YeSSS Unified Satell Credit - NASA

First Soviet geosynchronous communications satellite. A single orbital group of two Radugas could handle all communications of the Soviet eastern regions.

Development of the first Soviet geosynchronous satellites began at the end of the 1960's. New operations and communications methods were required. In July 1974 a Proton DM put a Molniya-1 into geosynchronous orbit as a test. This proved methods for the specialized Raduga satellites that were to be stationed at 35 deg and 85 deg E. Construction of the first Raduga was completed in 1975. It was equipped with 2 x 3 barreled transponders. The Delta 1 transponder (V I Moguchev, Chief Designer) was for dedicated military communications, while the Delta 2 (M V Brodskiy) was used for national and international civilian communications.

Internationally designated Statsionar-1, Raduga represented the first use of the new universal spacecraft bus KAUR-3. The KAUR-3 spacecraft bus was 3-axis stabilized using liquid propellant micro-engines to within 0.25 degrees of the earth's centre. The single-unit body was equipped with solar panels, and active liquid-gas phase-change thermoregulation system, and a corrective engine unit for making orbital adjustments. 25 square meters of solar panels provided 1280 W of power.

The Raduga constellation expanded by 1994 to 12 spacecraft distributed among 9 locations for global coverage. In addition to the six standard 6/4 GHz transponders, Raduga spacecraft could host Gals (8/7 GHz), Luch (14/11 GHz), and Volna (1.6/1.5 GHz) transponders.

Flight trials of Molniya-3 and Raduga continued until 1978, after which they were accepted into military service. The State Trials Commission was headed by A A Maksimov, succeeded by General N F Shlykov. After the fall of the Soviet Union a price of $ 100 million was quoted for satellite and launch.

Typical orbit: 35395 km circular orbit, 7.7 deg inclination. Mass: 1,954 kg (4,307 lb). Associated Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / Briz-M.

• 1970 August 18 - 82-EV Test mission - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi).

  Heavily instrumented suborbital flight to provide data to root out causes of continuing launch vehicle failures. Heavy mass model of an unspecified spacecraft used to simulate payload..

• 1972 April 5 - Unified System of Satellite Communications (YeSSS) -

  Central Committee of the Communist Party and Council of Soviet Ministers Decree 'On use of Molniya and Ekran for a unified satellite communications system' was issued. The YeSSS was defined as the Molniya-2 in elliptical orbit and Raduga (Statsionar) in geosynchronous orbit.

• 1974 March 26 - Cosmos 637 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Perigee: 35,493 km (22,054 mi). Apogee: 35,795 km (22,241 mi). Inclination: 14.30 deg. Period: 1,428.80 min.

  Test of Block D stage in geosynchronous satellite delivery role. Placed dummy Raduga satellite in geosynchronous orbit. As of 4 September 2001 located at 44.61 deg E drifting at 1.835 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 119.66E drifting at 1.819E degrees per day.

• 1975 December 22 - Raduga 1 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Perigee: 35,758 km (22,218 mi). Apogee: 35,807 km (22,249 mi). Inclination: 13.30 deg. Period: 1,435.90 min.

  Statsionar-1. Provision of uninterrupted round-the-clock telephone and telegraph radio-communications system in the USSR, transmission of USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and international cooperation. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Indian Ocean at 85 deg E in 1975-1978? As of 27 August 2001 located at 70.55 deg E drifting at 0.084 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 85.79E drifting at 0.009E degrees per day.

• 1976 September 11 - Raduga 2 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Perigee: 35,704 km (22,185 mi). Apogee: 35,866 km (22,286 mi). Inclination: 13.10 deg. Period: 1,436.00 min.

  Statsionar 1. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Indian Ocean at 86 deg E in 1976-1980? As of 28 August 2001 located at 67.16 deg E drifting at 0.070 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 72.27E drifting at 0.098W degrees per day.

• 1977 July 23 - Raduga 3 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Perigee: 35,763 km (22,222 mi). Apogee: 35,853 km (22,277 mi). Inclination: 12.70 deg. Period: 1,437.20 min.

  Statsionar-2. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Indian Ocean at 35 deg E in 1977-1980 As of 30 August 2001 located at 44.45 deg E drifting at 0.191 deg W per day. As of 2007 Feb 27 located at 49.63E drifting at 0.221E degrees per day.

• 1978 July 18 - Raduga 4 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Perigee: 35,757 km (22,218 mi). Apogee: 35,854 km (22,278 mi). Inclination: 12.30 deg. Period: 1,437.10 min.

  Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Atlantic Ocean at 35 deg E in 1978-1981 As of 1 September 2001 located at 42.47 deg E drifting at 0.129 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 108.35E drifting at 0.106E degrees per day.

• 1979 April 25 - Raduga 5 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Perigee: 35,785 km (22,235 mi). Apogee: 35,802 km (22,246 mi). Inclination: 11.90 deg. Period: 1,436.50 min.

  Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1979-1982 As of 29 August 2001 located at 84.16 deg E drifting at 0.043 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 65.45E drifting at 0.034E degrees per day.

• 1980 February 20 - Raduga 6 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Perigee: 35,780 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,816 km (22,254 mi). Inclination: 11.40 deg. Period: 1,436.70 min.

  Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 35 deg E in 1980-1982; 45 deg E in 1982-1986 As of 1 September 2001 located at 41.36 deg E drifting at 0.001 deg W per day. As of 2007 Feb 27 located at 101.46E drifting at 0.146E degrees per day.

• 1980 October 5 - Raduga 7 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Perigee: 35,755 km (22,217 mi). Apogee: 35,805 km (22,248 mi). Inclination: 14.00 deg. Period: 1,435.80 min.

  Radio, telegraph, TV. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1980-1981; 25 deg W in 1982-1986 As of 30 August 2001 located at 103.91 deg W drifting at 0.397 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 3 located at 30.06W drifting at 0.092W degrees per day.

• 1981 July 30 - Raduga 9 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Perigee: 35,791 km (22,239 mi). Apogee: 35,828 km (22,262 mi). Inclination: 13.80 deg. Period: 1,437.20 min.

  Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 35 deg E in 1981-1986 As of 30 August 2001 located at 112.14 deg E drifting at 0.090 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 76.83E drifting at 0.307W degrees per day.

• 1981 March 18 - Raduga 8 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Perigee: 35,411 km (22,003 mi). Apogee: 36,115 km (22,440 mi). Inclination: 10.80 deg. Period: 1,434.90 min.

  Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. As of 3 September 2001 located at 8.37 deg E drifting at 0.322 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 69.95E drifting at 0.520E degrees per day.

• 1981 October 9 - Raduga 10 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Perigee: 35,764 km (22,222 mi). Apogee: 35,820 km (22,250 mi). Inclination: 13.70 deg. Period: 1,436.40 min.

  Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1981-1987 As of 5 September 2001 located at 76.66 deg E drifting at 0.069 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 65.57E drifting at 0.042W degrees per day.

• 1982 December 24 - Raduga s/n 22L - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. FAILURE: Stage 1 - vehicle failed at launch. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb).

• 1982 November 26 - Raduga 11 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Perigee: 36,341 km (22,581 mi). Apogee: 36,702 km (22,805 mi). Inclination: 12.80 deg. Period: 1,473.80 min.

  Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 35 deg E in 1982-1989 As of 3 September 2001 located at 70.20 deg W drifting at 9.239 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 51.72E drifting at 9.241W degrees per day.

• 1983 April 8 - Raduga 12 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Perigee: 35,772 km (22,227 mi). Apogee: 35,789 km (22,238 mi). Inclination: 8.40 deg. Period: 1,435.80 min.

  Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1983-1984 As of 4 September 2001 located at 65.56 deg E drifting at 0.028 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 82.54E drifting at 0.059W degrees per day.

• 1983 August 25 - Raduga 13 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Perigee: 36,323 km (22,570 mi). Apogee: 36,447 km (22,647 mi). Inclination: 8.00 deg. Period: 1,466.80 min.

  Operation of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 45 deg E in 1983-1987 As of 28 August 2001 located at 174.92 deg W drifting at 7.555 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 42.12E drifting at 7.563W degrees per day.

• 1984 February 15 - Raduga 14 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Perigee: 35,771 km (22,227 mi). Apogee: 35,817 km (22,255 mi). Inclination: 11.80 deg. Period: 1,436.50 min.

  Stationed at 84 deg. E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1984-1987 As of 29 August 2001 located at 83.95 deg E drifting at 0.059 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 64.01E drifting at 0.027E degrees per day.

• 1984 June 22 - Raduga 15 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Perigee: 35,750 km (22,210 mi). Apogee: 35,782 km (22,233 mi). Inclination: 7.20 deg. Period: 1,435.10 min.

  Stationed at 128 deg. E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 128 deg E in 1984-1988 As of 4 September 2001 located at 29.81 deg E drifting at 0.199 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 8 located at 18.52E drifting at 0.067E degrees per day.

• 1985 August 8 - Raduga 16 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Perigee: 35,788 km (22,237 mi). Apogee: 35,818 km (22,256 mi). Inclination: 10.80 deg. Period: 1,436.90 min.

  Stationed at 45 deg. E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 45 deg E in 1985-1987; 170 deg W in 1987-1988 As of 1 September 2001 located at 34.20 deg W drifting at 0.087 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 161.95W drifting at 0.182W degrees per day.

• 1985 November 15 - Raduga 17 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Perigee: 35,774 km (22,228 mi). Apogee: 35,873 km (22,290 mi). Inclination: 5.80 deg. Period: 1,438.00 min.

  Stationed at 49 deg. E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 35 deg E in 1985-1988; 69 deg E in 1988-1990; 85 deg E in 1990-1991; 49 deg E in 1991-1992 As of 5 September 2001 located at 174.18 deg W drifting at 0.357 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 98.19E drifting at 0.512W degrees per day.

• 1986 January 17 - Raduga 18 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,940 kg (4,270 lb). Perigee: 35,909 km (22,312 mi). Apogee: 36,493 km (22,675 mi). Inclination: 5.80 deg. Period: 1,457.30 min.

  Stationed at 335 deg. E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 25 deg W in 1986-1989; 170 deg W in 1989-1991 As of 28 August 2001 located at 163.25 deg W drifting at 5.255 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 22.49E drifting at 5.257W degrees per day.

• 1986 October 25 - Raduga 19 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Perigee: 36,252 km (22,525 mi). Apogee: 36,353 km (22,588 mi). Inclination: 5.10 deg. Period: 1,462.60 min.

  Stationed at 36 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 45 deg E in 1986-1991; 34 deg E in 1991-1993. Raduga 19 performed an end-of-life maneuver in September, 1993. As of 28 August 2001 located at 160.57 deg E drifting at 6.520 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 57.63W drifting at 6.529W degrees per day.

• 1987 December 10 - Raduga 21 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Perigee: 35,789 km (22,238 mi). Apogee: 35,793 km (22,240 mi). Inclination: 3.90 deg. Period: 1,436.40 min.

  Stationed at 128 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 128 deg E in 1987-1991; 170 deg W in 1991-1997 As of 3 September 2001 located at 140.92 deg W drifting at 0.213 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 154.31W drifting at 0.091W degrees per day.

• 1987 March 19 - Raduga 20 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Perigee: 36,922 km (22,942 mi). Apogee: 37,159 km (23,089 mi). Inclination: 5.10 deg. Period: 1,500.60 min.

  Stationed at 85 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1987-1991 As of 30 August 2001 located at 6.40 deg W drifting at 15.515 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 6.61W drifting at 15.520W degrees per day.

• 1988 October 20 - Raduga 22 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Perigee: 35,784 km (22,235 mi). Apogee: 35,798 km (22,243 mi). Inclination: 2.90 deg. Period: 1,436.40 min.

  Stationed at 35 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 34 deg E in 1988-1992; 12 deg E in 1992-1998 As of 3 September 2001 located at 8.88 deg E drifting at 0.001 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 67.55E drifting at 0.412W degrees per day.

• 1989 April 14 - Raduga 23 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Perigee: 35,781 km (22,233 mi). Apogee: 35,789 km (22,238 mi). Inclination: 2.60 deg. Period: 1,436.00 min.

  Stationed at 336 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 25 deg W in 1989-1995; 44 deg E in 1995-1996 As of 4 September 2001 located at 53.34 deg E drifting at 0.294 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 28.48E drifting at 0.016E degrees per day.

• 1989 December 15 - Raduga 24 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Perigee: 35,793 km (22,240 mi). Apogee: 35,813 km (22,253 mi). Inclination: 7.90 deg. Period: 1,436.90 min.

  Stationed at 45 deg E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 45 deg E in 1990-1994. Replaced by Raduga 31. As of 3 September 2001 located at 103.47 deg E drifting at 0.067 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 47.08E drifting at 0.104W degrees per day.

• 1990 December 20 - Raduga 26 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Perigee: 35,778 km (22,231 mi). Apogee: 35,823 km (22,259 mi). Inclination: 7.00 deg. Period: 1,436.80 min.

  Stationed at 85 deg E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1991-1993. Raduga 26 then began a series of small maneuvers coincident with the launch of Raduga 30, and was placed in a graveyard orbit. As of 1 September 2001 located at 93.34 deg E drifting at 0.101 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 52.76E drifting at 0.024W degrees per day.

• 1990 February 15 - Raduga 25 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Perigee: 35,779 km (22,231 mi). Apogee: 35,795 km (22,241 mi). Inclination: 1.70 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min.

  Stationed at 70 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 70 deg E in 1990-1995; 170 deg W in 1995-1997 As of 5 September 2001 located at 171.03 deg W drifting at 0.038 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 31.27W drifting at 0.005W degrees per day.

• 1991 December 19 - Raduga 28 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Perigee: 35,786 km (22,236 mi). Apogee: 35,799 km (22,244 mi). Inclination: 6.40 deg. Period: 1,436.40 min.

  Telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 35 deg E in 1992-1999; 45 deg E in 1999. As of 5 September 2001 located at 61.74 deg E drifting at 0.302 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 115.81E drifting at 0.085E degrees per day.

• 1991 February 28 - Raduga 27 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Perigee: 35,779 km (22,231 mi). Apogee: 35,809 km (22,250 mi). Inclination: 7.30 deg. Period: 1,436.50 min.

  Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 128 deg E in 1991-1998 As of 29 August 2001 located at 109.47 deg E drifting at 0.276 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 119.06E drifting at 0.198W degrees per day.

• 1993 March 25 - Raduga 29 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Perigee: 35,778 km (22,231 mi). Apogee: 35,802 km (22,246 mi). Inclination: 1.00 deg. Period: 1,436.30 min.

  Telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes. Raduga 29 joined Raduga 22. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 12 deg E in 1993-1999. As of 3 September 2001 located at 11.13 deg E drifting at 0.020 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 2 located at 61.26E drifting at 0.381E degrees per day.

• 1993 September 30 - Raduga 30 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Perigee: 35,762 km (22,221 mi). Apogee: 35,806 km (22,248 mi). Inclination: 5.10 deg. Period: 1,436.00 min.

  Stationed at 83 deg E, replacing Raduga-26. Operation of telephone and telegraph radio communications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1993-1999 As of 6 September 2001 located at 86.23 deg E drifting at 0.009 deg W per day. Raduga 30 followed on 30 September 1993 and was transferred to 85 degrees E. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 74.18E drifting at 0.046E degrees per day.

• 1994 December 28 - Raduga 32 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Perigee: 35,784 km (22,235 mi). Apogee: 35,793 km (22,240 mi). Inclination: 1.41 deg. Period: 1,436.22 min.

  Raduga 32 joined Raduga 25 and Raduga 1-1 at 70 degrees E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 70 deg E in 1995-1999. As of 5 September 2001 located at 80.00 deg E drifting at 0.001 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 73.08E drifting at 0.033E degrees per day.

• 1994 February 18 - Raduga 31 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Perigee: 36,483 km (22,669 mi). Apogee: 36,483 km (22,669 mi). Inclination: 1.50 deg. Period: 1,472.00 min.

  Stationed at 44 deg E; replaced Raduga 24. Operation of telephone and telegraph radio communications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 45 deg E in 1994-1995 As of 29 August 2001 located at 65.21 deg E drifting at 0.236 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 81.01E drifting at 0.234E degrees per day.

• 1996 February 19 - Raduga s/n 44L - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. FAILURE: No second Block DM-2 ignition (blocked LOX valve). Block DM-2 propellant automatically jettisoned. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Perigee: 259 km (160 mi). Apogee: 36,582 km (22,730 mi). Inclination: 47.20 deg. Period: 646.10 min.

  Secret military name for Raduga program is Gran'.

• 1999 July 5 - Raduga - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / Briz-M. FAILURE: Second stage explosion. Apogee: 30 km (18 mi).

  Carried a Russian Defence Ministry communications satellite. First attempted flight of the Khrunichev Briz-M upper stage in place of the usual Block DM. After the second stage explosion the remainder of the vehicle survived for 45 seconds before breaking up. Debris landed near Karaganda. As a result of this accident the Kazakh government suspended launches from Baikonur pending Russian agreement to pay back part of rent owed.

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