site: Andoya. Launch Vehicle: Sidewinder-Arcas.
  • ESRO A40/2 Ionosphere/Plasma/Field mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 59 km (36 mi). References: 785. Level: 2.
1969 April 15 - 11:03 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C39/2.
  • ESRO C39/2 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 134 km (83 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1969 June 5 - 19:28 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C35/2.
  • ESRO C35/2 X-ray Astronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 1104. Level: 1.
1969 July 2 - 22:55 GMT - Launch Site: Woomera. Launch Complex: LA6. Launch Pad: LA6A. Launch Vehicle: Europa. Model: Europa I. FAILURE: Third stage failed.
  • Europa F-8 / STV 2 Payload: STV 2. Class: Technology. Spacecraft: STV. Agency: ELDO. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi). COSPAR: F690702A. References: 279. Level: 1.
1969 July 5 - 19:45 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark 7C S38/1.
  • ESRO S38/1 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi). References: 1104. Level: 1.
1969 July 6 - 19:50 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 S64/1.
  • ESRO S64/1 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 275 km (170 mi). References: 1104. Level: 1.
1969 July 11 - 19:42 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark 7C S38/2.
  • ESRO S38/2 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 203 km (126 mi). References: 1104. Level: 1.
1969 July 13 - 19:41 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 S64/2.
  • ESRO S64/2 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 280 km (170 mi). References: 1104. Level: 1.
1969 August 11 - 01:30 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C51/1.
  • ESRO C51/1 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 112 km (69 mi). References: 1104. Level: 1.
1969 August 14 - 02:01 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C58/1.
  • ESRO C58/1 Meteorites mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 112 km (69 mi). References: 1104. Level: 1.
1969 October 1 - 22:29 GMT - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: SLC5. Launch Pad: SLC5. Launch Vehicle: Scout B. Model: Scout B. LV Configuration: Scout B S172C. FAILURE: Partial Failure.
  • ESRO 1B Payload: Boreas. Mass: 80 kg (176 lb). Class: Technology. Spacecraft: ESRO. Agency: ESRO. Perigee: 298 km (185 mi). Apogee: 378 km (234 mi). Inclination: 85.00 deg. Period: 91.30 min. COSPAR: 1969-083A. USAF Sat Cat: 4114. Decay Date: 1969-11-23. Ionospheric and auroral investigations; lower than planned orbit. Fourth satellite of ESRO. Also registered by the United States in A/AC.105/INF.220 as United States space object 1969-83A, with category B and orbital parameters 90.6 min, 280 x 339 km x 85.1 deg. References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1969 October 5 - 22:28 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S29/1.
  • ESRO S29/1 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 225 km (139 mi). References: 1104. Level: 1.
1969 October 10 - 20:01 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C52/2.
  • ESRO C52/2 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 135 km (83 mi). References: 1045. Level: 1.
1969 October 17 - 22:27 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S29/2.
  • ESRO S29/2 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 225 km (139 mi). References: 1104. Level: 1.
1969 October 24 - 05:44 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark 7C S68/1.
  • ESRO S68/1 X-ray Astronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 184 km (114 mi). References: 1104. Level: 1.
1969 November 10 - 21:00 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S46/1.
  • ESRO S46/1 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 214 km (132 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1969 November 27 - 06:31 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C62/2.
  • ESRO C62/2 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 164 km (101 mi). References: 1104. Level: 1.
1969 November 27 - 05:29 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C62/1.
  • ESRO C62/1 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 160 km (90 mi). References: 1104. Level: 1.
1970 January 24 - 14:27 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 1. LV Configuration: Skylark 1 S56A/1.
  • ESRO S56A/1 Ionosphere-solar mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1970 February 4 - 05:26 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C57/1.
  • ESRO C57/1 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 February 6 - 19:42 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2 AC. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 AC S44/1.
  • ESRO S44/1 Ultraviolet Astronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 211 km (131 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 February 14 - 16:16 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S66/2.
  • ESRO S66/2 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 210 km (130 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 February 23 - 16:50 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C37/1.
  • ESRO C37/1 Ionosphere Barium release mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 210 km (130 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 February 24 - 19:10 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S70/1.
  • ESRO S70/1 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 186 km (115 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 February 25 - 16:33 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S61/1.
  • ESRO S61/1 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 220 km (130 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 February 26 - 04:47 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S61/2.
  • ESRO S61/2 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 225 km (139 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 April 2 - 01:46 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S66/1.
  • ESRO S66/1 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 198 km (123 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 April 3 - 01:22 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C57/2.
  • ESRO C57/2 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 173 km (107 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 April 4 - 19:12 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S28/1.
  • ESRO S28/1 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 203 km (126 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 June 7 - 07:26 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C48/1.
  • ESRO C48/1 Solar Ultraviolet mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 162 km (100 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 June 12 - 01:10 GMT - Launch Site: Woomera. Launch Complex: LA6. Launch Pad: LA6A. Launch Vehicle: Europa. Model: Europa I. FAILURE: Payload fairing failed to seperate.
  • Europa F-9 / STV 3 Class: Technology. Spacecraft: STV. Agency: ELDO. Apogee: 2,000 km (1,200 mi). COSPAR: F700612A. Decay Date: 1970-06-12. References: 5, 126. Level: 1.
1970 June 22 - 14:04 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S68/2. FAILURE: Failure.
  • ESRO S68/2 X-ray Astronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 3.00 km (1.80 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1970 July 3 - 19:51 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 1. LV Configuration: Skylark 1 S63/2.
  • ESRO S63/2 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 July 8 - 19:45 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 1. LV Configuration: Skylark 1 S63/1.
  • ESRO S63/1 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 149 km (92 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 July 23 - 13:55 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 1. LV Configuration: Skylark 1 S56A/2.
  • ESRO S56A/2 Ionosphere-solar mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 137 km (85 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 July 24 - 03:26 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 1. LV Configuration: Skylark 1 S65/1.
  • ESRO S65/1 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 125 km (77 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 July 27 - 04:16 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 1. LV Configuration: Skylark 1 S65/2.
  • ESRO S65/2 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 128 km (79 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 August 9 - 23:40 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C58/2.
  • ESRO C58/2 Ionosphere/Meteorites mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 114 km (70 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 August 10 - 00:50 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C51/2.
  • ESRO C51/2 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 154 km (95 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 August 19 - 11:03 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C48/2.
  • ESRO C48/2 Solar Ultraviolet mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 163 km (101 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 October 27 - 20:34 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S67/1.
  • ESRO S67/1 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 229 km (142 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 October 29 - 21:39 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S67/2.
  • ESRO S67/2 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 234 km (145 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1970 December 6 - 11:00 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 S69.
  • ESRO S69 X-ray Astronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 187 km (116 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 January 8 - 15:02 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Vehicle: Skua. LV Configuration: Skua Sk83/1.
  • ESRO Sk83/1 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 67 km (41 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1971 January 15 - 15:25 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Vehicle: Skua. LV Configuration: Skua Sk83/2.
  • ESRO Sk83/2 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 69 km (42 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1971 January 17 - 16:00 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Vehicle: Skua. LV Configuration: Skua Sk83/3.
  • ESRO Sk83/3 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 35 km (21 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1971 January 17 - 14:48 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C37/2.
  • ESRO C37/2 Ionosphere Barium release mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 215 km (133 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 January 19 - 15:20 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Vehicle: Skua. LV Configuration: Skua Sk83/4.
  • ESRO Sk83/4 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 71 km (44 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1971 January 21 - 15:07 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Vehicle: Skua. LV Configuration: Skua Sk83/5.
  • ESRO Sk83/5 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 69 km (42 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1971 January 23 - 15:53 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Vehicle: Skua. LV Configuration: Skua Sk83/6.
  • ESRO Sk83/6 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 67 km (41 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1971 January 25 - 15:10 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Vehicle: Skua. LV Configuration: Skua Sk83/7.
  • ESRO Sk83/7 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 68 km (42 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1971 January 25 - 12:38 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C60/1.
  • ESRO C60/1 Chemical release/particles mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 175 km (108 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 January 26 - 13:22 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Vehicle: Petrel. LV Configuration: Petrel P40/1.
  • ESRO P40/1 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 145 km (90 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 January 26 - 10:50 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C60/2.
  • ESRO C60/2 Chemical release/particles mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 167 km (103 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 January 27 - 23:02 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C78/1.
  • ESRO C78/1 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 January 27 - 15:25 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Vehicle: Skua. LV Configuration: Skua Sk83/8.
  • ESRO Sk83/8 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 47 km (29 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1971 January 28 - 18:33 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S46/2.
  • ESRO S46/2 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 218 km (135 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 January 29 - 17:21 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Vehicle: Skua. LV Configuration: Skua Sk83/9.
  • ESRO Sk83/9 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 71 km (44 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1971 January 31 - 16:45 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Vehicle: Skua. LV Configuration: Skua Sk83/10.
  • ESRO Sk83/10 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 70 km (43 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1971 February 3 - 18:12 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Vehicle: Skua. LV Configuration: Skua Sk83/11.
  • ESRO Sk83/11 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 68 km (42 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1971 February 6 - 18:30 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 S80/1.
  • ESRO S80/1 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 222 km (137 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 February 6 - 23:22 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 S80/2.
  • ESRO S80/2 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 226 km (140 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 February 7 - 03:45 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 S80/3.
  • ESRO S80/3 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 214 km (132 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 February 8 - 20:48 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Vehicle: Skua. LV Configuration: Skua Sk83/12.
  • ESRO Sk83/12 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 48 km (29 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1971 February 9 - 18:00 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Vehicle: Skua. LV Configuration: Skua Sk83/13.
  • ESRO Sk83/13 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 67 km (41 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1971 February 11 - 17:50 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Vehicle: Skua. LV Configuration: Skua Sk83/14.
  • ESRO Sk83/14 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 65 km (40 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1971 February 12 - 17:30 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Vehicle: Skua. LV Configuration: Skua Sk83/15.
  • ESRO Sk83/15 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 67 km (41 mi). References: 1592. Level: 2.
1971 February 26 - 10:18 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3 AC. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 AC S54. FAILURE: Failure.
  • ESRO S54 Solar X-ray mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 250 km (150 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 March 11 - 08:56 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3 AC. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 AC S55.
  • ESRO S55 X-ray Astronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 159 km (98 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 March 12 - 21:14 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S16/2.
  • ESRO S16/2 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 143 km (88 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 March 15 - 17:55 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S87/1.
  • ESRO S87/1 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 188 km (116 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 March 24 - 18:32 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S87/2.
  • ESRO S87/2 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 190 km (110 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 March 25 - 13:50 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. LV Configuration: Skylark 7C S56B/1. FAILURE: Failure.
  • ESRO S56B/1 Ionosphere-solar mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 May 14 - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 1. LV Configuration: Skylark 1 S56B/2.
  • ESRO S56B/2 Ionosphere-solar mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 190 km (110 mi). References: 788. Level: 1.
1971 July 2 - 10:55 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3 AC. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 AC S73.
  • ESRO S73 Solar X-ray/Zodiacal mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 224 km (139 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 July 30 - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Zenit. LV Configuration: Zenit Zenit-Cuckoo. FAILURE: Faulty stage separation, premature nose fairing ejection.
  • ESRO Z82/1 Meteorites mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 1106. Level: 1.
1971 July 31 - 00:21 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C59/1.
  • ESRO C59/1 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 August 1 - 00:29 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C59/2.
  • ESRO C59/2 Aeronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 September 29 - 16:00 GMT - Launch Site: Woomera. Launch Complex: LA2. Launch Pad: LA2 SL. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 S47/2.
  • ESRO S47/2 Ultraviolet Astronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 210 km (130 mi). References: 1836. Level: 1.
1971 October 20 - 09:40 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3 AC. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 AC S89.
  • ESRO S89 X-ray Astronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 210 km (130 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 November 5 - 13:00 GMT - Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: CECLES. Launch Pad: CECLES. Launch Vehicle: Europa. Model: Europa II. FAILURE: Structural failure of third stage. Guidance signals were reversed.
  • Europa F-11 / STV 4 Class: Technology. Spacecraft: STV 4. Agency: ELDO. Apogee: 27 km (16 mi). COSPAR: F711105A. Decay Date: 1971-11-05. References: 5, 126. Level: 1.
1971 November 16 - 00:04 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2 AC. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 AC S44/2. FAILURE: Failure.
  • ESRO S44/2 Ultraviolet Astronomy mission Agency: ESRO. References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 November 22 - 21:08 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. Model: Centaure 2A. LV Configuration: Centaure 2A CE-67.
  • ESRO C78/2 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 November 25 - 17:13 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S70/2.
  • ESRO S70/2 Ionosphere/VLF Radio mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 190 km (110 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1971 December 14 - 12:11 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S82.
  • ESRO S82/2 Meteorites mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 151 km (93 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1972 January 21 - 19:02 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C76/1.
  • ESRO C76/1 Particles/Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1972 January 22 - 00:58 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: C. Launch Vehicle: Centaure. LV Configuration: Centaure C76/2.
  • ESRO C76/2 Particles/Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1972 January 31 - 17:20 GMT - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: SLC2. Launch Pad: SLC2E. Launch Vehicle: Delta L. Model: Thor Delta L. LV Configuration: Thor Delta L 564/D87.
  • HEOS 2 Payload: HEOS A2. Mass: 123 kg (271 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Magnetosphere. Spacecraft: HEOS. Agency: ESRO. Perigee: 405 km (251 mi). Apogee: 240,164 km (149,230 mi). Inclination: 89.90 deg. Period: 7,477.10 min. COSPAR: 1972-005A. USAF Sat Cat: 5814. Decay Date: 1974-08-02. Highly Eccentric Orbiting Satellite; particles and fields data. Fifth satellite of ESRO. Also registered as US object 1972-05A in A/AC.105/INF.248 with orbit 7835.4 min, 439 x 248160 km x 90.2 deg, category B. References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1972 February 28 - 09:47 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3 AC. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 AC S90.
  • ESRO S90 Solar Ultraviolet mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 251 km (155 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1972 February 28 - 05:54 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3 AC. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 AC S84.
  • ESRO S84 Solar Ultraviolet mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 242 km (150 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1972 March 2 - 22:27 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 4. LV Configuration: Skylark 4 S77/1.
  • ESRO S77/1 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 237 km (147 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1972 March 12 - 01:55 GMT - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: SLC2. Launch Pad: SLC2E. Launch Vehicle: Delta N. Model: Thor Delta N. LV Configuration: Thor Delta N 573/D88.
  • TD-1A; Thor Delta 1A Payload: TD 1A. Mass: 472 kg (1,040 lb). Class: Technology. Spacecraft: TD-1A. Agency: ESRO. Perigee: 523 km (324 mi). Apogee: 550 km (340 mi). Inclination: 97.60 deg. Period: 95.40 min. COSPAR: 1972-014A. USAF Sat Cat: 5879. Decay Date: 1980-01-09. Sixth satellite of ESRO. Also registered as US object 1972-14A in A/AC.105/INF.255 with orbit 95.3 min, 525 x 548 km x 97.5 deg, category B. References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1972 March 24 - 23:31 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S75/1.
  • ESRO S75/1 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 136 km (84 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1972 March 30 - 01:25 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 4. LV Configuration: Skylark 4 S75/2.
  • ESRO S75/2 Ionosphere mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 133 km (82 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1972 June 25 - 14:47 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3 AC. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 AC S91.
  • ESRO S91 X-ray Astronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 213 km (132 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1972 September 24 - 21:50 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 4. LV Configuration: Skylark 4 S77/2.
  • ESRO S77/2 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 227 km (141 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.
1972 October 13 - 00:26 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: S. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 2. LV Configuration: Skylark 2 S105.
  • ESRO S105 Auroral mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 207 km (128 mi). References: 1107. Level: 1.
1972 November 20 - 04:54 GMT - Launch Site: Salto di Quirra. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 3. LV Configuration: Skylark 3 S94.
  • ESRO S94 X-ray Astronomy mission Agency: ESRO. Apogee: 210 km (130 mi). References: 1107. Level: 1.
1972 November 22 - 00:17 GMT - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: SLC5. Launch Pad: SLC5. Launch Vehicle: Scout D. Model: Scout D-1. LV Configuration: Scout D-1 S185C.
  • ESRO 4 Mass: 114 kg (251 lb). Class: Technology. Spacecraft: ESRO. Agency: ESRO. Perigee: 245 km (152 mi). Apogee: 1,173 km (728 mi). Inclination: 91.10 deg. Period: 99.00 min. COSPAR: 1972-092A. USAF Sat Cat: 6285. Decay Date: 1974-04-15. Polar ionosphere investigations. Seventh ESRO satellite. Mass 115 kg. Also registered by the United States as 1972-92A, in A/AC.105/INF.267, with orbital parameters 98.8 min, 244 x 1160 km x 91.1 deg, category B. References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1975 August 9 - 01:48 GMT - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: SLC2. Launch Pad: SLC2W. Launch Vehicle: Delta 2000. Model: Delta 2913. LV Configuration: Delta 2913 602/D113.
  • COS-B; COS B Payload: COS B. Mass: 280 kg (610 lb). Class: Technology. Spacecraft: COS. Agency: ESA. Perigee: 442 km (274 mi). Apogee: 99,002 km (61,516 mi). Inclination: 90.30 deg. Period: 2,203.90 min. COSPAR: 1975-072A. USAF Sat Cat: 8062. Decay Date: 1986-01-18. Eighth CERS/ESRO satellite, first European Space Agency satellite. Launch time 0147:59 GMT. Argument of perigee 344.7 deg. Also registered by the United States in A/AC.105/INF.331 as 1975-72A, category B satellite with orbit 2203.9 min, 442 x 99002 km x 9 0.3 deg.References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1977 April 20 - 10:15 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: LC17. Launch Pad: LC17B. Launch Vehicle: Delta 2000. Model: Delta 2914. LV Configuration: Delta 2914 617/D130.
  • ESA-Geos 1 Payload: ESA GEOS 1. Mass: 573 kg (1,263 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Magnetosphere. Spacecraft: ESA-Geos. Agency: ESA. Perigee: 2,939 km (1,826 mi). Apogee: 38,214 km (23,745 mi). Inclination: 26.60 deg. Period: 734.00 min. COSPAR: 1977-029A. USAF Sat Cat: 9931. Spacecraft engaged in research and exploration of the upper atmosphere or outer space (US Cat B). References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1977 September 13 - 23:31 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: LC17. Launch Pad: LC17A. Launch Vehicle: Delta 3000. Model: Delta 3914. LV Configuration: Delta 3914 619/D134. FAILURE: Vehicle exploded, probably SRM case.
  • OTS 1 Mass: 865 kg (1,906 lb). Class: Technology. Spacecraft: ECS/OTS. Agency: ESA. COSPAR: F770913A. Decay Date: 1977-09-13. Orbital Test Satellite; failed to orbit. References: 5, 126. Level: 1.
1977 October 22 - 13:53 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: LC17. Launch Pad: LC17B. Launch Vehicle: Delta 2000. Model: Delta 2914. LV Configuration: Delta 2914 623/D135.
  • ISEE 2 Payload: ISEE B. Mass: 166 kg (365 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Magnetosphere. Spacecraft: ISEE. Agency: ESA. Perigee: 406 km (252 mi). Apogee: 137,765 km (85,603 mi). Inclination: 13.50 deg. Period: 3,438.50 min. COSPAR: 1977-102B. USAF Sat Cat: 10423. Decay Date: 1987-09-26. International Sun-Earth Explorer. References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1977 November 23 - 01:35 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: LC17. Launch Pad: LC17A. Launch Vehicle: Delta 2000. Model: Delta 2914. LV Configuration: Delta 2914 620/D136.
  • Meteosat 1 Mass: 697 kg (1,536 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Weather. Spacecraft: Meteosat. Agency: ESA. Perigee: 35,777 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,854 km (22,278 mi). Inclination: 11.90 deg. Period: 1,437.60 min. COSPAR: 1977-108A. USAF Sat Cat: 10489. Completed Operations Date: 1985-06-01. European Space Agency satellite. Launch time 0135 GMT. Reached definitive position, 0 deg longitude over the Gulf of Guinea, on 7 December. Launched by United States Delta rocket. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Atlantic Ocean at E-4 deg W in 1977-1981; 8E-12 deg E in 1981-1984; 2E-6 deg E in 1984-1985 As of 29 August 2001 located at 51.23 deg E drifting at 0.354 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 3 located at 11.52E drifting at 0.055W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1978 May 11 - 22:59 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: LC17. Launch Pad: LC17A. Launch Vehicle: Delta 3000. Model: Delta 3914. LV Configuration: Delta 3914 627/D141.
  • OTS 2 Payload: OTS 2. Mass: 865 kg (1,906 lb). Class: Technology. Spacecraft: ECS/OTS. Agency: ESA. Perigee: 36,085 km (22,422 mi). Apogee: 36,128 km (22,448 mi). Inclination: 13.10 deg. Period: 1,452.50 min. COSPAR: 1978-044A. USAF Sat Cat: 10855. Completed Operations Date: 1991-01-02. Orbital Test Satellite; replacement for OTS-A; communications experiments. European Space Agency satellite. Launch time 2259 GMT. Reached definitive position, 10 deg east longitude, on May 24 at 0800 GMT. Launch by US Delta rocket. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Atlantic Ocean at 10 deg E in 1978-1982 over the Atlantic Ocean 5 deg E in 1982-1990 As of 30 August 2001 located at 18.51 deg W drifting at 4.070 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 39.02E drifting at 4.083W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1978 July 14 - 10:43 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: LC17. Launch Pad: LC17A. Launch Vehicle: Delta 2000. Model: Delta 2914. LV Configuration: Delta 2914 631/D143.
  • ESA-Geos 2 Payload: ESA GEOS 2. Mass: 573 kg (1,263 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Magnetosphere. Spacecraft: ESA-Geos. Agency: ESA. Perigee: 36,027 km (22,386 mi). Apogee: 36,049 km (22,399 mi). Inclination: 14.60 deg. Period: 1,449.00 min. COSPAR: 1978-071A. USAF Sat Cat: 10981. Completed Operations Date: 1984-01-24. Magnetospheric research. European Space Agency satellite. Launch time 1043 GMT. Reached initial operational position of 6 deg East on 26 Jul 1978. During the two years of its mission, it will be maintained in position between longitude 0 and 35 deg east in geosynchronous orbit. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Atlantic Ocean at 36 deg E in 1978-1979 over the Atlantic Ocean 6-36 deg E in 1979-1981; over the Atlantic Ocean 24 deg E in 1981; over the Atlantic Ocean 33-37 deg E in 1981-1984 As of 3 September 2001 located at 177.77 deg W drifting at 3.212 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 179.12E drifting at 3.212W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1979 December 24 - 17:14 GMT - Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: ELA1. Launch Pad: ELA1. Launch Vehicle: Ariane 1. Model: Ariane 1. LV Configuration: Ariane 1 L01.
  • CAT 1 Payload: CAT 01. Mass: 1,602 kg (3,531 lb). Class: Technology. Spacecraft: CAT. Agency: ESA. Perigee: 125 km (77 mi). Apogee: 14,047 km (8,728 mi). Inclination: 17.80 deg. Period: 259.10 min. COSPAR: 1979-104A. USAF Sat Cat: 11645. Decay Date: 1982-11-14. Launch vehicle test. Technological Capsule (CAT). ESA registration number: ESA/79/2. Principal mission of the technological capsule (with ballast), which was equipped with batteries having a lifetime of approximately 8 orbits, was to transmit back to earth technological data on the first developmental flight L01 of the ARIANE launch vehicle. When the batteries were exhausted, the capsule ended its radio transmissions, and it is now inoperative but still in orbit.References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1980 May 23 - 14:29 GMT - Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: ELA1. Launch Pad: ELA1. Launch Vehicle: Ariane 1. Model: Ariane 1. LV Configuration: Ariane 1 L02. FAILURE: Failure.
  • CAT Payload: CAT. Spacecraft: CAT. Agency: ESA. COSPAR: F800523G. References: 279. Level: 1.
1981 June 19 - 12:32 GMT - Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: ELA1. Launch Pad: ELA1. Launch Vehicle: Ariane 1. Model: Ariane 1. LV Configuration: Ariane 1 L03.
  • Meteosat 2 Mass: 697 kg (1,536 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Weather. Spacecraft: Meteosat. Agency: ESA. Perigee: 36,124 km (22,446 mi). Apogee: 36,329 km (22,573 mi). Inclination: 11.10 deg. Period: 1,458.60 min. COSPAR: 1981-057A. USAF Sat Cat: 12544. Completed Operations Date: 1991-12-04. Meteosat 2 is a geostationary meteorological satellite, operating within the world wide network of the World Weather Watch of WMO. Its main missions are: Imaging in the visible, IR and water vapour region of the spectrum; data reception from so-called dat a collection platforms (DCPs); data distribution to meteorological services and other interested parties (research institutes etc). Launch time 1233:03 UT. Geostationary position 0 deg E. Designator ESA/81/03. As of 3 September 2001 located at 58.52 deg W drifting at 5.577 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 125.67W drifting at 5.583W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
  • CAT 3 Class: Technology. Spacecraft: CAT. Agency: ESA. Perigee: 261 km (162 mi). Apogee: 26,528 km (16,483 mi). Inclination: 10.70 deg. Period: 461.20 min. COSPAR: 1981-057C. USAF Sat Cat: 12546. Launch vehicle test payload. Technological capsule. ESA registration ESA/81/02. Launch time 1233:03 UT. The technological capsule, equipped with batteries for a lifetime of about six orbital revolutions, transmits to earth technological data about test flight L-03 of ARIANE. After di scharge of the battery the capsule will stop its transmissions and remain in orbit on inactive status. Frequency 136-138 MHz (transmission until 65h after launch only). Projected time of reentry 1986.References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1981 December 20 - 01:29 GMT - Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: ELA1. Launch Pad: ELA1. Launch Vehicle: Ariane 1. Model: Ariane 1. LV Configuration: Ariane 1 L04.
  • MARECS 1 Program: MARECS. Payload: MARECS A. Mass: 582 kg (1,283 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: ECS/OTS. Agency: ESA. Perigee: 36,782 km (22,855 mi). Apogee: 37,858 km (23,523 mi). Inclination: 10.80 deg. Period: 1,515.20 min. COSPAR: 1981-122A. USAF Sat Cat: 13010. Completed Operations Date: 1996-08-20. MARECS-A was a geostationary maritime communications satellite, which formed part of INMARSAT's world-wide maritime communications satellite network. MARECS-A moved to a new position on the geostationary orbit. Old position: 334E. New position: 22.5 E. The Marecs satellites were members of Inmarsat's first generation global maritime communications network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 26 deg W in 1982-1986; 178 deg E in 1986-1991; 20 deg E in 1991-1992; 22 deg E in 1992-1996 As of 1 September 2001 located at 11.08 deg W drifting at 18.839 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 168.28W drifting at 18.837W degrees per day.Additional Details: MARECS 1(2652). References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
  • CAT 4 Payload: MARECS 1 / CAT 4. Mass: 217 kg (478 lb). Class: Technology. Spacecraft: CAT. Agency: ESA. Perigee: 259 km (160 mi). Apogee: 30,744 km (19,103 mi). Inclination: 10.40 deg. Period: 536.80 min. COSPAR: 1981-122B. USAF Sat Cat: 13011. Launch vehicle test payload. References: 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
  • Tech. capsule Payload: CAT/Thesee. Class: Technology. Spacecraft: CAT. Agency: ESA. Perigee: 199 km (123 mi). Apogee: 36,051 km (22,401 mi). Inclination: 10.60 deg. Period: 636.00 min. COSPAR: 1981-122C. USAF Sat Cat: 13025. Decay Date: 1988-11-21. Ariane L-04 technological capsule, ESA designator ESA/81/04. The technological capsule, equipped with batteries for a lifetime of about 6 orbital revolutions (65h), transmits to earth technological data about test flight L-04 of Ariane. After discharge of the battery the capsule will stop its transmissions and remain in orbit in an inactive status. Frequency 136-138 MHz, projected time of reentry before 1990.References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1982 September 9 - 02:12 GMT - Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: ELA1. Launch Pad: ELA1. Launch Vehicle: Ariane 1. Model: Ariane 1. LV Configuration: Ariane 1 L5. FAILURE: Stage 3 turbopump.
  • MARECS B Program: MARECS. Payload: MARECS B. Class: Communications. Spacecraft: ECS/OTS. Agency: ESA. COSPAR: F820909A. Decay Date: 1982-09-10. Marecs B intended for maritime communications, planned for lease to Inmarsat; launched with Sirio 2. Geosynch orbit. References: 5. Level: 1.
  • Sirio 2 Program: MARECS. Payload: Sirio 2. Spacecraft: SIRIO. Agency: ESA. COSPAR: F820909B. References: 279. Level: 1.
1983 May 26 - 15:18 GMT - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: SLC2. Launch Pad: SLC2W. Launch Vehicle: Delta 3000. Model: Delta 3914. LV Configuration: Delta 3914 D169.
  • Exosat Mass: 510 kg (1,120 lb). Class: Astronomy. Spacecraft: Exosat. Agency: ESA. Perigee: 340 km (210 mi). Apogee: 191,878 km (119,227 mi). Inclination: 72.50 deg. Period: 5,442.10 min. COSPAR: 1983-051A. USAF Sat Cat: 14095. Decay Date: 1986-05-06. X-ray experiments. Launch time 1518 UT. Launching agency ESA. EXOSAT is a space research satellite of the European Space Agency. The scientific objectives of the EXOSAT mission are to measure the position, structural features, spectral and temporal characteristics of cosmic X-ray sources in the energy range from less than 0.1 keV to greater than 50 keV.References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1983 June 16 - 11:59 GMT - Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: ELA1. Launch Pad: ELA1. Launch Vehicle: Ariane 1. Model: Ariane 1. LV Configuration: Ariane 1 L6.
  • Eutelsat 1 Program: Eutelsat. Payload: ECS 1. Mass: 1,050 kg (2,310 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: ECS/OTS. Agency: Eutelsat. Perigee: 36,123 km (22,445 mi). Apogee: 36,246 km (22,522 mi). Inclination: 9.20 deg. Period: 1,456.50 min. COSPAR: 1983-058A. USAF Sat Cat: 14128. Completed Operations Date: 1996-12-11. Designator ESA/83/4. Launch time 1159 GMT. Launch agency ESA. Geostationary position 10+/- 0.1 deg E. EUTELSAT 1 is a regional geostationary telecommunication Satellite for European countries. It is operated by the EUTELSAT organization. Frequency plan: 1 36-138 MHz (S-E). 148-149.9 MHz (E-S). 10.7-11.7 GHz (S-E). 14-14.5 GHz (E-S). Positions: Document Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 10 deg E in 1983; 13 deg E in 1983-1989; 16 deg E in 1989-1991; 25 deg E in 1992-1993; 48E1993-1996; 36 deg E in 1996 As of 31 August 2001 located at 12.27 deg W drifting at 5.043 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 109.78W drifting at 5.059W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1984 August 4 - 13:32 GMT - Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: ELA1. Launch Pad: ELA1. Launch Vehicle: Ariane 2/3. Model: Ariane 3. LV Configuration: Ariane 3 V10.
  • Eutelsat 2 Program: Eutelsat. Payload: ECS 2. Mass: 700 kg (1,540 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: ECS/OTS. Agency: Eutelsat. Perigee: 36,165 km (22,471 mi). Apogee: 36,248 km (22,523 mi). Inclination: 3.00 deg. Period: 1,457.60 min. COSPAR: 1984-081A. USAF Sat Cat: 15158. Completed Operations Date: 1993-11-09. Stationed at 7 deg E. Launch time 1333 UT. Geostationary orbit position 10 +/- 0.1; afterwards 7 +/- 0.1 deg E. EUTELSAT 2 is a regional geostationary satellite for European countries. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 10 deg E in 1984; 7 deg E in 1984-1990; 2 deg E in 1991; 1 deg E in 1992-1993 As of 5 September 2001 located at 62.27 deg W drifting at 5.317 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 57.69E drifting at 5.323W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1984 November 10 - 01:14 GMT - Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: ELA1. Launch Pad: ELA1. Launch Vehicle: Ariane 2/3. Model: Ariane 3. LV Configuration: Ariane 3 V11.
  • MARECS 2 Program: MARECS. Payload: MARECS B2. Mass: 563 kg (1,241 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: ECS/OTS. Agency: ESA. Perigee: 36,556 km (22,714 mi). Apogee: 37,544 km (23,328 mi). Inclination: 9.90 deg. Period: 1,501.10 min. COSPAR: 1984-114B. USAF Sat Cat: 15386. Stationed at 177.5 deg E; maritime communications; leased by Inmarsat. Geostationary position 177.5 deg E. MARECS PAC 1 is a geostationary maritime mobile communication satellite which will form part of the INMARSAT world-wide maritime communication satellite network. 1985 Jul 1. Move to a new position. Old position: 177.5E. New position: 345 deg E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 177 deg E in 1984-1986; 26 deg W in 1986-1990; 55 deg W in 1990-1992; 15 deg W in 1992-1997; 26 deg W in 1997-on. As of 4 September 2001 located at 25.98 deg W drifting at 0.006 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 8 located at 105.63W drifting at 15.647W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1985 January -
  • XMM approved by ESA Spacecraft: XMM. The XMM mission was the second Cornerstone mission of ESA's Long-Term Space Science programme. It was proposed by the Agency's Science Programme Committee in 1984 and was approved by the ESA Council of Ministers held in Rome. Level: 1.
1985 July 2 - 11:23 GMT - Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: ELA1. Launch Pad: ELA1. Launch Vehicle: Ariane 1. Model: Ariane 1. LV Configuration: Ariane 1 V14.
  • Giotto Mass: 583 kg (1,285 lb). Class: Planetary. Type: Comet. Spacecraft: Giotto. Agency: ESA. Perigee: 201 km (124 mi). Apogee: 35,807 km (22,249 mi). Inclination: 6.90 deg. Period: 631.51 min. COSPAR: 1985-056A. USAF Sat Cat: 15875. Encountered comet Halley March 13, 1986. The Giotto mission was designed to study Comet P/Halley, and also studied Comet P/Grigg-Skjellerup during its extended mission. The spacecraft encountered Halley on March 13, 1986, at a distance of 0.89 AU from the sun and 0.98 AU from the Earth and an angle of 107 degrees from the comet-sun line. The actual closest approach was measured at 596 km. All experiments performed well and returned a wealth of new scientific results, of which perhaps the most important was the clear identification of the cometary nucleus. Fourteen seconds before closest approach, Giotto was hit by a `large' dust particle. The impact caused the spacecraft angular momentum vector to shift 0.9 degrees. Scientific data were received intermittently for the next 32 minutes. Some experiment sensors suffered damage during this 32-minute interval. Other experiments (the camera baffle and deflecting mirror, the dust detector sensors on the front sheet of the bumper shield, and most experiment apertures) were exposed to dust particles regardless of the accident and also suffered damage. Many of the sensors survived the encounter with little or no damage. Questionable or partially damaged sensors included the camera (later proved to not be functional) and one of the plasma analyzers (RPA). Inoperable experiments included the neutral and ion mass spectrometers and one sensor each on the dust detector and the other plasma analyzer (JPA). During the Giotto extended mission, the spacecraft successfully encountered Comet P/Grigg-Skjellerup on July 10, 1992. The closest approach was approximately 200 km. The heliocentric distance of the spacecraft was 1.01 AU, and the geocentric distance, 1.43 AU at the time of the encounter. The payload was switched-on in the evening of July 9. Eight experiments were operated and provided a surprising wealth of data. The Johnstone Plasma Analyser detected the first presence of cometary ions 600,000 km from the nucleus at 12 hours before the closest approach. The Dust Impact Detectors reported the first impact of a fairly large particle at 15:30:56. Bow shocks/waves and acceleration regions were also detected. After the P/Grigg-Skjellerup encounter operation were terminated on 23 July 1992. The spacecraft will fly by the Earth on 1 July 1999.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 296. Level: 1.
1987 September 16 - 00:45 GMT - Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: ELA1. Launch Pad: ELA1. Launch Vehicle: Ariane 2/3. Model: Ariane 3. LV Configuration: Ariane 3 V19.
  • Eutelsat I F4 Program: Eutelsat. Payload: ECS 4. Mass: 1,175 kg (2,590 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: ECS/OTS. Agency: Eutelsat. Perigee: 35,760 km (22,220 mi). Apogee: 35,813 km (22,253 mi). Inclination: 6.70 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 1987-078B. USAF Sat Cat: 18351. European communications; 10 deg E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 10 deg E in 1987-1988; 13 deg E in 1989-1991; 7 deg E in 1991-1993; 25 deg E in 1993-1999 As of 2 September 2001 located at 33.14 deg E drifting at 0.002 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 120.92E drifting at 5.702W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1988 June 15 - 11:19 GMT - Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: ELA2. Launch Pad: ELA2. Launch Vehicle: Ariane 44LP. Model: Ariane 44LP. LV Configuration: Ariane 44LP V22.
  • Meteosat 3 Mass: 696 kg (1,534 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Weather. Spacecraft: Meteosat. Agency: Eumetsat. Perigee: 36,723 km (22,818 mi). Apogee: 36,766 km (22,845 mi). Inclination: 7.50 deg. Period: 1,485.30 min. COSPAR: 1988-051A. USAF Sat Cat: 19215. Completed Operations Date: 1995-11-22. Stationed at 0 deg. Meteosat P2 is a geostationary meteorological satellite operating within the world wide network of the World Weather Watch of the World Meteorological Organization. Its main missions are: Imaging in the visible, IR and water vapour region of the spectrum; data reception from so-called Data Collection Platforms (DCPs); data distribution to meteorological services and other interested parties (research institutes, etc). Geostationary position 0 deg E. ESA designator ESA/88/02. Launch time 1119:33 UT. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 1 deg E in 1988-1989; 49 deg W in 1989; 4 deg W in 1990-1991; 49 deg W in 1991-1993; 75 deg W in 1993-1995; 70 deg W in 1995 As of 5 September 2001 located at 175.17 deg W drifting at 11.970 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 140.75W drifting at 11.975W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6. Level: 1.
1988 July 21 - 23:12 GMT - Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: ELA1. Launch Pad: ELA1. Launch Vehicle: Ariane 2/3. Model: Ariane 3. LV Configuration: Ariane 3 V24.
  • Eutelsat I F5 Program: Eutelsat. Payload: ECS 5. Mass: 1,185 kg (2,612 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: ECS/OTS. Agency: Eutelsat. Perigee: 36,321 km (22,568 mi). Apogee: 36,456 km (22,652 mi). Inclination: 6.10 deg. Period: 1,466.90 min. COSPAR: 1988-063B. USAF Sat Cat: 19331. Completed Operations Date: 2000-07-01. European communications; 13 deg E. ECS-5/Eutelsat I F5 is a regional geostationary telecommunications satellite for European countries. It is operated by the EUTELSAT organization. Frequency plan 136-138 MHz (S-E), 148-149.9 MHz (E-S), 10.7-11.7 GHz (S-E), 14.0-14.5 GHz (E-S). Launch time 2334:00 UT. ESA designator ESA/88/03. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 10 deg E in 1989-1991; 21 deg E in 1991-1998; 12 deg W in 1998-1999 As of 4 September 2001 loca