Tor Credit - © Mark Wade

Naval version of the Tor multi-target surface-to-air missile. Export version is designated Klinok.

In the 1980's NPO Altair under S A Fadeyev developed the Klinok multi-target naval surface-to-air missile. The system used a phased-array radar coupled with a fast digital computer guidance system. The system could engage targets out to 45 km range and at 3.5 km altitude at that range. The system had an alternate optical-television guidance system for use against small, stealthy targets or in the case of intense radar jamming. Four targets could be engaged simultaneously by 8 missiles. The single stage 9M330-2 missile was developed by P D Grushin at MKB Fakel. The system, with a reaction time of 8 to 24 seconds, included not just the surface-to-air missile but the AK-630M 30 mm gun for last ditch defence of the ship against incoming targets out to 200 m range. Klinok entered military service in the larger anti-ship version of the system aboard 1155 vessels in 1989. In 1992 it was planned that the system be included in the type 1144 nuclear cruisers Frunze (later Admiral Lazarov) and Klinok (later Admiral Nakhimov), each with two Klinok installations, a total of 128 missiles per ship.

Radars: 3R95 Cross Swords target acquisition radar, G band, range 45 km. 3R95 Cross Swords target tracking radar, K band, range 15 km.

Manufacturer: Altair/Grushin. Location: Moscow, Russian Federation. Total Mass: 165 kg (363 lb). Core Diameter: 0.35 m (1.14 ft). Total Length: 3.50 m (11.40 ft). Standard warhead mass: 15 kg (33 lb). Maximum range: 12 km (7 mi). Boost Propulsion: Solid rocket. Guidance: Command Link. Minimum range: 1.50 km (0.90 mi). Ceiling: 6,000 m (19,600 ft). Floor: 10 m (32 ft).

• Parsch, Andreas, DesignationSystems.Net, . Outstanding, unique reference for aircraft, missiles, propulsion, and avionics systems. Accessed at: http://www.designation-systems.net/.

• Yeftifyev, M D, Iz istorii sozdaniya zenito-raketnovo shchita rossii, Vuzovskaya kniga, Moscow, 2000. Comprehensive history of development of the development of surface-to-air and anti-ballistic missiles in the Soviet Union, with summaries of work in other countries as well. Accessed at: http://www.eastview.com/xq/ASP/sku=A2010232/f_locale=/Evtif'ev/MD/Moskva/Russia/Russian/qx/russian/books/product.asp.