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Air-launched orbital launch vehicle. Family: Air-Launched. Country: Russia. Status: Study 1981.

Air launched from catamaran heavy-life aircraft, predecessor of later Gerakl / Molniya-1000 design. 900 tonnes takeoff mass. Release conditions: Suspended load, Mach 0.7 at 8 to 9 km altitude. Effective velocity gain compared to vertical launch 270 m/s.

Manufacturer: Molniya. LEO Payload: 9,000 kg (19,800 lb). to: 200 km Orbit. at: 51.00 degrees. Total Mass: 200,000 kg (440,000 lb).

Bibliography:

Lozino-Lozinskiy, G E, editor, Aviationno-kosmicheskiye sistemy, MAI, Moscow, 1997.

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© Mark Wade, 1997 - 2008 except where otherwise noted.