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KAUR-1
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Tsiklon
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The requirement for Tsiklon, the first prototype Soviet navigation satellite system, was identified in the late 1950's in order to provide Soviet ballistic missile submarines with accurate position fixes so that acceptable submarine-launched ballistic missile accuracy could be achieved. The draft project was approved in 1962, but development was prolonged due to very poor accuracy due to software problems and lack of accurate geodetic data. The system was finally accepted for service as an interim measure in 1972 pending deployment of the improved Tsiklon-B/Parus system.
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Strela-2
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Prototype of the large satellite element of the Strela system, which consisted of a large constellation of medium orbit store-dump satellites that provided survivable communications for Soviet military and intelligence forces. The system was developed experimentally in the 1960's, with flight tests of 3 of the Strela-2 model from 1965 to 1968. The production Strela-2M was flown beginning in 1970.
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Sfera
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The Sfera geodetic system covered a broad development for solving problems in geodetics, continental drift, and precise location of cartographic points. The spacecraft was equipped with measurement and signaling apparatus, providing assistance in measuring astronomical-geodetic points of military topographical research for the Red Army General Staff. The satellite allowed improved accuracy for long range weapons.
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Altitude Sounder
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Used the KAUR-1 bus, which consisted of a 2.035 m diameter cylindrical spacecraft body, with solar cells and radiators of the thermostatic temperature regulating system mounted on the exterior. The hermetically sealed compartment had the equipment mounted in cruciform bays, with the chemical batteries protecting the radio and guidance equipment mounted at the center. Unlike other spacecraft using this bus, The spacecraft was used on suborbital 'altitude sounder' missions and was equipped with an active orientation system.
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Ionosfernaya
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Ionospheric studies. Used the basic KAUR-1 bus, consisting of a 2.035 m diameter cylindrical spacecraft body, with solar cells and radiators of the thermostatic temperature regulating system mounted on the exterior. Orientation was by a single-axis magneto-gravitational (gravity gradient boom) passive system. The hermetically sealed compartment had the equipment mounted in cruciform bays, with the chemical batteries protecting the radio and guidance equipment mounted at the centre.
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Strela-2M
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The Strela communications system consisted of a large constellation of medium orbit store-dump satellites that provided survivable communications for Soviet military and intelligence forces. The larger Strela-2M model provided encrypted communications for theatre military forces.
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Parus
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Military satellite which provided navigation information and store-dump radio communications to Soviet naval forces and ballistic missile submarines. Experimental flights of equipment components began in 1967, but development was protracted due to the difficulty in developing software that could achieve acceptable positional accuracy levels. Flight trials began in 1974 and the system was finally accepted into military service in 1976.
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Tsikada
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Tsikada was a complementary civilian version of the Parus military naval navigation satellite system for the Soviet Merchant Marine and Academy of Sciences. Development began once flight test of Parus began in 1974, and deployment of the operational Tsikada system began in 1978.
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© Mark Wade, 1997 - 2007 except where otherwise noted.
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