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Vostok
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First manned spacecraft. Derivatives were still in use over thirty years later, for military photo-reconnaissance, earth resources, mapping, and biological missions.
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Vostok-Zh
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The Vostok-Zh (or Vostok-7) maneuverable manned satellite was piloted by a single 'cosmonaut assemblyman'. The pilot would rendezvous and dock with components of a space station or translunar spacecraft as they reached orbit, then maneuver the component to a docking with the in-assembly spacecraft. Abandoned in favor of the Soyuz.
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Zenit-2
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The Zenit-2 was a derivative of the manned Vostok that fulfilled the Soviet military's unmanned photo reconnaissance satellite requirement. It was the Soviet Union's first spy satellite, and its later versions remained in use into the 21st Century.
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Zenit-4
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Zenit-4 was the second Soviet photo-reconnaissance satellite, providing high-resolution imagery to complement the area coverage of the Zenit-2. The Zenit-4 draft project was completed in 1964. The high resolution system used a 3 m focal length camera. Development was done by Kozlov at OKB-1 Filial 3. Chertok and Tsybin were in charge of the flight tests. Zenit-4 was equipped with the Ftor-4 camera and was accepted into service in 1965. Typical orbital profile: inclination 65 degrees with altitude of 202-320 km; inclination 51.8 degrees with altitude of 199-286 km; inclination 72.8 degrees with altitude of 204-331 km; inclination 81.3 degrees with altitude of 201-368 km. Designed duration: 8 days. Transmission frequencies observed in West: 19.995 PDM; sometimes; 19.990 PDM.
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Voskhod
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The Voskhods were adaptations of the single place Vostok spacecraft meant to conduct flights with up to three crew, conduct space walks, and fly manned missions of up to three weeks duration in advance of the US Gemini program.
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Zenit-2M
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Planning began in mid-1967 for military systems to enter service through 1975. These included this improved area survey model of the Zenit-2 reconnaissance satellite, accepted into service in 1970. The special reconnaissance system Ftor-2 of the Zenit-2 was replaced by the more capable system Ftor-2R3.
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Zenit-4M
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Planning began in mid-1967 for military systems to enter service through 1975. These included this improved model of Zenit-4 high resolution reconnaissance satellite, accepted into service in 1971. The photo system Ftor-6 replaced the Ftor-4 of the Zenit-4. The Zenit-4M was the first of the series equipped with a restartable engine which allowed adjustment of the orbit during the mission. High resolution, maneuverable; Typical orbital profile: inclination 65 degrees with altitude of 203-290 km; maneuvers to 178-312 km altitude. Also inclinations of 51.6 degrees; 72.8 degrees; 81.3 degrees. Designed duration: 13 days. Transmission frequencies observed in West: 19.150 PCM telemetry or 19.300 Morse-code.
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Zenit-4MK
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Modernized high resolution version of the Zenit-4M satellite that went into service in 1972. Maneuverable; (two-tone telemetry). Typical orbital profile: inclination 62.8 degrees, 180-325 km altitude, maneuvering to 170-315 km; inclination 65 degrees, 205-300 km altitude maneuvering to 170-305 km; inclination 72.8 degrees, 205-340 km altitude, maneuvering to 170-315 km. Designed duration: 12 or 14 days. Transmission frequencies observed in West: 19.989 FSK; 39.978 FSK; 232.0 PPM-AM.
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Zenit-4MT
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Special version of Zenit developed for topographical photography. This was developed by OKB-1 Filial 1 based on the Zenit-4M. It utilized the SA-106 topographic camera from the Krasnogorsk Mechanical Factory, and a laser altimeter and doppler apparatus developed by NPO Radiopribor. The draft project was completed in 1968. Flight trials aboard the Soyuz launch vehicle began in 1971 from Plesetsk. Trials were completed in 1975 and the system was accepted into service in 1976. Launch vehicle was Soyuz 11A511M, the only spacecraft to use this launch vehicle. Typical orbital profile: inclination 82.3 degrees, 81.3 degrees with altitude of 215-245 km; inclination 72.8 degrees with altitude of 200-325 km; inclination 62.8 degrees with altitude of 230-275 km. Designed duration: 12 or 13 days. Transmission frequencies observed in West: 19.994 FSK.
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Energia
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Adaptation of recoverable Vostok spacecraft for investigation of primary cosmic radiation and meteoritic particles in near-earth outer space. Two such spacecraft were launched in the 1970's to study high-energy cosmic rays. The scientific equipment carried measured 1.5 m x 1.145 m x 0.85 m.
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Zenit-4MKT
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The Zenit-4MKT / Fram was an adaptation of the recoverable Vostok spacecraft for reconnaissance/remote sensing missions. The spacecraft was equipped with the Priroda-3 camera, which took multi-spectral photographs on black and white and spectro-zonal film.
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Bion
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Bion was developed for biological studies of the effects of radiation. The Bion series were built by TsSKB with experimental payloads by the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems. The spacecraft was based on the Zenit reconnaissance satellite and launches began in 1973. Launches in the program included Cosmos 110, 605, 670, 782, plus 11 autonomous Nauka modules flown on Zenit-2M reconnaissance satellites. 90 kg of equipment could be contained in the external Nauka module.
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Zenit-6U
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A universal variant of the Zenit spacecraft, used in two altitude ranges, for both observation and high resolution missions. Maneuvers to high perigee during the course of a mission. Accepted for military service in 1978. Typical orbital profile: inclination 72.8, 70.4 degrees with altitude of 200-380 km; maneuvering to altitude of 360-415 km. Designed duration: 14 days. Transmission frequencies observed in West: 19.989 FSK; 39.978 FSK; 232.0 PPM-AM; 19.989 FSK; 39.978 FSK; 231.5 PCM-FM.
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Zenit-4MKM
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A further modification of the Zenit-4MK, accepted for military service in 1976, entered service in 1978. May be simply the low-altitude variant of the Zenit-6U. Improved high resolution, maneuverable; (two-tone telemetry). Typical orbital profile: inclination 62.8 degrees, 180-325 km altitude, maneuvering to 170-315 km; inclination 65 degrees, 205-300 km altitude maneuvering to 170-305 km; inclination 72.8 degrees, 205-340 km altitude, maneuvering to 170-315 km. Designed duration: 12 or 14 days. Transmission frequencies observed in West: 19.989 FSK; 39.978 FSK; 232.0 PPM-AM.
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Resurs F1-17F41
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The 17F41 was the first of 4 models of the Resurs-F to fly. The remote sensing satellite was dedicated to the investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.
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Efir
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Science. Adaptation of the Vostok spacecraft.
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Zenit-8
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Adaptation of the recoverable Vostok spacecraft for military cartographic photography, developed as a replacement for the perpetually delayed Yantar-1KF. Flight trials of the Zenit-8 were conducted over six launches in 1978-1981. The spacecraft was accepted for military service in 1983. The satellite used the camera used the Teleoir 12MK objective and the Rubin-77 camera fed with 380T film. Targets could be observed at up to 40 degrees of either side of the ground track, and operations were conducted at 230-380 km and 300-450 km orbits. Operation of the system continued until the end of the 1980's. Western description: Typical orbital profile: inclination 70 degrees with altitude of 350-420 km. Designed duration: 15 days. Transmission frequencies observed in West: 19.989 FSK; 39.978 FSK; 232.0 PPM-AM.
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Foton
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Adaptation of recoverable Vostok spacecraft for zero-gravity materials processing tests. 400 W available to operate experiments.
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Resurs F1-14F40
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The Resurs-F earth resource satellite was based on the recoverable Zenit-4 spy satellite. Film resolution was 10-11 m black and white, 31-33 m multispectral. Swath width 147 to 225 km; total area covered per mission 27 to 76 million square km. A restartable engine allowed adjustment of orbit during mission.
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Resurs F2
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Adaptation of recoverable Vostok spacecraft for remote sensing. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation. Film resolution 9-12 m black and white, 15-18 m multispectral (4-6 spectral bands). Swath width 150 km; total area covered per mission 20.7 million square km. Missions: Cosmos 1906, Cosmos 1965, Cosmos 1990, Resurs-F7. Transmission frequencies observed in West: 231.5 PCM-FM.
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Resurs F1-14F43
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A decree of 5 May 1977 authorized development of three earth resource satellites. The Ministry of Defense was tasked with developing these systems, even though they did not contribute directly to any military mission. Despite this political decision, the orders were followed. One of these was Resurs-F, which became Fram, based on the Vostok bus. Remote sensing. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation. Western description: Earth resources, close look. Missions: Cosmos 1951, Cosmos 1957, Cosmos 1968, Resurs-F1. Transmission frequencies observed in West: 231.5 PCM-FM. See Resurs F1-17F40 for a full technical description.
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Resurs F1M
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Variant of the Resurs-F recoverable earth resources satellite. See Resurs F1-17F40 for a full technical description.
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