Tunguska Credit - © Mark Wade

Naval version of the Tunguska system. Integrated missile-artillery system designed to destroy targets at altitudes of up to 8000 m. Export version is designated Kashtan.

At the end of 1970's A G Shipunov at KBO began development of the Kashtan (Kortik) rocket-artillery system with the 3M87 missile. The surface-to-air missile was designed to destroy targets at altitudes of 1500 to 8000 m, with the antiaircraft 30 mm gun taking care of targets between 500 and 1500 m. A battery consisted of one command vehicle and from one to six combat vehicles. The command vehicle carried the observation radar, processor, and target designation system. The combat vehicles were equipped with the tracking radar, television-optical guidance system, 2 x six-barreled AK-630 guns capable of firing 10,000 rounds per minute, and 2 x rocket launchers, each with four containerised 3M11 missiles. The Kashtan system was capable of engaging and destroying six targets per minute. The system was accepted for military production in 1989, but production was cancelled in 1994 after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the associated military cutbacks.

Radars: 3R87 Hot Flash target tracking radar, K band, range 18 km.

Manufacturer: Altair/Nepobidimy. Location: Moscow, Russian Federation. Total Mass: 42 kg (92 lb). Core Diameter: 0.17 m (0.56 ft). Total Length: 2.50 m (8.20 ft). Span: 0.52 m (1.70 ft). Standard warhead mass: 9.00 kg (19.80 lb). Maximum range: 8.00 km (4.90 mi). Boost Propulsion: Solid rocket. Cruise Propulsion: Solid rocket. Guidance: Command Link to LIne of Sight. Maximum speed: 1,730 kph (1,070 mph). Minimum range: 2.50 km (1.50 mi). Ceiling: 3,500 m (11,400 ft). Floor: 15 m (49 ft).

• Parsch, Andreas, DesignationSystems.Net, . Outstanding, unique reference for aircraft, missiles, propulsion, and avionics systems. Accessed at: http://www.designation-systems.net/.

• Yeftifyev, M D, Iz istorii sozdaniya zenito-raketnovo shchita rossii, Vuzovskaya kniga, Moscow, 2000. Comprehensive history of development of the development of surface-to-air and anti-ballistic missiles in the Soviet Union, with summaries of work in other countries as well. Accessed at: http://www.eastview.com/xq/ASP/sku=A2010232/f_locale=/Evtif'ev/MD/Moskva/Russia/Russian/qx/russian/books/product.asp.