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4MV
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Mars M-69
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Mars probe intended to enter Martian orbit and comprehensively photograph Mars.
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Mars M-71
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Mars spacecraft built by Lavochkin for 1971 campaign. The spacecraft consists of a bus/orbiter module and an attached descent/lander module. The primary scientific objectives were to image the Martian surface and clouds, determine the temperature on Mars, study the topography, composition and physical properties of the surface, measure properties of the atmosphere, and monitor the solar wind and the interplanetary and Martian magnetic fields.
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Prognoz
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This spacecraft, built by Lavochkin, was launched from 1972 for study of geomagnetic fields, radiation, and solar physics. They continued the work of Elektron project of 1964. G S Narimanov was head of the government commission and they were launched by Molniya-M from Baikonur.
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Mars M-73
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The M-73 spacecraft series was built for 1973 Mars missions. Due to the unfavorable position of Mars during that campaign, separate versions built: two intended to orbit Mars and map the surface, and two to land capsules. The orbiters were equipped with instrumentation to study the composition, structure, and properties of the Martian atmosphere and surface, including an imaging device, a 256 channel gamma-ray spectrometer mounted on a boom and a Lyman-Alpha photometer. The landers would have separated from their uninstrumented bus, entered the atmosphere, where a parachute opened, slowing the descent.
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Venera 4V-1
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The Venera 4V models were the first of the series designed by the new chief designer of NPO Lavochkin, Vyaseslav Mikhailovich Kovtunenko, who had earlier worked at KB Yuzhnoye for many years. They became very successful combination Venus lander / Venus flyby spacecraft. After launch and a three to five month coast to Venus, the descent vehicle separated from the bus and plunged into the Venus atmosphere two days later. As it flew by Venus the bus acted as a data relay for the brief life of the descent vehicle, and then continued into a heliocentric orbit.
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Astron
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Astrophysics satellite based on the Venera 4V-2 bus design. Electrophysical research of galactic and extragalactic sources of ultraviolet ray and X-ray emission. The scientific apparatus was built jointly by scientists and specialists from the USSR and France.
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Venera 4V-2
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Venera radar mappers which used an 8 cm band side-looking radar to study the surface properties of Venus. In comparison to the 4V-1 bus flown previously they had extra solar panels and their propellant compartments were lengthened by a little over one meter.
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Granat
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Granat was a Lavochkin design with the mission of making gamma ray observations in energy ranges of 3 to 200 keV. It was equipped with the ART-P and Sigma telescopes for observation of galactic cores, x-ray pulsars, and black holes. The satellite conducted studies of X-ray and soft gamma ray radiation sources in space by the USSR jointly with France, Denmark and Bulgaria.
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To contact astronauts or cosmonauts.
© Mark Wade, 1997 - 2007 except where otherwise noted.
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