| Tsikada | ||
Tsikada was a complementary civilian version of the Parus military naval navigation satellite system for the Soviet Merchant Marine and Academy of Sciences. Development began once flight test of Parus began in 1974, and deployment of the operational Tsikada system began in 1978. Development of this second generation Soviet navigation satellite system represented a collaboration between the Navy, Academy of Sciences, and Ministry of Shipping. The basis was the Parus / Tsiklon-B Doppler navigation system, but allowing asynchronous operation of on-board equipment with only essential equipment receiving a timer interrupt. Development began in 1974 with most preliminary work already accomplished under the military Parus program. Prime contractor was KBPM/Reshetnev. PO Polyot, A S Klinyshkov Chief Designer, provided synchronization equipment. NII Radiopribor under N Ye Ivanov provided cryptography and spacecraft navigation systems. Flight trials began in 1976 from Plesetsk under Admiral A I Rassokho. The launch of Kosmos 1000 on 31 March 1978 marked the beginning of deployment of the operational system. The system was accepted for military service in 1979 by the Soviet Army and VMF. The operational satellite constellation consisted of a minimum of four operational satellites, each deployed in one of four planes, spaced 45 degrees apart. Typical lifetime was 18 to 24 months. The signals were supplemented for military users by the very similar military Tsiklon-B/Parus system, which was in six planes 30 degrees apart. The satellites transmitted Doppler-shifted VHF transmissions at around 150 and 400 MHz of their position and orbital characteristics. The satellite could be launched one per Kosmos-3M or four per Tsyklon-3 booster. The Tsikada system provided global navigation for both the Soviet Navy and commercial shipping. Typical orbit: 965 km x 1009 km at 83 degrees inclination. Mass: 820 kg (1,800 lb). Electrical System: Solar cells on exterior. Electric System: 0.20 average kW. Associated Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 11K65M. Tsikada Chronology
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