Gurwin satellites were built by the Technion Institute of Technology, Israel. The technology test satellites included CCD cameras, a radiation detectors, ozone monitors, amateur radio transmitters, and other satellite technology payloads.

Typical orbit: 818 km circular orbit, 98.8 deg inclination. Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Associated Launch Vehicle: Start, Zenit-2.

• 1995 March 28 - Gurwin 1 - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Vehicle: Start. FAILURE: Fell in Sea of Okhotsk. Mass: 50 kg (110 lb).

• 1998 July 10 - Gurwin Techsat 1B - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Zenit-2. Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Perigee: 817 km (507 mi). Apogee: 819 km (508 mi). Inclination: 98.80 deg. Period: 101.30 min.

  Built by Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. Replaced earlier Russian-launched Techsat which failed to orbit in 1995.

• McDowell, Jonathan, Jonathan's Space Home Page, Harvard University, 1997-present. Jonathan McDowell's complete on-line listing of all objects orbited and over 20,000 rocket launches Accessed at: http://www.planet4589.org/jsr.html.

• Krebs, Gunter, Gunter's Space Page, University of Frankfurt, 1996. Accessed at: http://www.skyrocket.de/space.