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Air-launched orbital launch vehicle. Family: Air-Launched. Country: Russia. Status: Study 1981. Air launched from catamaran heavy-life aircraft, predecessor of later Gerakl / Molniya-1000 design. 900 tonnes takeoff mass. Release conditions: Suspended load, Mach 0.7 at 8 to 9 km altitude. Effective velocity gain compared to vertical launch 270 m/s.
Manufacturer: Molniya. LEO Payload: 9,000 kg (19,800 lb). to: 200 km Orbit. at: 51.00 degrees. Total Mass: 200,000 kg (440,000 lb). Bibliography:
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