Winged, first stage of a launch vehicle using aerial refueling and existing engines. Takes off from runway; rendezvous with tanker to load oxidizer; then flies to Mach 12/150 nm to release Star 48V second stage and 450 kg payload. In comparison to Black Horse, uses existing engines and a much more achievable mass fraction by only flying to half orbital speed.

Crew Size: 1. Length: 48.00 m (157.00 ft). Maximum Diameter: 4.60 m (15.00 ft). Mass: 43,160 kg (95,150 lb). Main Engine Thrust: 402.053 kN (90,385 lbf). Associated Launch Vehicle: Black Colt.

• Zubrin, Robert M, and Clapp, Mitchell B, Black Horse Web Site, "Black Horse: One Stop to Orbit", . Accessed at: http://www.im.lcs.mit.edu/bh/analog.html.