France Credit - © Mark Wade

• Biscarosse. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Centre d'Essais de Landes, Biscarosse, Landes. Latitude: 44°27' N. Longitude: 1°15' W.

• Ile du Levant. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Centre d'Essais de la Mediterranee, Var. Latitude: 43°03' N. Longitude: 6°28' E.

• Kerguelen. Agency: CNES. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Location: Kerguelen Range, Port-Aux-Francais. Latitude: 49°22' S. Longitude: 70°14' E.

• Kourou. Agency: CNES. Type: Orbital Launch Site. Location: Centre Spatial Guyanais, French Guyana. Latitude: 5°14' N. Longitude: 52°45' W.

• Hammaguira. Operator: France. Type: Orbital Launch Site. Location: Centre Interarmees d'Essais d'Engins Speciaux (CIEES). Latitude: 30°53' N. Longitude: 3°05' W.

• Reggane. Operator: France. Type: Suborbital Launch Site. Latitude: 26°43' N. Longitude: 0°17' E.

• AA.10. - air-to-air missile -

• AA.11. - air-to-air missile -

• AA.20. - air-to-air missile - Also AS.20 version. Developed from the AA.20, first French air-to-air missile to reach production. Several thousand built and deployed in the 1950's.

• AA.25. - air-to-air missile -

• Aerospatiale VTVL. - VTOVL orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1990. Aerospatiale vertical takeoff, vertical landing single stage to orbit study.

• Agate. - test vehicle - The Agate was the first of the 'precious stone' series of French rockets leading to the Diamant satellite launcher. The single-stage vehicle used the NA801 Mammouth solid propellant rocket developed originally for the SSBT program. The purpose of the fin-stabilised unguided rocket was to test the recoverable instrument pod planned for later missile tests. The Agate R / VE110RR version was used to develop recovery procedures at sea.

• Alarm. - anti-radar missile - Anti-SAM, AAA radar missile, active version in development.

• Antares. - test vehicle - Antares was a re-entry vehicle test booster. The first three stages lofted the fourth stage and RV model to 150 km altitude. The fourth stage then fired downward to ram the RV at Mach 7 into the atmosphere. The 4 stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Vesuve + 1 x Neptune + 1 x Mimosa + 1 x Melanie

• Apache. - air-to-surface missile - In production. Joint Franco-German weapon. Turbofan, flip-out wings, 1230 submunition warhead.

• Ariane 1. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Out of production. First successful European commercial launch vehicle, developed from L3S Europa launch vehicle replacement design. Development was authorised in July 1973, took eight years, and cost 2 billion 1986 Euros.

• Ariane 2/3. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Out of production. As Ariane 1 but with increased thrust first and second stage engines, 25% stretched third stage, 4 sec specific impulse improvement in third stage, larger internal payload fairing volume, and introduction of Sylda payload carrier for dual payloads. Ariane 3 added two solid rocket motor strap-ons. Payload of basic Ariane 2 to geosynchronous transfer orbit was 2,175 kg. Development was authorised in July 1980 and had a total cost of 144 million 1986 Euros.

• Ariane 2010. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1999. Projected version of Ariane 5 with improvements in engine and materials.

• Ariane 4. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Out of production. As Ariane 2/3 with stretched first (61%) and third stages, strengthened structure, new propulsion bay layout, new avionics, Spelda dual-payload carrier. The basic 40 version uses no strap-on motors (see Ariane 42L, 44L, 42P, 44P, 44LP for figures on varous combinations of solid and liquid propellant strap-on motors). A fully fueled Ariane core cannot lift off the ground without strap-on liquid or solid motors. When Ariane 4 is launched in this configuration, the propellant tanks of the first and second stages are not completely filled. Development was authorised in January 1982, with the objective of increasing payload by 90%. Total development cost 476 million 1986 ECU's.

• Ariane 42L. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Out of production. Ariane 4 with 2 liquid rocket strap-ons.

• Ariane 42P. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Out of production. Ariane 4 with 2 solid rocket strap-ons.

• Ariane 44L. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Out of production. Ariane 4 with 4 liquid rocket strap-ons.

• Ariane 44LP. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Out of production. Ariane 4 with 2 liquid rocket + 2 solid rocket strap-ons.

• Ariane 44P. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Out of production. Ariane 4 with 4 solid rocket strap-ons.

• Ariane 5 EC-A. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: In production. First version of the evolved Ariane 5. The solid booster motors have the propellant load increased by 2.43 tonnes while the case was now welded, for a weight saving in dry mass of 1.9 tonnes. The core was powered by the improved Vulcain 2 engine. The oxygen-rich cycle of the engine allow the oxygen bulkhead to be moved within the stage, resulting in 15.2 tonnes increase in propellant in the core. A new Lox/LH2 upper stage, using the HM7B engine and oxygen tank from the Ariane 4 series, replaced the storable propellant EPS stage of earlier models. The result was an increase in payload to geoscynchronous transfer orbit from 6 tonnes to 10.5 tonnes.

• Ariane 5 EC-B. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: In development. The ultimate evolved Ariane 5 funded as of the end of the millenium. A larger Lox/LH2 upper stage using the Vinci motor in place of the HM7B. The core remains the same. Result is an increase in GTO payload from 10.5 tonnes to 12.0 tonnes.

• Ariane 5 FLS. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1988. Partially reusable concept using Ariane 5 core with twin reusable flyback boosters.

• Ariane 5 RRL. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1993. Partially reusable concept using Ariane 5 core with flyback booster stages with Russian engines (RD-120 or RD-701).

• Ariane 5 V. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: In development. Version of the evolved Ariane 5 using a version of the EPS storable propellant stage instead of a new Lox/LH2 stage. Result is a payload to GTO of 8 tonnes. The use of the new Aestus restartable engine in the upper stage fitted the vehicle for space station logistics missions or launch of space probes requiring complex orbital maneouvres.

• Ariane 5 VTVL. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1995. Partially reusable concept using Ariane 5 core with vertical takeoff, vertical landing boosters.

• Ariane 5G. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: In production. Completely new design, with a single-engine Lox/LH2 core stage flanked by two solid rocket boosters. Preparatory work began in 1984. Full scale development began in 1988 and cost $ 8 billion. The design was sized for the Hermes manned spaceplane, later cancelled. This resulted in the booster being a bit too large for the main commercial payload, geosynchronous communications satellites. The result was that development of an uprated version capable of launching two such satellites at a time was funded in 2000.

• Armat. - anti-radar missile - Operational. Anti-radar enhanced Martel AS.37

• AS.12. - air-to-surface missile -

• AS.15. - anti-ship missile -

• AS.20. - air-to-surface missile - Two-stage rocket

• AS.30. - air-to-surface missile -

• AS.5TT. - anti-ship missile - Raytheon license. Helicopter launched.

• ASMP. - cruise missile - Tactical nuclear. ASMP-A is improved version expected to enter service in 2008.

• Aster 15. - surface-to-air missile - For naval use. In production.

• Aster 30. - surface-to-air missile - For land and naval use.

• ATAM. - air-to-air missile - Helicopter-launched.

• Aurore. - sounding rocket - Single stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Aurore

• BB-10. - air-to-surface missile - Cancelled 1957

• Belenos. - sounding rocket - 2 stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Elan + 1 x Aurore

• Belia. - sounding rocket - 2 stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Elan + 1 x Belisama

• Belier. - sounding rocket - Single stage sounding rocket, which also served as the upper stage of the Centaure and Dragon sounding rockets. The rocket was spin stabilised by small solid rocket engines on the four fins.

• Berenice. - sounding rocket - Berenice was a successor to the Antares re-entry vehicle test booster. It was nearly double the mass of Antares. The first two stages lofted the vehicle to a 270 km altitude. The expended second stage, stabilized by an aerodynamic fins remained attached to the upper stages until an altitude of 55 km was reached. Then the second stage was jettisoned, the third stage fired, and the test RV was accelerated to a speed of Mach 12 at 20 km altitude. The 4 stage vehicle consisting of 4 x SEPR P167(4 X 34 kN) stabilisation rockets around + 1 x Stromboli SEPR 739 + 1 x SEPR 740 + 1 x Tramontane + 1 x Melanie

• Berenice Satmos. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1963. In April 1963, ONERA proposed using a modified Berenice suborbtial test vehicle to place a small 3.5 kg satellite ('Satmos') into a 250 x 1800 km orbit. They claimed this booster could be ready in 1964, one year before Diamant. However the given the marginal growth potential of such a design, the government decided to stick with Diamant.

• BGL 1000. - air-to-surface missile - Operational.

• BGL 400. - air-to-surface missile - Out of production.

• Caisseur. - short range cruise missile -

• Centaure. - sounding rocket - Two stage sounding rocket. The Belier I II, or III single stage sounding rocket was augmented by a Venus booster with 94 kg of solid propellant. The rocket was spin stabilised by small solid rocket engines on the four fins.

• CNES Shuttle 1963. - - French studies in the 1960's were supervised by the French Space Agency, CNES, and developed along two paths. Path 1 was a manned hypersonic booster stage, with upper stages coming in manned or unmanned variants according to the mission. Path 2 was more conservative, with either the Path 1 booster or an expendable booster launching a small re-entry vehicle - a 'Space Taxi'.

• Cora. - test vehicle - Cora was an experimental rocket to test the second and third stages of the Europa launch vehicle.

• Crotale. - surface-to-air missile -

• CT.10. - short range cruise missile - French post-war surface-to-surface cruise missile based on the German V-1.

• Daniel. - test vehicle - 3 stage vehicle consisting of 1 x SPRAN-50 + 1 x MD-620 + 1 x Melanie

• Dauphin. - sounding rocket - Single stage sounding rocket consisting of a single Stromboli motor.

• Diamant A. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Out of production. In December 1961 France decided to demonstrate its own satellite-launch capability. This could be done relatively quickly using stages and systems being developed for strategic missiles. In May 1962 CNES selected DMA as program manager, with SEREB as the prime contractor. The Diamant orbital launch vehicle was created by replacing the payload of the existing Saphir test vehicle with a new third stage. Prior to any all-up satellite launch attempt the P064 third stage was flight tested on the smaller suborbital Rubis test vehicle. This evolutionary approach paid off and Diamant was successful on its first attempt in 1965.

• Diamant B. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Out of production. As a follow-on to the Diamant-A, CNES decided to evolve a more capable launch vehicle. The Diamant-B used a new first stage with 50% more propellants and 33% more thrust; the same second stage; and a fatter third stage. Six Diamant-B boosters were ordered. Originally four of these were to be used to test the Europa 2 launch vehicle's Perigee-Apogee System. These tests were cancelled and instead CNES used five of the six boosters for orbital attempts.

• Diamant BP.4. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Out of production. In January 1972 a further evolution, the Diamant BP.4, was authorized. The second stage was replaced with the P4 Rita motor developed for the MSBS SLBM. The larger 1.38 m diameter fairing developed for the British Black Arrow launcher allowed larger payloads to be accommodated. Three launches of the BP.4 in 1975 completed the Diamant saga.

• Dragon. - sounding rocket - Two stage sounding rocket. The Belier upper stage was augmented by a Stromboli booster with 686 kg of solid propellant. The rocket was spin stabilised by small solid rocket engines on the four fins.

• Durandal. - air-to-surface missile - Operational.

• EA 1941. - test vehicle - First French liquid fuel rocket. Developed in the 1931-1942, tested in 1945.

• Emeraude. - test vehicle - Emeraude was a step toward larger liquid propellant launch vehicles, building on the Veronique and Vesta experience. It burned 12.8 tonnes nitric acid/turpentine pressure-fed propellants in 91 seconds. Tthe engine was gimbaled for pitch and yaw control, with aerodynamic fins controlling roll. In anticipation of the next step, Saphir, a dummy Topaze stage topped the vehicle to confirm aerodynamic characteristics. The first three launches were failures due to propellant sloshing. This was remedied in the later tests.

• Emma. - test vehicle - 2 stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Emma Booster + 1 x Emma

• Entac. - anti-tank missile -

• Eole. - test vehicle - Second missile developed by Jean-Jacques Barre and end of that lineage.

• Epona. - sounding rocket - 2 stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Belisama + 1 x Belisama

• Eridan. - sounding rocket - Two stage sounding rocket consisting of two Stromboli motors in tandem.

• Eryx. - anti-tank missile - Lightweight, man-portable system; ordered by five countries.

• Exocet. - anti-ship missile -

• EXTV. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1999. This was to a reusable winged rocket-powered atmospheric reentry demonstrator capable of reaching speeds of Mach 4 to 10 in the atmosphere. The aim was for ESA to build up experience in reuse operations and high-speed atmospheric flight in the 2003-2007 period. The demonstrator would weigh two tonnes and have a range of 1500 kilometers. It would be able to land on a conventional runway. Dassault and Aerospatiale Matra were to merge their VEHRA and ARES projects to produce a single design. Ares estimated cost was 550 million dollars.

• Grannos. - test vehicle - 2 stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Emilie + 1 x Melusine

• Hades. - short range ballistic missile - Single stage vehicle

• Harpon. - anti-tank missile -

• Hot. - anti-tank missile - Antitank, long-range. Joint Franco-German weapon. Hot 1 and 2 versions with 9.7 km range.

• Jules Verne Moon Gun. - orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1856. Jules Verne's moon gun, as described in his 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon, was located in Florida. Although some errors were made, Verne used real engineering analysis to arrive at the design of his cannon and manned moon projectile. As a result, at the time of Apollo 8 and 11 missions it was noted that Verne had made an astonishing number of correct predictions about the actual missions....

• Kestrel. - anti-tank missile - In development.

• Lasso. - air-to-surface missile -

• Lex. - sounding rocket - Single stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Lex

• Lutin. - tactical ballistic missile -

• M-4 MSBS. - intermediate range ballistic missile - Submarine launched; MRV. Operational.

• M-45 MSBS. - intermediate range ballistic missile - Improved M-4.

• M-5 MSBS. - intermediate range ballistic missile - In development.

• Magic. - air-to-air missile -

• Malaface. - tactical ballistic missile -

• Malafon. - anti-submarine missile -

• Martel. - anti-ship missile -

• Masalca. - surface-to-air missile -

• Masurca. - surface-to-air missile -

• Masurca MD3. - surface-to-air missile -

• Meteo. - sounding rocket - Single stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Meteo

• MICA. - air-to-air missile - End of development was Mica IR version. Earlier active radar version tested.

• Milan. - anti-tank missile - Antitank, medium-range. Joint Franco-German weapon. Also Milan 2T/3.

• Mistral. - surface-to-air missile - Operational.

• Monica. - sounding rocket - 3 stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Monica St 1 + 1 x Monica St 2 + 1 x Monica St 3

• MSBS. - intermediate range ballistic missile -

• MSBS M4. - intermediate range ballistic missile - 3 stage vehicle consisting of 1 x MSBS 401 + 1 x MSBS 402 + 1 x MSBS 403

• MSBS M5. - intercontinental ballistic missile -

• OPd-56-39-22D. - test vehicle - 4 stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Vesuve + 1 x Neptune + 1 x Mimosa + 1 x Melanie

• Oriflamme. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1990. French design for a scramjet-powered horizontal takeoff / horizontal landing, single stage to orbit vehicle.

• Parca. - surface-to-air missile - Status: Out of production. Development of this first French surface-to-air missile began in 1948. The acronym PARCA stood for 'Self-propelled Radio-controlled Anti-Aircraft Projectile'. Flight tests began in 1954 and the system was deployed on a limited basis in 1958.

• Pluton. - short range ballistic missile -

• Polypheme. - tactical ballistic missile - Operational and technical evaluation 1998-2002.

• R.04. - surface-to-air missile - French post-war surface-to-air missile based on the German Wasserfall.

• R.510. - air-to-air missile -

• R.511. - air-to-air missile -

• R.530. - air-to-air missile -

• Radiance. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1990. Two stage to orbit horizontal takeoff / horizontal landing vehicle. Booster would be powered by scramjets to Mach 12 separation before second stage separated.

• Roland. - surface-to-air missile - Joint Franco-German weapon.

• Rubis. - test vehicle - Two-stage test vehicle consisting of 1 x Agate + 1 x P064. It was designed to test the upper stage and payload elements of the Diamant orbital launcher. These included fairing jettison, spin-up, release, and ignition of the P064 final stage. Six launches were used to validate the design and led to the success of the Diamant on its first flight. The last four launches were made on behalf of CNES to validate payloads for the D1 satellite and carry scientific instruments for the Paris Observatory and Max Planck Institute.

• Saphir. - sounding rocket - Saphir was the penultimate step in the 'precious stones' series. The variants of the two-stage vehicle were designed to allow testing of radio-controlled guidance (VE231P), inertial guidance (VE231G), and warhead separation and re-entry of an ablative RV (VE231R). Addition of a third stage would transform Saphir into the Diamant satellite launcher.

• SE.4100. - surface-to-air missile - French post-war surface-to-air missile based on the German Hs.117.

• SE.4300. - surface-to-air missile - French post-war surface-to-air missile based on the German Rheintochter.

• SE.4350. - surface-to-air missile - French post-war surface-to-air missile based on the German Enzian.

• SE.4400. - surface-to-air missile - Single stage vehicle using 1 x Stromboli engine.

• SEPR 2020. - surface-to-air missile - French post-war missile based on the German 109-510A.

• Shahine. - surface-to-air missile -

• SS.10. - anti-tank missile - Very successful French anti-tank missile. Starting point of development was the German X.7. Two versions were tested in development, the 5201 with two main wings and the 5202 with cruciform surfaces. The 5202 was selected for production.

• SS.12. - anti-tank missile -

• SSBS. - intermediate range ballistic missile -

• SSBS S4. - intermediate range ballistic missile -

• STAR-H. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1990. Mach 6 hypersonic first stage would launch Hermes spaceplane with an expendable second stage.

• STS-2000 SSTO. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1987. Single stage to orbit ramjet/rocket mix power horizontal takeoff / horizontal landing study of the 1980's.

• STS-2000 TSTO. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1987. Two stage to orbit horizontal takeoff / horizontal landing variant of STS-2000. Ramjet/rocket mixed power first stage. Mach 6 separation of rocket-powered second stage. French study of the 1980's.

• Super 530. - air-to-air missile -

• Super V-2. - intermediate range ballistic missile - Status: Development ended 1947. Developed version of German A9 studied by the German team in France in 1946-1948. Cancelled as too ambitious, but led to the Veronique of the 1950's, the Diamant of the 1960's, and the Ariane space booster of 1979-2003.

• Tacite. - sounding rocket - Single stage sounding rocket using a single Stromboli SEPR 739-2 stage with 'Plastoline' propellant. Stabilisation was by four fins and a nitrogen cold-gas spin thrusters.

• TARANIS. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Study 1990. French study of vertical takeoff / horizontal landing, two stage to orbit launch vehicle with expendable orbiter fuel tanks.

• Themis. - winged orbital launch vehicle - Status: Design 1998. Themis was a planned ESA booster stage demonstrator, to validate integrated propellant tank technology necessary for a reusable Ariane 5 successor. The demonstrator engine would be derived from the Vulcain of the Ariane 5. Estimated cost was up to 2.5 billion dollars. THEMIS would carry 33 tonnes of propellant, enough to reach Mach 11. Expendable boosters might permit orbital flight.

• Tibere. - test vehicle - Tibere was an atmospheric re-entry test vehicle derived from the earlier Berenice. Development was authorized in 1965 to support the Electre re-entry experiment program. The first two stages were Stromboli motors of identical length. The third stage was the P.064 motor developed for the Diamant orbital launcher. As with Berenice and Titus, four SEPR P167 stabilization rockets surrounded the first stage. The first two stages boosted the third stage and RV model to 150 km altitude. A Cassiopee attitude control system oriented the RV precisely before the P.064 accelerated the RV to high speed while descending from 130 to 60 km altitude. Although four Tibere were procured, only two were launched before the program was closed.

• Titus. - sounding rocket - Sounding rocket derived from the first two stages of the Berenice test vehicle. The two stage vehicle consisted of 4 x SEPR P167 stabilisation rockets around a Stromboli 739 first stage, topped by a stretched Stromboli SEPR 740-3 second stage with four fins. The launches were made from Chaco in collaboration with the Argentinian agency CNIE.

• Topaze. - test vehicle - Topaze was the first guided rocket in the French 'precious stones' series. As such it was the first launched from a pad rather than a ramp. The initial model was the VE111C (short) with the NA802 motor. The VE111L (long) used the stretched NA803 motor. Both used four vectored nozzles to control the rocket in flight.

• Trigat. - anti-tank missile - Joint Franco-German weapon.

• VE 10 Aigle. - test vehicle - The Aigle was the first named test vehicle in the series leading to the current French nuclear deterrent. It was a simple fin-stabilised solid rocket propelled by a Stromboli SEPR 737 loaded with 984 kg of 'Plastolite' propellant. Its simple mission was to allow test of the telemetry equipment that would be used on later instrumented warheads. The VE10A was an improved, lightened version of the booster.

• VE 9. - test vehicle - First test rocket in the series leading to French IRBM's. The VE 9 instrumented warhead was boosted twice in 1960 and 1961 by a SEPR 732, motor, 55 cm in diameter. his had been developed as the booster for the SE.4400 Surface-to-Air Missile and was the most powerful French solid propellant motor available at that time.

• Vega SAM. - surface-to-air missile - French surface-to-air missile, tested at Hammaguir in early 1961 but not put into production.

• Vehra. - rocketplane - Dassault design for an air-launched experimental reusable launch vehicle. It would be launched from Novespace's Airbus 300 zero-G aircraft. The lifting-body design was loosely based on Dassault's work on the NASA-led X-38 Crew Rescue Vehicle program. VEHRA weighed 6.5 t tonnes and carried 19.5 tonnes of kerosene and oxygen propellant. One Russian 400.5 kN-thrust NK-39 engine would power the vehicle, which would be capable of reaching Mach 14. The 11.5 meter long vehicle also contained a small 1.5 x 1.5 x 5 meter payload bay for an expendable upper stage+250 kg satellite. Like THEMIS, VEHRA would explore hypersonic flight and the operational and cost aspects of reusability.

• Veronique. - sounding rocket - Status: Out of production. After the cancellation of the 'Super V-2' project, the German team at Vernon pursued development of a tenth-scale version, the project 4213 Veronique (VERnon et electrONIQUE). The 4 tonne thrust motor, using nitric acid and kerosene, beat the 'pure French' project 4211 Eole design and paved the way leading to the Ariane space booster.

• Veronique 61. - sounding rocket - Status: Out of production. Development of an improved version of Veronique, with a 50% increase in thrust, began in 1961. The much larger vehicle could reach 315 km with the standard Veronique 60 kg payload.

• Vesta. - sounding rocket - Status: Out of production. In the late 1950's LRBA studied several possible configurations for a 'Super Veronique' sounding rocket, with engines of 80 to 250 kN to carry a payload of 100 kg up to 600 km altitude. In 1962 CNES ordered the Vesta configuration. Static tests in 1964 led to a modest series of launches in 1965-1969.

• ARD. - Technology RV

• Ares. - Spaceplane

• Asterix. - Technology

• Corot. - Astronomy

• D. - Earth Geodetic

• Diadem. - Earth Geodetic

• Dial MIKA. - Technology

• EFA-30. - Manned Space Suits

• Eole. - Earth Weather

• Eurostar 1000. - Communications

• Eurostar 2000. - Communications

• Eurostar 3000. - Communications

• Firewheel. - Technology

• FRANCE. - Earth Ionosphere

• Garsaux Suit. - Manned Space Suits

• Helios 1A-1B. - Surveillance Military

• Helios 2. - Surveillance Military

• Hermes. - Manned Spaceplane

• Myriade. - Earth Seasat

• Peole. - Communications

• S80/T. - Technology Communications

• SARA. - Astronomy Radio

• Signe. - Technology

• Spacebus 100. - Communications

• Spacebus 2000. - Communications

• Spacebus 300. - Communications

• Spacebus 3000. - Communications

• SPOT-1-2-3. - Earth Landsat

• SPOT-4. - Earth Landsat

• SPOT-5A-5B. - Earth Landsat

• SRET. - Technology

• Starlette. - Earth Geodetic

• STELLA. - Earth Geodetic

• STV 4. - Technology

• Symphonie. - Technology Communications

• VERAS. - Manned Spaceplane

• Andre-Deshays. - Claudie Haignere (nee Andre-Deshays) French Engineer Cosmonaut. Born 13 May 1957. Number of Flights: 2.00. Total Time: 25.60 days.

• Bonnet. - Roger M Bonnet French Manager. Born 1938.

• Chretien. - Jean-Loup Jacques Marie Chretien French Mission Specialist Cosmonaut. Born 20 August 1938. Number of Flights: 3.00. Total Time: 43.47 days.

• Clervoy. - Jean-Francois Andre Clervoy French Mission Specialist Astronaut. Born 19 November 1958. Number of Flights: 3.00. Total Time: 28.13 days.

• de Bergerac. - Cyrano de Bergerac French Writer. Born 1619. Died 1655.

• Esnault-Peltrie. - Robert Albert Charles Esnault-Peltrie French Engineer. Born 1881. Died 6 December 1957.

• Eyharts. - Leopold Eyharts French Engineer Cosmonaut/Astronaut. Born 28 April 1957. Number of Flights: 1.00. Total Time: 20.69 days.

• Gasparini. - Jean-Marc Michel Daniel Gasparini French Research Astronaut. Born 22 January 1963.

• Haignere. - Jean-Pierre Haignere French Engineer Cosmonaut. Born 19 May 1948. Number of Flights: 2.00. Total Time: 209.51 days.

• Patat. - Frederic Patat French Payload Specialist Astronaut. Born 24 June 1958.

• Silve. - Benoit Silve French Engineer Cosmonaut. Born 15 July 1958.

• Tognini. - Michel Ange-Charles Tognini French Mission Specialist Cosmonaut. Born 30 September 1949. Number of Flights: 2.00. Total Time: 18.74 days.

• Verne. - Jules Verne French Writer. Born 1828. Died 1905.

• Viso. - Michel Yves Viso French Biologist Cosmonaut. Born 16 June 1951.

• Baudry. - Patrick Pierre Roger Baudry French Pilot Cosmonaut. Birth Country: Cameroon. Born 6 March 1946. Number of Flights: 1.00. Total Time: 7.07 days.

• Favier. - Dr Jean-Jacques Favier French Payload Specialist Astronaut. Birth Country: Germany. Born 13 April 1949. Number of Flights: 1.00. Total Time: 16.91 days.

• Perrin. - Philippe Perrin French Mission Specialist Astronaut. Birth Country: Morocco. Born 6 January 1963. Number of Flights: 1.00. Total Time: 13.86 days.

1865 - Launch Vehicle: Jules Verne Moon Gun.

• Jules Verne's From the Earth to the Moon This was a seminal work that inspired most of the original rocket pioneers. Verne used real engineering analysis to arrive at the design of his cannon and manned moon projectible. As a result, at the time of the Apollo 8 and 11 missions it was noted that Verne had made a number of correct predictions about the actual missions....Level: 1.

• Esnault-Pelterie lecture Robert Esnault-Pelterie delivers a groundbreaking lecture on space travel at the Societe Astronomique in Paris. It would be published in book form a year later. One audience member is Jean-Claude Barre, a military engineer who is inspired to begin development of rockets in France.References: 47. Level: 1.

• International Astronautics Prize Robert Esnault-Peltrie and banker Andre Hirsch establish an International Astronautics Prize of 5000 Francs to be awarded annually for the best scientific, theoretical or experimental work in rocketry and space travel. The prize is discontinued after its value is wiped out in the financial crisis of the early 1930's.Level: 1.

• Esnault-Pelterie publishes L'Astronautique This will be the standard work on rocketry and interplanetary flight in French for twenty years. Level: 1.

• Initial French rocket experiments Robert Esnault-Pelterie and Jean-Claude Barre begins experiments iwth liquid propellant rocket engines under funding from the Department of War. Only three weeks later Esnault-Pelterie loses the fingers of his left hand in an explosion in the laboratory. Nevertheless he and Barre persevere.References: 47. Level: 1.

• Barre repot Barre completed a comprehensive report on the military potential of rocketry. He sketeched out ballistic missiles with 1000 km range, powered by liquid oxygen/gasoline engines. Armor-piercing rockets could reach 2000 m/s and defeat any tank armor. Anti-aircraft rockets would intercept aircraft in half the time. Rocket-boosted bombs would destroy enemey emplacements. Air-augmented rockets could reach even higher range and efficiencies.Level: 1.

• EA 1941 development authorised. Barre's report worked its way through the wartime bureaucracy, finally reaching the Minister of State for War in Vichy France. It is immediately classived top secret, and Barre is given 300,000 francs to start development of a liquid propellant rocket. In order to keep the work from the notice of the occupying Germans, it is officially for development of automotive gas generators.Level: 1.

• EA 1941 engine run. Barre conducts his first engine test of his EA-1941 surface-to-air rocket at Lazarc. The engine runs for 42 seconds before exploding. Level: 1.

• EA 1941 engine run. The engine runs for 5 seconds before exploding, producing a thrust of 719 kgf. A second test the following day produces 650 kgf for only four seconds before exploding. Thermal transfer from the engine to the missile structure is found to be the cause, and changes are made.Level: 1.

• EA 1941 engine run. The EA-1941 finally runs at 655 kgf for 11 seconds in a full-duration run. Barre feels the missile is ready for flight test, but this will have to be done in Algeria. Level: 1.

• EA 1941 program suspended A third of the test material for the Algerian flight tests had been unloaded in Oran, and the team and the rest of the material were ready to embark at Marseilles. Then news comes of the Allied landings in North Africa. The flight tests were immediately called off, and the team hid all materials in Algeria and France. At the end of 1942, the Germans occupy Vichy France and all further work on the project is supended.Level: 1.

• EA 1941 design smuggled to London Barre microfilmed the drawings of the rocket and they are smuggled to Britain. Members of Barre's team are detained by the Gestapo. One of them ironically dies in a concentration camp where the inmates are assigned to V-2 rocket production. Level: 1.

• EA 1941 program resumes. After the liberation of Paris, Barre is immediately put to work on the EA-1941. All of the hidden materials are returned to Lyons and it is decided to conduct test launches from Toulon. Level: 1.

• EA 1941 Apogee: 1.00 km (0.60 mi). Launched from Toulon, France. Intended to take a 25 kg payload to 100 km altitude, the rocket instead veered off course and crashed after 5 seconds of flight. Level: 1.

• EA 1941 Apogee: 0 km ( mi). Launched from Toulon, France. The rocket exploded on the launch pad, destroying it. Level: 1.

• EA 1941 Apogee: 5.00 km (3.10 mi). Launched from Toulon, France. The rocket left the launch pad at low acceleration, veered off, and crashes at sea 10 km from the pad. Level: 1.

• EA 1941 Apogee: 1.00 km (0.60 mi). Launched from Toulon, France. The rocket took off at high acceleration, exploding after 1.2 seconds. Level: 1.

• EA 1941 Apogee: 30 km (18 mi). Launched from Toulon, France. Most successful launch attempt. Not recovered, but estimated to have reached 1400 m/s and to have impacted in the ocean 60 km downrange. Level: 1.

• EA 1941 Apogee: 0 km ( mi). Launched from Toulon, France. The pad was damaged, requiring substantial repairs. The source of the rocket's problem is finally found to be burn-through and loss of a portion of the inner wall of the combustion chamber, which blocked the nozzle exit. Ironically the last EA-1941 is ground run for full duration in the summer of 1946 without incident. However plans to develop it further as a sounding rocket are abandoned.Level: 1.

• EA 1941 Apogee: 0 km ( mi). Launched from Toulon, France. Level: 1.

• EA 1946 development authorised The improved version of the EA 1941 is dubbed Eole and will use a fuel-cooled combustion chamber walls. Level: 1.

• Colomb Bechar rocket test range established. French Government established rocket test range at Colomb Bechar, Algeria. References: 17. Level: 1.

• Eole engine bench tests begin The engine runs for 13.5 seconds, 4.5 seconds early, due to heavier-than-expected liquid oxygen consumption. Level: 1.

• Eole engine explodes The engine begins oscillatory combustion at 20 seconds and explodes violently at 34 seconds. The explosion is visible 40 km from the LRBA test site at Vernon. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 2.00 km (1.20 mi). Launched from Camp de Suippes, Marne, France - Latitude: 49.15 N - Longitude: 4.53 E. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Launched from Camp de Suippes, Marne, France - Latitude: 49.15 N - Longitude: 4.53 E. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Launched from Vernon, Eure, France - Latitude: 49.08 N - Longitude: 1.48 E. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Eole successful engine test The liquid oxygen/alcohol engine produces 9.59 tonnes thrust and an exhaust velocity of 2110 m/s. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Launched from Camp de Suippes, Marne, France - Latitude: 49.15 N - Longitude: 4.53 E. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 2.00 km (1.20 mi). Launched from Camp de Suippes, Marne, France - Latitude: 49.15 N - Longitude: 4.53 E. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 2.00 km (1.20 mi). Launched from Camp de Suippes, Marne, France - Latitude: 49.15 N - Longitude: 4.53 E. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 1.00 km (0.60 mi). Launched from Le Cardonnet, France - Latitude: 43.58 N - Longitude: 3.64 E. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 1.00 km (0.60 mi). Launched from Le Cardonnet, France - Latitude: 43.58 N - Longitude: 3.64 E. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 1.00 km (0.60 mi). Launched from Le Cardonnet, France - Latitude: 43.58 N - Longitude: 3.64 E. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 1.00 km (0.60 mi). Launched from Le Cardonnet, France - Latitude: 43.58 N - Longitude: 3.64 E. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 1.00 km (0.60 mi). Launched from Le Cardonnet, France - Latitude: 43.58 N - Longitude: 3.64 E. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 19 km (11 mi). Technology mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 14 km (8 mi). Technology mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). Technology mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Eole program terminated The Veronique developed by the LRBA German team has been more successful and the French military sees no use for rockets using liquid oxygen on the battlefield. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 10 km (6 mi). Technology mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 1.00 km (0.60 mi). Technology mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 4.00 km (2.40 mi). Technology mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 1.00 km (0.60 mi). Technology mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 10 km (6 mi). Technology mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Technology mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Apogee: 0 km ( mi). Weeks of delays due to problems with getting liquid oxygen to the remote test site have delayed Barre's entry in the fly-off against the Veronique. The first Eole broke up after 7 seconds of flight, a failure attributed to tracer flares fitted to the fins.Level: 1.

• Test mission Apogee: 2.95 km (1.83 mi). The tracers used on the last flight were omitted. This rocket again loses its fins, but continued to an altitude of 2.95 km. It is determined that the fins were not able to withstand going through the sound barrier. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Technology mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 45 km (27 mi). Technology mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 29 km (18 mi). Technology mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 135 km (83 mi). Technology mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Dien Bien Phu, French military outpost in Vietnam, falls to Vietminh army Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 39 km (24 mi). Technology mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 90 km (55 mi). VLF transmission mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: CASDN. Apogee: 90 km (55 mi). References: 937. Level: 1.

• Test/Aeronomy mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 937. Level: 1.

• Sodium release aeronomy mission Agency: FR. References: 17, 941. Level: 1.

• Sodium release aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 124 km (77 mi). References: 1038. Level: 1.

• Sodium release aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 174 km (108 mi). References: 941. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: CASDN. Apogee: 90 km (55 mi). References: 937. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Scientific mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Sodium release aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 188 km (116 mi). References: 941. Level: 1.

• Sodium release aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 187 km (116 mi). References: 941. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Sodium release aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 176 km (109 mi). References: 941. Level: 1.

• Sodium release aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 180 km (110 mi). References: 941. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Explosivee mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Explosive mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 20 km (12 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 91 km (56 mi). Scientific mission. References: 1143. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Scientific mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). Scientific mission. References: 1143. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Scientific mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Life Science mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 152 km (94 mi). French Veronique launched capsule containing rat (Hector) to 152 km altitude, recovered successfully. References: 18, 941. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Ionosphere mission? Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 280 km (170 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: CNET. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 20 km (12 mi). References: 1818. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Double explosive mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test/Aeronomy mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Test/Aeronomy mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: CNES. References: 793. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: CNES. References: 793. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 168 km (104 mi). Explosive mission. References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Explosive mission. References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Double explosive mission. References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Double explosive mission. References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Explosive mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. References: 793. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 270 km (160 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 270 km (160 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 270 km (160 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Life Science mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 120 km (70 mi). References: 941. Level: 1.

• Life Science mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 110 km (60 mi). References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 135 km (83 mi). Technology mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 120 km (70 mi). Technology mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 175 km (108 mi). Diffuse solar radiation mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 180 km (110 mi). VLF transmission mission. References: 1143. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 270 km (160 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 440 km (270 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 50 km (31 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 80 km (49 mi). References: 1818. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Ionosphere mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 130 km (80 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 175 km (108 mi). Ionosphere mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 140 km (80 mi). Ionosphere mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 440 km (270 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 160 km (90 mi). Ionosphere mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Solar mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 135 km (83 mi). No recovery. Solar corona (UV) / Ptr mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission? Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Ionosphere mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 160 km (90 mi). Electron density mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Ionosphere mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 38 km (23 mi). Electron density mission. References: 941. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 270 km (160 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 270 km (160 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Life Science mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 155 km (96 mi). References: 941. Level: 1.

• Life Science mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 88 km (54 mi). References: 941. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 110 km (60 mi). References: 1818. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 170 km (100 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 470 km (290 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 190 km (110 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 190 km (110 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 110 km (60 mi). References: 1818. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 440 km (270 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 151 km (93 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 151 km (93 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 440 km (270 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Solar mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 119 km (73 mi). FU110 Atomic H (Ly-alpha), Solar X-rays mission. References: 793. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 20 km (12 mi). References: 1818. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 110 km (60 mi). References: 1865. Level: 1.

• Test mission? Agency: CNES. Apogee: 151 km (93 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Test mission? Agency: CNES. Apogee: 151 km (93 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 151 km (93 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 151 km (93 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 151 km (93 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 260 km (160 mi). FU120 Technology mission. References: 793. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 1,800 km (1,100 mi). References: 1818. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 1,800 km (1,100 mi). References: 1818. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 260 km (160 mi). FU120 Technology mission. References: 793. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: CNES. References: 1818. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: CNES. References: 1818. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 440 km (270 mi). Launched from Vik, Myrdalsandir, Island - Latitude: 63.42 N - Longitude: 19.00 W. References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 420 km (260 mi). Launched from Vik, Myrdalsandir, Island - Latitude: 63.42 N - Longitude: 19.00 W. References: 793. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 250 km (150 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Re-entry Vehicle Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 250 km (150 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Test mission? Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Test mission? Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 1,800 km (1,100 mi). References: 1818. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: CNES. References: 1818. Level: 1.

• Test mission Agency: ONERA. Apogee: 20 km (12 mi). References: 572. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Apogee: 175 km (108 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.

• Solar mission Agency: FR. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). FU110 Atomic H (Ly-alpha), Solar X-rays mission. References: 1592. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Apogee: 176 km (109 mi). References: 1592. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.

• Aeronomy mission Agency: CNES. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi). References: 793. Level: 1.