Kosmos 3

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Orbital launch vehicle. Country: Russia. Status: Active.

In 1961 Isayev and Reshetnev developed the Voskhod space launch system on the basis of the R-14 IRBM. The initial version of the two stage rocket was designated Kosmos-1. The first 'Voskhod' launch complex was at Baikonur, a modification of one of the pads at the R-16 ICBM launch complex 41.

Manufacturer: Polyot. Launches: 902. Failures: 31. Success Rate: 96.56%. First Launch Date: 1959-09-30. Last Launch Date: 2007-11-01. Launch data is: continuing. Version:

R-14.
R-14
Credit - Ukrainian Space Agency
Intermediate range ballistic missile. IOC: 1960. Country: Ukraine. Status: Retired 1965. Department of Defence Designation: SS-5 Mod 1. ASCC Reporting Name: Skean. Article Number: 8K65. Manufacturer's Designation: R-14. Complex: 8K65.

The R-14, with a range of 3600 km, was the only missile of that range class to be fielded. A key element in the Cuba missile crisis, it thereafter was part of the nuclear deterrent targeted at NATO and China. Built in relatively limited numbers by Soviet standards, it was perhaps more important as the basis for the first stage of the R-16 ICBM and the Kosmos-3 launch vehicle. The latter continued in use into the 21st Century.

A government decree of 2 July 1958 directed development of a new IRBM with 4000 km range, with trials to begin in April 1960. This would become possible due to 15 years of research by Glushko on use of UDMH as a fuel. This research indicated that UDMH would provide 6 to 8 seconds better specific impulse than kerosene-based fuels. Production processes were developed at the Leningrad State Institute of Applied Chemistry (GIPKh) with production of factory quantitities set for the early 1960's.

The draft project was completed in December 1958. First tests of the new rocket engine began at Zagorsk on 28 March 1960. Flight trials of the complete missile and its 8S224 launch complex from Kapustin Yar began on 6 June 1960 and were completed on 15 February 1961. These included tests with a variety of warheads with the impact zone being near Bratsk. Barmin at Spetsmash designed the truck launcher. Production of the missile was done at both Factory 586 in Dnepropetrovsk and Factory 1001 in Krasnoyarsk. The RD-216 engine was built only at Factory 586. In 1962 design responsibility for future versions and the complete drawing package was handed over to Reshetnev at Krasnoyarsk KB-10 (later NPO Applied Mechanics). He further subcontracted it to PO Polyot in Omsk, where the Chief Constructor was A S Klinyshkov. Production of later versions was therefore accomplished at Aviation Factory 166 in Omsk.

The system was accepted by the military on 24 April 1961 and the first division with 4 launchers entered service on 31 December of the same year. The first regiment was organised a day later, and by the end of 1962 two regiments were fully operational in the Ukraine and Latvia. An R-14 regiment consisted of two divisions, with eight launchers total. The long-range missiles were targeted on Thor and Jupiter missile launchers and Polaris bases in Turkey, Italy, Spain, and Britain. The missile had a guaranteed storage life of 30 days in fuelled condition, and a reaction time of two hours from a launch go-ahead.

From 5 to 8 September 1962 seven R-14's were launched with live nuclear warheads from Yasnaya near Chita to Novaya Zemlya in Operation Tyulin. In parallel with this the new rocket was being secretly deployed to Cuba. Two regiments with 16 R-14 launchers joined 3 regiments of R-12's on the island. The missiles were returned to the Soviet Union in the agreement reached to end the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962.

A missile forces veteran remembers that the R-12 and R-14 were deployed primarily on surface launch pads. By the 1970's one mobile regiment consisted of 3 control units and 4 to 5 launchers. While he was in service he visited at least 15 launch sites: Sovietsk, Gvardeisk, and Znamensk in the Kaliningrad enclave; Taurage and Ukmerge in Lithuania, Elgava and Dobele in Latvia, and Postavy and Lida in Belorussia. His own regiment in Priekule, Latvia had 6 silo-based R-14's and 3 R-14 on surface pads. While both the R-12 and R-14 used AK-27I oxidizer, the R-12 fuel was called Samin, and the one used in R-14 Heptyl. Both missiles used the same SP6 surface launch pad complex. According to the veteran, his regiment was the last which was armed with the missile, which was withdrawn from service in the middle of 1984. Offical histories indicate that the last R-14 IRBM was withdrawn from service in 1987.

A variant of the missile with experimental STK 'grid' stabilisers designed by NII-888 was test launched in 1962-1963. The modification allowed launches at up to 45 degrees from the vertical, but was not adopted for any production version. Other derivatives of the missile included the Vertikal-4 sounding rocket and a number of space launch vehicle variants (8K65S, 8K65SM, Kosmos-3 11K65, Kosmos-3M 11K65M). The R-14 also had many similarities to the first stage of the R-16 ICBM, which was developed concurrently. Reshetnev also developed the K65M-P version for reentry vehicle tests, and the K65M-R version for launches from the experimental launch complex 11P865M, developed by KBTM Moscow for LC-107 at Kapustin Yar.

Manufacturer: Yuzhnoye. Launches: 81. Failures: 7. Success Rate: 91.36%. First Launch Date: 1959-09-30. Last Launch Date: 1965-03-22. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi). Liftoff Thrust: 1,480.000 kN (332,710 lbf). Total Mass: 86,300 kg (190,200 lb). Core Diameter: 2.44 m (8.00 ft). Total Length: 24.39 m (80.01 ft). Span: 2.74 m (8.98 ft). Standard warhead mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Maximum range: 3,700 km (2,200 mi). Number Standard Warheads: 1. Standard warhead yield: 1,000 KT. Standard warhead CEP: 1.13 km (0.70 mi). Boost Propulsion: Storable liquid rocket, IRFNA/UDMH. Boost engine: RD-216. Guidance: Inertial.

Stage1: 1 x Kosmos-1. Gross Mass: 87,200 kg (192,200 lb). Empty Mass: 5,300 kg (11,600 lb). Motor: 1 x RD-216. Thrust (vac): 1,740.023 kN (391,173 lbf). Isp: 292 sec. Burn time: 130 sec. Length: 22.40 m (73.40 ft). Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Propellants: Nitric acid/UDMH.

Version:

R-14U.
R-14
Credit - Ukrainian Space Agency
Intermediate range ballistic missile. IOC: 1960. Status: Retired 1969. Department of Defence Designation: SS-5 Mod 2. ASCC Reporting Name: Skean. Article Number: 8K65U. Manufacturer's Designation: R-14U. Launch System: Chusovaya. Complex: 8K65U.

Universal version, for pad-launch or from silo complex 'Chusovaya'.

Development of the modernised R-14U (universal) version, which could also be launched from 'Chusovaya' complex silos, was authorised on 30 May 1960. The authority to design the silo was issued two weeks later. The first test launch from a surface pad was conducted on 12 January 1962, followed by a series of launches from the silos from 11 February 1962 to October 1963.

In the silo-launched version, each regiment consisted of two divisions, each division being a single emplacement with a technical point and three silos. The launch complex was designed by TsKB TM under the direction of Nikolai Krivoshein. The hardened command and control technical point was modified from that for the R-12U, with each silo placed at least 100 m from the other about the technical point. Each silo was 30 m deep, had an inner diameter of 4.0 to 4.5 m, and was hardened to withstand overpressures of 2 kg/cm2. The silo design was accepted for military service on 15 June 1963.

The first R-14U silo division became operational at Priekule, Latvia in 1964. Further complexes were at Nerchinsk and Yasnaya in the far east, Dzhambul in Kazakhstan, Glukhov and Belokorovichi in the Ukraine, and Karmelaya in Lithuania. By 1965 a total of 97 R-14 and R-14U test or operational verification launches had been conducted, and around 100 mobile and silo launchers were operational.

The R-14U, in mixed deployment with mobile launchers, was retired in the late 1970's.

Launches: 3. First Launch Date: 1962-01-11. Last Launch Date: 1969-07-18. Apogee: 676 km (420 mi). Liftoff Thrust: 1,480.000 kN (332,710 lbf). Total Mass: 86,400 kg (190,400 lb). Core Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Total Length: 24.40 m (80.00 ft). Maximum range: 4,000 km (2,400 mi).

Stage1: 1 x Kosmos-1. Gross Mass: 87,200 kg (192,200 lb). Empty Mass: 5,300 kg (11,600 lb). Motor: 1 x RD-216. Thrust (vac): 1,740.023 kN (391,173 lbf). Isp: 292 sec. Burn time: 130 sec. Length: 22.40 m (73.40 ft). Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Propellants: Nitric acid/UDMH.

Version:

K65M-R. Status: Active.

Two stage vehicle for suborbital tests consisting of 1 x R-14 + 1 x S3M.

Launches: 326. Failures: 1. Success Rate: 99.69%. First Launch Date: 1973-01-01. Last Launch Date: 2006-04-22. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi). Liftoff Thrust: 1,485.000 kN (333,841 lbf). Total Mass: 109,000 kg (240,000 lb). Core Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Total Length: 32.40 m (106.20 ft).

Stage1: 1 x Kosmos-1. Gross Mass: 87,200 kg (192,200 lb). Empty Mass: 5,300 kg (11,600 lb). Motor: 1 x RD-216. Thrust (vac): 1,740.023 kN (391,173 lbf). Isp: 292 sec. Burn time: 130 sec. Length: 22.40 m (73.40 ft). Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Propellants: Nitric acid/UDMH.

Stage2: 1 x S3. Gross Mass: 20,135 kg (44,390 lb). Empty Mass: 1,435 kg (3,163 lb). Motor: 1 x 11D49. Thrust (vac): 156.000 kN (35,070 lbf). Isp: 303 sec. Burn time: 375 sec. Length: 6.00 m (19.60 ft). Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Propellants: Nitric acid/UDMH.

Version:

Kosmos 65MP. Status: Out of production. Other Designations: Kosmos 3MP. Library of Congress Designation: C-1. Department of Defence Designation: SL-8. ASCC Reporting Name: Skean. Manufacturer's Designation: 65MP.

Adaptation of 11K65M launcher for suborbital and single orbit test of subscale prototypes of Spiral and Buran manned spaceplanes (BOR-4 and BOR-5).

LEO Payload: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). to: 400 km Orbit. Payload: 700 kg (1,540 lb). to a: 1,600 km orbital trajectory. Associated Spacecraft: BOR-4. Liftoff Thrust: 1,477.820 kN (332,227 lbf). Total Mass: 107,500 kg (236,900 lb). Core Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Total Length: 26.30 m (86.20 ft). Launch Price $: 10.000 million. in: 1994 price dollars. Version:

K65M-RB. Status: Retired 1988.

Two stage vehicle for suborbital tests consisting of 1 x R-14 + 1 x S3M.

Launches: 12. First Launch Date: 1980-12-05. Last Launch Date: 1988-06-21. Apogee: 250 km (150 mi). Liftoff Thrust: 1,485.000 kN (333,841 lbf). Total Mass: 109,000 kg (240,000 lb). Core Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Total Length: 32.40 m (106.20 ft).

Stage1: 1 x Kosmos-1. Gross Mass: 87,200 kg (192,200 lb). Empty Mass: 5,300 kg (11,600 lb). Motor: 1 x RD-216. Thrust (vac): 1,740.023 kN (391,173 lbf). Isp: 292 sec. Burn time: 130 sec. Length: 22.40 m (73.40 ft). Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Propellants: Nitric acid/UDMH.

Stage2: 1 x S3. Gross Mass: 20,135 kg (44,390 lb). Empty Mass: 1,435 kg (3,163 lb). Motor: 1 x 11D49. Thrust (vac): 156.000 kN (35,070 lbf). Isp: 303 sec. Burn time: 375 sec. Length: 6.00 m (19.60 ft). Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Propellants: Nitric acid/UDMH.

Version:

Vertikal-4. Status: Retired 1983. Article Number: K65UP. Popular Name: Vertikal.

Soviet sounding rocket, based on the R-14 IRBM.

Launches: 25. First Launch Date: 1973-01-01. Last Launch Date: 1983-01-01. Apogee: 1,500 km (900 mi). Liftoff Thrust: 1,485.000 kN (333,841 lbf). Total Mass: 90,000 kg (198,000 lb). Core Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Total Length: 27.60 m (90.50 ft).

Stage1: 1 x Kosmos-1. Gross Mass: 87,200 kg (192,200 lb). Empty Mass: 5,300 kg (11,600 lb). Motor: 1 x RD-216. Thrust (vac): 1,740.023 kN (391,173 lbf). Isp: 292 sec. Burn time: 130 sec. Length: 22.40 m (73.40 ft). Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Propellants: Nitric acid/UDMH.

Version:

Kosmos 65S3. Status: Retired 1965. Other Designations: Kosmos 1. Library of Congress Designation: C-1. Department of Defence Designation: SL-8. ASCC Reporting Name: Skean. Manufacturer's Designation: 65S3.

Prototype of light satellite launcher using as a first stage the Yangel R-14 (8K65) IRBM. The protoype system was launched eight times before production was handed over to the Krasnoryarsk Machine Factory.

Launches: 8. Failures: 1. First Launch Date: 1964-08-18. Last Launch Date: 1965-12-28. LEO Payload: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). to: 400 km Orbit. Payload: 700 kg (1,540 lb). to a: 1,600 km orbital trajectory. Apogee: 1,500 km (900 mi). Associated Spacecraft: Strela-1, Strela-2. Liftoff Thrust: 1,477.820 kN (332,227 lbf). Total Mass: 107,500 kg (236,900 lb). Core Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Total Length: 26.30 m (86.20 ft). Launch Price $: 10.000 million. in: 1994 price dollars.

Stage1: 1 x Kosmos-1. Gross Mass: 87,200 kg (192,200 lb). Empty Mass: 5,300 kg (11,600 lb). Motor: 1 x RD-216. Thrust (vac): 1,740.023 kN (391,173 lbf). Isp: 292 sec. Burn time: 130 sec. Length: 22.40 m (73.40 ft). Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Propellants: Nitric acid/UDMH.

Stage2: 1 x S3. Gross Mass: 20,135 kg (44,390 lb). Empty Mass: 1,435 kg (3,163 lb). Motor: 1 x 11D49. Thrust (vac): 156.000 kN (35,070 lbf). Isp: 303 sec. Burn time: 375 sec. Length: 6.00 m (19.60 ft). Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Propellants: Nitric acid/UDMH.

Version:

Kosmos 11K65. Status: Retired 1968. Other Designations: Kosmos 3. Library of Congress Designation: C-1. Department of Defence Designation: SL-8. ASCC Reporting Name: Skean. Article Number: 11K65.

Initial serial production version was the Kosmos-3, built at the Krasnoryarsk Machine Factory. Flew only four times, with two failures, before being succeeded by the modernized production version under the responsibility of NPO Polyot.

Launches: 6. Failures: 2. First Launch Date: 1966-11-16. Last Launch Date: 1968-08-27. LEO Payload: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). to: 400 km Orbit. Payload: 700 kg (1,540 lb). to a: 1,600 km orbital trajectory. Apogee: 1,500 km (900 mi). Associated Spacecraft: Strela-2. Liftoff Thrust: 1,477.820 kN (332,227 lbf). Total Mass: 107,500 kg (236,900 lb). Core Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Total Length: 26.30 m (86.20 ft). Launch Price $: 10.000 million. in: 1994 price dollars.

Stage1: 1 x Kosmos-1. Gross Mass: 87,200 kg (192,200 lb). Empty Mass: 5,300 kg (11,600 lb). Motor: 1 x RD-216. Thrust (vac): 1,740.023 kN (391,173 lbf). Isp: 292 sec. Burn time: 130 sec. Length: 22.40 m (73.40 ft). Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Propellants: Nitric acid/UDMH.

Stage2: 1 x S3. Gross Mass: 20,135 kg (44,390 lb). Empty Mass: 1,435 kg (3,163 lb). Motor: 1 x 11D49. Thrust (vac): 156.000 kN (35,070 lbf). Isp: 303 sec. Burn time: 375 sec. Length: 6.00 m (19.60 ft). Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Propellants: Nitric acid/UDMH.

Version:

Kosmos 11K65M.
Kosmos 3M
Credit - Sven Grahn
Status: Active. Other Designations: Kosmos 3M. Library of Congress Designation: C-1. Department of Defence Designation: SL-8. ASCC Reporting Name: Skean. Article Number: 11K65M.

Definitive and prolific production version of satellite launcher based on Yangel R-14 IRBM. After further development at NPO Polyot (Omsk, Chief Designer A S Klinishkov), the modified Kosmos-3M added a restartable second stage with an orientation system. This booster was launched form two 'Cusovaya' launch complexes from 1967. The second stage used low thrust rockets using gas generator output to adjust the final velocity of the stage

Kosmos 11K65M Chronology and Launches

Launches: 441. Failures: 20. Success Rate: 95.46%. First Launch Date: 1967-05-15. Last Launch Date: 2007-11-01. LEO Payload: 1,500 kg (3,300 lb). to: 250 km Orbit. at: 51.60 degrees. Payload: 775 kg (1,708 lb). to a: Sun synchronous, 800 km, 98.5 deg inclination trajectory. Apogee: 2,000 km (1,200 mi). Associated Spacecraft: ABRIXAS, Aryabhata, Astrid, Astrid-2, AUOS, Bhaskara, DS-P1-M, DS-U2-GKA, DS-U2-IK, DS-U2-IP, DS-U2-K, DS-U2-MT, DS-U3-IK, Early Bird, Enhanced Microsat SSTL, FAISAT, GVM DS-U2-IK, Informator, Ionosfernaya, Kitsat, Magion, Megsat, Microsat SSTL, Nadezhda. Other Associated Spacecraft: Nanosat SSTL, Oscar, Parus, Radio, Sfera, Signe, Strela-1M, Strela-2M, Strela-3, Taifun-1, Taifun-1Yu, Taifun-2, Tselina-O, Tsikada, Tsiklon. Liftoff Thrust: 1,486.000 kN (334,066 lbf). Total Mass: 109,000 kg (240,000 lb). Core Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Total Length: 32.40 m (106.20 ft). Launch Price $: 10.000 million. in: 1994 price dollars. Flyaway Unit Cost $: 12.000 million. in: 1999 unit dollars.

Stage1: 1 x Kosmos-1. Gross Mass: 87,200 kg (192,200 lb). Empty Mass: 5,300 kg (11,600 lb). Motor: 1 x RD-216. Thrust (vac): 1,740.023 kN (391,173 lbf). Isp: 292 sec. Burn time: 130 sec. Length: 22.40 m (73.40 ft). Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Propellants: Nitric acid/UDMH.

Stage2: 1 x S3. Gross Mass: 20,135 kg (44,390 lb). Empty Mass: 1,435 kg (3,163 lb). Motor: 1 x 11D49. Thrust (vac): 156.000 kN (35,070 lbf). Isp: 303 sec. Burn time: 375 sec. Length: 6.00 m (19.60 ft). Diameter: 2.40 m (7.80 ft). Propellants: Nitric acid/UDMH.

Kosmos 3 Chronology

1958 July 2 - R-14 IRBM, R-7A ICBM, and Raketoplan development authorised. Spacecraft: Raketoplan. Central Committee of the Communist Party and Council of Soviet Ministers Decree 726-346 'On start of work on the R-14 missile, on creation of the R-7A ICBM, and on creation of the winged-ballistic rocket at OKB-52' was issued.

1959 September 30 - Kapustin Yar LC84. First flight of R-14 missile.

1960 June 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. LKI No. 2 Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1960 June 6 - Kapustin Yar V-2. State trials test launch 1 Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1960 June 14 - Development of Silo-Launched IRBM's and ICBM's approved. State Committee for Defence Technology (GKOT) Decree 'On creation of shaft units (silos) for the R-12, R-14, R-16, and R-9 missiles' was issued.

1960 August 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. State trials launch Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1960 September 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. State trials launch Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1960 October 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. State trials launch Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1960 November 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. State trials launch Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1960 December 24 - Kapustin Yar V-2. State trials launch Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1960 December 31 - Kapustin Yar V-2. LKI No 44? Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1961 January 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. State trials launch Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1961 February 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1961 February 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. State trials launch Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1961 February 8 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1961 April 24 - R-14 missile accepted into military service. Central Committee of the Communist Party and Council of Soviet Ministers Decree 'On adoption of the R-14 missile into armaments' was issued.

1961 June 4 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1961 September 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1961 October 19 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1961 October 23 - Kapustin Yar V-2. FAILURE: Failure. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 0 km ( mi).

1961 October 31 - Kosmos 65S3 intermediate launch vehicle development authorised. Spacecraft: Meteor, Strela-1, Strela-2. Central Committee of the Communist Party and Council of Soviet Ministers Decree 'On the Creation of the Space Carrier 65S3--start of work on a launch vehicle based on the R-14 for launch of the Meteor, Strela, and Pchela satellites.' was issued.

1961 October 31 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1961 November 25 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1961 November 29 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1961 December 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1961 December 4 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1961 December 8 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1961 December 14 - Kapustin Yar V-2. FAILURE: Failure. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 0 km ( mi).

1961 December 26 - Kapustin Yar V-2. FAILURE: Failure. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 0 km ( mi).

1962 January 11 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Test mission Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1962 January 13 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1962 January 22 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1962 January 27 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1962 February 11 - Kapustin Yar silo. Test mission Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1962 April 11 - Kapustin Yar V-2. FAILURE: Failure. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 0 km ( mi).

1962 June 4 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1962 June 6 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1962 June 8 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1962 July 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1962 August 4 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1962 September 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1962 October 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1962 November 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1962 December 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1962 December 25 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1963 January 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1963 February 13 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1963 March 28 - Kapustin Yar V-2. FAILURE: Failure. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 0 km ( mi).

1963 April 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1963 April 11 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1963 June 29 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1963 July 15 - R-12U, R-14U, and R-16U silo-based missiles accepted into service. Decree 'On adoption into armaments of the R-12U, R-14U, and R-16U shaft versions' was issued.

1963 August 30 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1963 November 19 - Kapustin Yar V-2. FAILURE: Failure. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 0 km ( mi).

1963 December 9 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1963 December 30 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1964 January 9 - R-12U and R-14U accepted into military service. Decree 'On adoption of the R-12U and R-14U shaft versions into armaments' was issued.

1964 February 2 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1964 March 13 - Kapustin Yar V-2. FAILURE: Failure. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 0 km ( mi).

1964 March 26 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1964 June 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1964 June 22 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1964 August 18 - 09:15 GMT - Baikonur LC41/15. Kosmos 65S3 02L Cosmos 38 Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 203 km (126 mi). Apogee: 766 km (475 mi). Inclination: 56.10 deg. Period: 94.30 min.

1964 September 11 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1964 October 23 - Baikonur LC41/15. Kosmos 65S3 01L FAILURE: Launch vehicle failed to orbit - unknown cause. Strela-1 Spacecraft: Strela-1. Agency: RVSN.

1964 December 18 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1965 January 1 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1965 January 8 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1965 January 23 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1965 February 21 - 11:00 GMT - Baikonur LC41/15. Kosmos 65S3 03L Cosmos 54 Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 269 km (167 mi). Apogee: 1,839 km (1,142 mi). Inclination: 56.10 deg. Period: 106.30 min.

1965 March 15 - 11:00 GMT - Baikonur LC41/15. Kosmos 65S3 04L Cosmos 61 Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 262 km (162 mi). Apogee: 1,737 km (1,079 mi). Inclination: 56.00 deg. Period: 105.10 min.

1965 March 22 - Kapustin Yar V-2. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1965 July 16 - 03:31 GMT - Baikonur LC41/15. Kosmos 65S3 05L Cosmos 71 Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 522 km (324 mi). Apogee: 542 km (336 mi). Inclination: 56.00 deg. Period: 95.20 min.

1965 September 3 - 14:00 GMT - Baikonur LC41/15. Kosmos 65S3 07LS Cosmos 80 Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,370 km (850 mi). Apogee: 1,536 km (954 mi). Inclination: 56.10 deg. Period: 115.00 min.

1965 September 18 - 07:59 GMT - Baikonur LC41/15. Kosmos 65S3 08LS Cosmos 86 Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,291 km (802 mi). Apogee: 1,623 km (1,008 mi). Inclination: 56.10 deg. Period: 115.00 min.

1965 December 28 - 12:30 GMT - Baikonur LC41/15. Kosmos 65S3 09LP Cosmos 103 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-2. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 176 km (109 mi). Apogee: 179 km (111 mi). Inclination: 56.00 deg. Period: 88.00 min. Possible test flight.

1966 November 16 - Baikonur LC41/15. FAILURE: Launch vehicle failed to orbit - unknown cause. Strela-2 Spacecraft: Strela-2. Agency: RVSN.

1967 March 24 - 11:50 GMT - Baikonur LC41/15. Cosmos 151 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-2. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 384 km (238 mi). Apogee: 399 km (247 mi). Inclination: 56.00 deg. Period: 92.40 min. Possible test flight.

1967 May 15 - 11:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 158 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 731 km (454 mi). Apogee: 812 km (504 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 100.30 min. Military navigation satellite.

1967 June 26 - Plesetsk LC132/2. FAILURE: Launch vehicle failed to orbit - unknown cause. Tselina-O GVM Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: RVSN.

1967 September 27 - Plesetsk LC132/2. FAILURE: Launch vehicle exploded on pad. Tsiklon GVM Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: RVSN. Mass model of military navigation satellite used for booster test.

1967 October 12 - Baikonur LC41/15. VKZ Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 4,400 km (2,700 mi).

1967 October 30 - 17:59 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 189 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 510 km (310 mi). Apogee: 599 km (372 mi). Inclination: 73.80 deg. Period: 95.70 min. Possible ELINT satellite test.

1967 November 23 - 15:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 192 Mass: 775 kg (1,708 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 716 km (444 mi). Apogee: 725 km (450 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 99.20 min. Military navigation satellite.

1968 January 19 - 21:59 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 200 Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 518 km (321 mi). Apogee: 539 km (334 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.20 min. Possible navigation satellite.

1968 February 20 - 16:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 203 Mass: 600 kg (1,320 lb). Spacecraft: Sfera. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,183 km (735 mi). Apogee: 1,201 km (746 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 109.30 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1968 March 28 - Baikonur LC41/15. VKZ Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 4,000 km (2,400 mi).

1968 May 7 - 13:58 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 220 Mass: 775 kg (1,708 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 637 km (395 mi). Apogee: 700 km (430 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 98.10 min. Military navigation satellite.

1968 June 4 - 06:43 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. FAILURE: Launch vehicle failed to orbit - unknown cause. Sfera s/n 12L Spacecraft: Sfera. Agency: RVSN.

1968 June 15 - Baikonur LC41/15. FAILURE: Launch vehicle failed to orbit - unknown cause. Strela-2 Spacecraft: Strela-2. Agency: RVSN.

1968 August 27 - 11:29 GMT - Baikonur LC41/15. Cosmos 236 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-2. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 340 km (210 mi). Apogee: 348 km (216 mi). Inclination: 56.10 deg. Period: 91.40 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1968 October 30 - 22:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 250 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 522 km (324 mi). Apogee: 542 km (336 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.30 min. Possible navigation satellite.

1968 November 30 - 12:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 256 Mass: 600 kg (1,320 lb). Spacecraft: Sfera. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,172 km (728 mi). Apogee: 1,223 km (759 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 109.40 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1969 March 5 - 17:25 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 269 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 525 km (326 mi). Apogee: 543 km (337 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 95.30 min. Possible ELINT satellite.

1969 March 17 - 16:40 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 272 Mass: 600 kg (1,320 lb). Spacecraft: Sfera. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,178 km (731 mi). Apogee: 1,208 km (750 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 109.30 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1969 July 18 - Plesetsk LC131. Agency: RVSN.

1969 August 13 - 22:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 292 Mass: 775 kg (1,708 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 719 km (446 mi). Apogee: 733 km (455 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 99.30 min. Military navigation satellite.

1969 October 21 - 12:49 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 304 Mass: 795 kg (1,752 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 731 km (454 mi). Apogee: 748 km (464 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 99.60 min. Military navigation satellite.

1969 November 24 - 16:49 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 312 Mass: 600 kg (1,320 lb). Spacecraft: Sfera. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,141 km (708 mi). Apogee: 1,175 km (730 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 108.50 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1969 December 20 - 03:26 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 315 Mass: 325 kg (716 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 518 km (321 mi). Apogee: 542 km (336 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.30 min. Possible navigation satellite.

1969 December 27 - Plesetsk LC132/1. FAILURE: Launch vehicle failed to orbit - unknown cause. Ionosfernaya? Spacecraft: Ionosfernaya. Agency: RVSN.

1970 April 7 - 11:10 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 330 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 514 km (319 mi). Apogee: 543 km (337 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 95.20 min. Possible navigation satellite. Replaced Cosmos 250.

1970 April 11 - 17:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 332 Mass: 775 kg (1,708 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 727 km (451 mi). Apogee: 736 km (457 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 99.40 min. Military navigation satellite.

1970 April 25 - 17:09 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 336 Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,463 km (909 mi). Apogee: 1,486 km (923 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 115.40 min. Eight satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.

1970 June 27 - 07:40 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. FAILURE: Launch vehicle failed to orbit - unknown cause. Strela-2 Spacecraft: Strela-2M. Agency: RVSN.

1970 August 20 - 14:30 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 358 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 334 km (207 mi). Apogee: 342 km (212 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 91.30 min. Identification uncertain. Possibly a Tsiklon military navigation satellite placed in incorrect orbit.

1970 October 12 - 13:57 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 371 Mass: 775 kg (1,708 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 722 km (448 mi). Apogee: 728 km (452 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 99.30 min. Military navigation satellite.

1970 October 16 - 14:59 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53717-04 Cosmos 372 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-2M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 767 km (476 mi). Apogee: 787 km (489 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 100.40 min.

1970 November 17 - 18:20 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 47117-107 Cosmos 378 Mass: 710 kg (1,560 lb). Spacecraft: DS-U2-IP. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 234 km (145 mi). Apogee: 1,742 km (1,082 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 104.90 min. Studied the ionosphere and charged particle flows.

1970 December 2 - 04:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 47117-105 Cosmos 381 Mass: 710 kg (1,560 lb). Spacecraft: Ionosfernaya. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 961 km (597 mi). Apogee: 1,007 km (625 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 104.80 min.

1970 December 12 - 13:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M V149-39 Cosmos 385 Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 973 km (604 mi). Apogee: 980 km (600 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 104.60 min. Military navigation satellite.

1970 December 16 - 04:29 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M V149-31 Cosmos 387 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 525 km (326 mi). Apogee: 543 km (337 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.30 min. Possible navigation satellite. Replaced Cosmos 269.

1970 December 22 - 21:30 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 47117-106 FAILURE: First stage failed 1 second after launch. DS-P1-M s/n 1 Mass: 600 kg (1,320 lb). Spacecraft: DS-P1-M. Agency: RVSN. Target for IS ASAT systems tests. First test of Yangel-desinged target failed to reach orbit.

1971 February 9 - 18:48 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 65027-119 Cosmos 394 Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Spacecraft: DS-P1-M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 522 km (324 mi). Apogee: 552 km (342 mi). Inclination: 65.80 deg. Period: 95.40 min. Target for IS ASAT systems tests. First test using Yangel-designed lighter, cheaper target launched by Kosmos 11K65M booster from Plesetsk.

1971 February 17 - 21:09 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53727-117 Cosmos 395 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 529 km (328 mi). Apogee: 546 km (339 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.40 min. Possible ELINT satellite.

1971 March 18 - 21:45 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 65027-118 Cosmos 400 Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Spacecraft: DS-P1-M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 990 km (610 mi). Apogee: 995 km (618 mi). Inclination: 65.80 deg. Period: 105.00 min. ASAT target for Cosmos 404 interceptor.

1971 April 23 - 11:30 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53727-116 Cosmos 407 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-2M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 773 km (480 mi). Apogee: 800 km (490 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 100.60 min.

1971 April 28 - 14:35 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53727-115 Cosmos 409 Mass: 600 kg (1,320 lb). Spacecraft: Sfera. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,176 km (730 mi). Apogee: 1,211 km (752 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 109.30 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1971 May 7 - 14:20 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53727-121 Cosmos 411 Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,316 km (817 mi). Apogee: 1,490 km (920 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 113.90 min. Eight satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.

1971 May 22 - 00:51 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53727-120 Cosmos 422 Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 982 km (610 mi). Apogee: 1,005 km (624 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 105.00 min. Military navigation satellite.

1971 May 29 - 03:49 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M Z149-30 Cosmos 425 Mass: 820 kg (1,800 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 506 km (314 mi). Apogee: 553 km (343 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.20 min. Possible ELINT satellite.

1971 June 4 - 18:10 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 65014-101 Cosmos 426 Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Spacecraft: DS-U2-K. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 354 km (219 mi). Apogee: 1,108 km (688 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 99.40 min. Studied charged particle flows and cosmic radiation.

1971 July 22 - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M Yu149-32 FAILURE: Launch vehicle failed to orbit - unknown cause. Tselina-O Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: RVSN.

1971 September 7 - 01:15 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M Yu149-42 Cosmos 436 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 510 km (310 mi). Apogee: 543 km (337 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.10 min. Possible ELINT satellite.

1971 September 10 - 03:37 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 65014-106 Cosmos 437 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 517 km (321 mi). Apogee: 539 km (334 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.20 min. Replaced Cosmos 436. Possible ELINT satellite.

1971 October 13 - 13:41 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 47114-104 Cosmos 444 Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,321 km (820 mi). Apogee: 1,508 km (937 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 114.10 min. Eight satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.

1971 November 20 - 18:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 47114-106 Cosmos 457 Mass: 600 kg (1,320 lb). Spacecraft: Sfera. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,183 km (735 mi). Apogee: 1,218 km (756 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 109.40 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1971 November 29 - 17:30 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 65027-110 Cosmos 459 Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Spacecraft: DS-P1-M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 199 km (123 mi). Apogee: 286 km (177 mi). Inclination: 65.00 deg. Period: 89.40 min. ASAT target for Cosmos 462 interceptor.

1971 November 30 - 16:39 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 65017-101 Cosmos 460 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 517 km (321 mi). Apogee: 541 km (336 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.20 min. Possible ELINT satellite.

1971 December 2 - 17:30 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 47119-109 Cosmos 461 Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Spacecraft: DS-U2-MT. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 487 km (302 mi). Apogee: 510 km (310 mi). Inclination: 69.00 deg. Period: 94.60 min. Measured micrometeoroid impacts and gamma rays.

1971 December 15 - 04:31 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 65017-108 Cosmos 465 Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 965 km (599 mi). Apogee: 1,006 km (625 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 104.80 min. Military navigation satellite.

1971 December 17 - 13:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 65014-102 Cosmos 468 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-2M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 768 km (477 mi). Apogee: 789 km (490 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 100.40 min.

1971 December 27 - 19:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 65014-103 Oreol Mass: 630 kg (1,380 lb). Spacecraft: DS-U2-GKA. Agency: MO SSSR/. Perigee: 391 km (242 mi). Apogee: 1,779 km (1,105 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 106.90 min. Upper atmosphere, auroral studies. Investigation of physical phenomena in the Earth's upper atmosphere at high latitudes and study of the nature of auroras.

1972 February 25 - 07:52 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53727-113 Cosmos 475 Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 962 km (597 mi). Apogee: 996 km (618 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 104.70 min. Military navigation satellite.

1972 March 22 - 20:30 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 47127-122 Cosmos 479 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 517 km (321 mi). Apogee: 537 km (333 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.20 min. Possible ELINT satellite.

1972 March 25 - 02:20 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 480 Mass: 600 kg (1,320 lb). Spacecraft: Sfera. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,173 km (728 mi). Apogee: 1,199 km (745 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 109.10 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1972 May 6 - 11:24 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Cosmos 489 Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 961 km (597 mi). Apogee: 998 km (620 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 104.70 min. Military navigation satellite.

1972 June 23 - 09:24 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Cosmos 494 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-2M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 772 km (479 mi). Apogee: 786 km (488 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 100.40 min.

1972 July 10 - 16:15 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Cosmos 500 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 505 km (313 mi). Apogee: 548 km (340 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.20 min. Possible navigation satellite. Replaced Cosmos 425.

1972 July 20 - 18:10 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Cosmos 504 Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,321 km (820 mi). Apogee: 1,496 km (929 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 114.00 min. Eight satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.

1972 August 16 - 13:40 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M Yu149-38 Cosmos 514 Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 952 km (591 mi). Apogee: 967 km (600 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.30 min. Military navigation satellite.

1972 September 29 - 20:18 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M Yu47121-11 Cosmos 521 Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Spacecraft: DS-P1-M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 987 km (613 mi). Apogee: 992 km (616 mi). Inclination: 65.80 deg. Period: 104.90 min. ASAT target launched to test modifications to ASAT interceptor. Interceptor launch cancelled due to technical failure in target telemetry system. Signature of SALT treaty in May 1972 resulted in military being ordered to discontinue further ASAT tests.

1972 October 17 - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M Yu149-40 FAILURE: Launch vehicle failed to orbit - unknown cause. Strela-2 Spacecraft: Strela-2M. Agency: RVSN.

1972 November 1 - 02:08 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M Yu149-46 Cosmos 528 Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,367 km (849 mi). Apogee: 1,467 km (911 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 114.20 min. Eight satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.

1972 November 3 - 01:34 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M Yu47121-1U Cosmos 536 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 522 km (324 mi). Apogee: 539 km (334 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.20 min. Possible navigation satellite.

1972 December 21 - 02:05 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M Yu149-43 Cosmos 539 Mass: 600 kg (1,320 lb). Spacecraft: Sfera. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,342 km (833 mi). Apogee: 1,379 km (856 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 112.90 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1972 December 25 - 23:05 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53724-113 Cosmos 540 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-2M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 763 km (474 mi). Apogee: 790 km (490 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 100.40 min.

1973 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Re-entry Vehicle test Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1973 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,500 km (900 mi).

1973 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Re-entry Vehicle test Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1973 January 20 - 03:36 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M Yu149-44 Cosmos 544 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 528 km (328 mi). Apogee: 535 km (332 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.20 min. Replaced Cosmos 460. Possible ELINT satellite.

1973 January 26 - 11:44 GMT - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Kosmos 11K65M Yu149-37 Cosmos 546 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 537 km (333 mi). Apogee: 564 km (350 mi). Inclination: 50.70 deg. Period: 95.70 min. Military navigation satellite.

1973 February 28 - 04:37 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M Yu149-45 Cosmos 549 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 513 km (318 mi). Apogee: 545 km (338 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.20 min. Possible ELINT satellite.

1973 May 25 - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 65024-109 FAILURE: Launch vehicle failed to orbit - unknown cause. Zaliv Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: RVSN.

1973 June 8 - 15:50 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53753-210 Cosmos 564 Mass: 40 kg (88 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,395 km (866 mi). Apogee: 1,480 km (910 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 114.60 min. Eight satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.

1973 June 20 - 06:16 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53724-116 Cosmos 574 Mass: 550 kg (1,210 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 976 km (606 mi). Apogee: 1,010 km (620 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 105.00 min. Military navigation satellite.

1973 June 26 - 01:22 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M Yu47121-16 FAILURE: Nine persons were killed in the explosion of the vehicle. Nine killed in fuelling accident at Plesetsk Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: RVSN. Nine were killed at the LC-133 Voskhod complex during preparation of a Kosmos-3M booster. Oxidiser and propellant were accidentally mixed together during fuelling.

1973 August 28 - 10:08 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 65033-201 Cosmos 582 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 519 km (322 mi). Apogee: 543 km (337 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.30 min. Possible ELINT satellite.

1973 September 8 - 01:50 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 60527-114 Cosmos 585 Mass: 550 kg (1,210 lb). Spacecraft: Sfera. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,375 km (854 mi). Apogee: 1,404 km (872 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 113.60 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1973 September 14 - 00:31 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53714-106 Cosmos 586 Mass: 550 kg (1,210 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 961 km (597 mi). Apogee: 1,003 km (623 mi). Inclination: 82.90 deg. Period: 104.70 min. Military navigation satellite.

1973 October 2 - 21:46 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53724-115 Cosmos 588 Mass: 40 kg (88 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,448 km (899 mi). Apogee: 1,493 km (927 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 115.30 min. Eight satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.

1973 October 30 - 19:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53749-158 Intercosmos 10 Mass: 550 kg (1,210 lb). Spacecraft: DS-U2-IK. Agency: IK. Perigee: 257 km (159 mi). Apogee: 1,453 km (902 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 102.00 min. Geophysical research at high latitudes to study the electromagnetic coupling of the earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere.

1973 November 27 - 00:08 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53724-114 Cosmos 610 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 515 km (320 mi). Apogee: 545 km (338 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.20 min. Possible ELINT satellite.

1973 December 4 - 15:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53753-211 Cosmos 614 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-2M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 751 km (466 mi). Apogee: 787 km (489 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 100.20 min.

1973 December 19 - 09:43 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53724-112 Cosmos 617 Mass: 40 kg (88 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,334 km (828 mi). Apogee: 1,484 km (922 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 114.00 min.

1973 December 26 - 16:30 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 65024-111 Oreol 2 Mass: 550 kg (1,210 lb). Spacecraft: DS-U2-GKA. Agency: MO SSSR/. Perigee: 387 km (240 mi). Apogee: 1,441 km (895 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 103.30 min. Continued investigations in the earth's upper atmosphere at high latitudes and study of the nature of polar aurorae begun on board the Oreol satellite in 1971.

1973 December 29 - 04:12 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 65033-204 Cosmos 627 Mass: 550 kg (1,210 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 967 km (600 mi). Apogee: 1,014 km (630 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.90 min. Military navigation satellite.

1974 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Re-entry Vehicle test Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1974 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Ionosphere/Solar mission? Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1974 January 1 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Ionosphere/Solar mission? Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,500 km (900 mi).

1974 January 17 - 10:07 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53753-208 Cosmos 628 Mass: 550 kg (1,210 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 952 km (591 mi). Apogee: 1,008 km (626 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.70 min. Military navigation satellite.

1974 February 6 - 00:34 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 65053-209 Cosmos 631 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 519 km (322 mi). Apogee: 545 km (338 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.20 min. Replaced Cosmos 479. Possible ELINT satellite.

1974 April 1 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Re-entry Vehicle test Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,500 km (900 mi).

1974 April 23 - 14:15 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 65033-202 Cosmos 641 Mass: 40 kg (88 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,387 km (861 mi). Apogee: 1,482 km (920 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 114.50 min. Eight satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.

1974 April 29 - 17:10 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M Yu47121-15 Cosmos 650 Mass: 600 kg (1,320 lb). Spacecraft: Sfera. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,368 km (850 mi). Apogee: 1,401 km (870 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 113.40 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1974 May 17 - 11:00 GMT - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53749-167 Intercosmos 11 Mass: 400 kg (880 lb). Spacecraft: DS-U3-IK. Agency: IK. Perigee: 483 km (300 mi). Apogee: 511 km (317 mi). Inclination: 50.60 deg. Period: 94.50 min. Investigation of solar ultraviolet rays and X-rays and their effect on the earth's upper atmosphere.

1974 May 21 - 06:16 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53719-152 Cosmos 655 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 523 km (324 mi). Apogee: 542 km (336 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 95.30 min. Replaced Cosmos 536. Possible ELINT satellite.

1974 June 18 - 13:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53714-165 Cosmos 660 Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Spacecraft: Taifun-1. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 383 km (237 mi). Apogee: 1,536 km (954 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.30 min. Radar calibration mission.

1974 June 21 - 09:03 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 65053-205 Cosmos 661 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 511 km (317 mi). Apogee: 548 km (340 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.20 min. Possible ELINT satellite.

1974 June 27 - 15:40 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53749-160 Cosmos 663 Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 963 km (598 mi). Apogee: 999 km (620 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.70 min. Military navigation satellite.

1974 August 29 - 14:55 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53719-154 Cosmos 675 Mass: 600 kg (1,320 lb). Spacecraft: Sfera. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,364 km (847 mi). Apogee: 1,424 km (884 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 113.60 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1974 September 11 - 17:40 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53719-151 Cosmos 676 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-2M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 779 km (484 mi). Apogee: 798 km (495 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 100.60 min.

1974 September 19 - 14:57 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53753-206 Cosmos 677 Mass: 40 kg (88 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,397 km (868 mi). Apogee: 1,466 km (910 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 114.50 min. Eight satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.

1974 October 11 - 11:30 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53721-225 Cosmos 687 Mass: 400 kg (880 lb). Spacecraft: Taifun-1. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 286 km (177 mi). Apogee: 698 km (433 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 94.50 min. Radar calibration mission.

1974 October 18 - 22:36 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53753-207 Cosmos 689 Mass: 680 kg (1,490 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 972 km (603 mi). Apogee: 1,015 km (630 mi). Inclination: 82.90 deg. Period: 105.00 min. Military navigation satellite.

1974 October 31 - 10:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53721-253 Intercosmos 12 Mass: 400 kg (880 lb). Spacecraft: DS-U2-IK. Agency: IK. Perigee: 243 km (150 mi). Apogee: 707 km (439 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 94.10 min. Atmospheric, ionospheric research. Comprehensive investigation of the earth's atmosphere and ionosphere and of micrometeorite fluxes.

1974 December 18 - 14:12 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53721-256 Cosmos 698 Mass: 875 kg (1,929 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 515 km (320 mi). Apogee: 552 km (342 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.30 min. Replaced Cosmos 549. Possible ELINT satellite.

1974 December 26 - 12:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-270 Cosmos 700 Mass: 810 kg (1,780 lb). Spacecraft: Parus. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 960 km (590 mi). Apogee: 994 km (617 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.60 min. Military navigation satellite.

1975 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Re-entry Vehicle test Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1975 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,500 km (900 mi).

1975 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Re-entry Vehicle test Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1975 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,500 km (900 mi).

1975 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Re-entry Vehicle test Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1975 February 5 - 13:15 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53753-212 Cosmos 707 Mass: 900 kg (1,980 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 491 km (305 mi). Apogee: 548 km (340 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.00 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1975 February 12 - 03:30 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53749-166 Cosmos 708 Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Spacecraft: Sfera. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,368 km (850 mi). Apogee: 1,410 km (870 mi). Inclination: 69.20 deg. Period: 113.60 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1975 February 28 - 14:02 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53749-157 Cosmos 711 Mass: 40 kg (88 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,462 km (908 mi). Apogee: 1,492 km (927 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 115.50 min. Eight satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.

1975 March 27 - 14:30 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53721-268 Intercosmos 13 Mass: 400 kg (880 lb). Spacecraft: DS-U2-IK. Agency: IK. Perigee: 284 km (176 mi). Apogee: 1,689 km (1,049 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.90 min. Upper atmospheric experiments. Study of dynamic processes in the earth's magnetosphere and polar ionosphere and investigation of low-frequency electromagnetic waves.

1975 April 11 - 07:57 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 65033-203 Cosmos 726 Mass: 810 kg (1,780 lb). Spacecraft: Parus. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 952 km (591 mi). Apogee: 991 km (615 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.50 min. Military navigation satellite.

1975 April 19 - 07:30 GMT - Kapustin Yar LC107/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-279 Aryabhata Mass: 360 kg (790 lb). Spacecraft: Aryabhata. Agency: ISRO. Perigee: 398 km (247 mi). Apogee: 409 km (254 mi). Inclination: 50.70 deg. Period: 92.60 min. Atmospheric research. Experimental satellite for satellite technology and some scientific experiments. Launched from a cosmodrome in the USSR.

1975 April 22 - 21:10 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-274 Cosmos 729 Mass: 725 kg (1,598 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 971 km (603 mi). Apogee: 1,007 km (625 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.90 min. Military navigation satellite.

1975 May 28 - 00:25 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-272 Cosmos 732 Mass: 40 kg (88 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,404 km (872 mi). Apogee: 1,470 km (910 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 114.60 min. Eight satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.

1975 June 3 - 09:00 GMT - Kapustin Yar LC107/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53721-257 FAILURE: First stage failed 84 seconds after launch. Intercosmos 14 Spacecraft: DS-U3-IK. Agency: RVSN. Measurements of the sun; used for Interkosmos launches. Payload included East European experiments to study solar UV, X-ray effects on upper atmosphere. Investigation of solar radiation and its effect on the atmosphere of the earth.

1975 July 4 - 00:56 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53721-259 Cosmos 749 Mass: 900 kg (1,980 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 509 km (316 mi). Apogee: 550 km (340 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.30 min. Replaced Cosmos 610. Possible ELINT satellite.

1975 July 24 - 19:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53721-254 Cosmos 752 Mass: 900 kg (1,980 lb). Spacecraft: Taifun-1. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 481 km (298 mi). Apogee: 514 km (319 mi). Inclination: 65.80 deg. Period: 94.50 min. Radar calibration mission.

1975 August 14 - 13:29 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-288 Cosmos 755 Mass: 810 kg (1,780 lb). Spacecraft: Parus. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 966 km (600 mi). Apogee: 1,008 km (626 mi). Inclination: 82.90 deg. Period: 104.80 min. Military navigation satellite.

1975 September 17 - 07:10 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53746-311 Cosmos 761 Mass: 40 kg (88 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,400 km (800 mi). Apogee: 1,482 km (920 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 114.70 min.

1975 September 24 - 12:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53721-260 Cosmos 770 Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Spacecraft: Sfera. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,165 km (723 mi). Apogee: 1,208 km (750 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 109.10 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1975 September 30 - 18:38 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53721-258 Cosmos 773 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-2M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 772 km (479 mi). Apogee: 790 km (490 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 100.50 min.

1975 November 4 - 10:13 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-275 Cosmos 778 Mass: 810 kg (1,780 lb). Spacecraft: Parus. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 968 km (601 mi). Apogee: 1,001 km (621 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.80 min. Military navigation satellite.

1975 November 21 - 17:11 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-271 Cosmos 781 Mass: 900 kg (1,980 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 499 km (310 mi). Apogee: 563 km (349 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.20 min. Replaced Cosmos 698. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1975 November 28 - 00:10 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53721-252 Cosmos 783 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-2M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 779 km (484 mi). Apogee: 797 km (495 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 100.60 min.

1975 December 11 - 17:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53746-308 Intercosmos 14 Mass: 700 kg (1,540 lb). Spacecraft: DS-U2-IK. Agency: IK. Perigee: 335 km (208 mi). Apogee: 1,684 km (1,046 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 105.30 min. Study of low-frequency electromagnetic vibrations in the magnetosphere of the earth, of the structure of the ionosphere and of the intensity of micrometeorite fluxes.

1975 December 19 - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53721-263 FAILURE: Launch vehicle failed to orbit - unknown cause. DS-P1-M Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Spacecraft: DS-P1-M. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi). Target for IS ASAT systems tests.

1976 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Re-entry Vehicle test Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1976 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Ionosphere/Solar mission? Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,500 km (900 mi).

1976 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Re-entry Vehicle test Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1976 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Vertikal-4 Ionosphere/Solar mission? Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1976 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Re-entry Vehicle test Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1976 January 6 - 04:52 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-269 Cosmos 787 Mass: 900 kg (1,980 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 509 km (316 mi). Apogee: 565 km (351 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.30 min. Replaced Cosmos 655. Possible ELINT satellite.

1976 January 20 - 17:08 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53749-164 Cosmos 789 Mass: 810 kg (1,780 lb). Spacecraft: Parus. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 966 km (600 mi). Apogee: 1,013 km (629 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.90 min. Military navigation satellite.

1976 January 22 - 22:26 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-285 Cosmos 790 Mass: 900 kg (1,980 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 511 km (317 mi). Apogee: 548 km (340 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.20 min. Replaced Cosmos 631. Possible ELINT satellite.

1976 January 28 - 10:39 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-281 Cosmos 791 Mass: 40 kg (88 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,401 km (870 mi). Apogee: 1,486 km (923 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 114.80 min. Eight satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.

1976 February 3 - 08:16 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53721-282 Cosmos 800 Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 978 km (607 mi). Apogee: 1,009 km (626 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 105.00 min. Military navigation satellite.

1976 February 12 - 13:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-286 Cosmos 803 Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Spacecraft: DS-P1-M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 505 km (313 mi). Apogee: 555 km (344 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 95.20 min. ASAT target. Beginning of test of 'second generation' ASAT interceptor. Objective was to complete test series by 1978 ABM treaty date.

1976 March 12 - 13:30 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53746-310 Cosmos 807 Mass: 400 kg (880 lb). Spacecraft: Taifun-1. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 384 km (238 mi). Apogee: 1,568 km (974 mi). Inclination: 82.90 deg. Period: 104.60 min. Radar calibration mission.

1976 April 6 - 04:14 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-280 Cosmos 812 Mass: 900 kg (1,980 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 508 km (315 mi). Apogee: 548 km (340 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.20 min. Replaced Cosmos 544. Possible ELINT satellite.

1976 April 28 - 13:30 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53746-301 Cosmos 816 Mass: 950 kg (2,090 lb). Spacecraft: Taifun-2. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 453 km (281 mi). Apogee: 566 km (351 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 94.80 min. Released 24 Romb radar calibration subsatellites.

1976 May 28 - 15:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53716-328 Cosmos 822 Mass: 550 kg (1,210 lb). Spacecraft: Taifun-1. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 280 km (170 mi). Apogee: 711 km (441 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 94.50 min. Radar calibration mission.

1976 June 2 - 22:30 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-283 Cosmos 823 Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 971 km (603 mi). Apogee: 1,007 km (625 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.90 min. Military navigation satellite.

1976 June 15 - 13:19 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-277 Cosmos 825 Mass: 40 kg (88 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,395 km (866 mi). Apogee: 1,487 km (923 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 114.70 min. Eight satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.

1976 June 19 - 16:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-276 Intercosmos 15 Mass: 550 kg (1,210 lb). Spacecraft: AUOS. Agency: IK. Perigee: 481 km (298 mi). Apogee: 520 km (320 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 94.60 min. Testing of new systems and components of satellite under space flight conditions.

1976 June 29 - 08:12 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-284 Cosmos 836 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-2M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 773 km (480 mi). Apogee: 801 km (497 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 100.60 min.

1976 July 8 - 21:08 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53716-324 Cosmos 839 Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Spacecraft: DS-P1-M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 915 km (568 mi). Apogee: 2,053 km (1,275 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 115.60 min. ASAT target for Cosmos 843 interceptor.

1976 July 15 - 13:11 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53746-304 Cosmos 841 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-2M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 769 km (477 mi). Apogee: 789 km (490 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 100.40 min.

1976 July 21 - 10:20 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-266 Cosmos 842 Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Spacecraft: Sfera. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 966 km (600 mi). Apogee: 1,006 km (625 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.80 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1976 July 27 - 05:21 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53746-307 Cosmos 845 Mass: 900 kg (1,980 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 487 km (302 mi). Apogee: 597 km (370 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.40 min. Replaced Cosmos 812. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1976 July 27 - 12:00 GMT - Kapustin Yar LC107/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53746-316 Intercosmos 16 Mass: 550 kg (1,210 lb). Spacecraft: DS-U3-IK. Agency: IKI. Perigee: 464 km (288 mi). Apogee: 517 km (321 mi). Inclination: 50.60 deg. Period: 94.40 min. Investigation of the ultraviolet and X-ray radiation of the Sun and the influence of such radiation on the structure of the Earth's upper atmosphere.

1976 July 29 - 20:03 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53716-329 Cosmos 846 Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 947 km (588 mi). Apogee: 1,009 km (626 mi). Inclination: 82.90 deg. Period: 104.70 min. Military navigation satellite.

1976 September 29 - 07:04 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53716-333 Cosmos 858 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-2M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 774 km (480 mi). Apogee: 794 km (493 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 100.50 min.

1976 October 14 - 11:50 GMT - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Vertikal-4 Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,150 km (710 mi).

1976 October 29 - 12:40 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53772-414 Cosmos 864 Mass: 810 kg (1,780 lb). Spacecraft: Parus. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 958 km (595 mi). Apogee: 1,005 km (624 mi). Inclination: 82.90 deg. Period: 104.70 min. Military navigation satellite.

1976 December 2 - 00:17 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-273 Cosmos 870 Mass: 900 kg (1,980 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 504 km (313 mi). Apogee: 563 km (349 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 95.30 min. Replaced Cosmos 500. Possible ELINT satellite.

1976 December 7 - 10:23 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53716-330 Cosmos 871 Mass: 40 kg (88 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-1M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 1,417 km (880 mi). Apogee: 1,465 km (910 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 114.70 min. Eight satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.

1976 December 9 - 20:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53719-153 Cosmos 880 Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Spacecraft: DS-P1-M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 558 km (346 mi). Apogee: 614 km (381 mi). Inclination: 65.80 deg. Period: 96.30 min. ASAT target for Cosmos 886 interceptor.

1976 December 15 - 14:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53782-426 Cosmos 883 Mass: 810 kg (1,780 lb). Spacecraft: Tsikada. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 955 km (593 mi). Apogee: 1,005 km (624 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.70 min. Civilian naval navigation satellite.

1976 December 17 - 12:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53721-255 Cosmos 885 Mass: 900 kg (1,980 lb). Spacecraft: Taifun-2. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 433 km (269 mi). Apogee: 520 km (320 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 94.10 min. Released 18 Romb radar calibration subsatellites.

1976 December 28 - 07:50 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 65072-415 Cosmos 887 Mass: 810 kg (1,780 lb). Spacecraft: Parus. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 947 km (588 mi). Apogee: 1,011 km (628 mi). Inclination: 82.90 deg. Period: 104.70 min. Military navigation satellite.

1977 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Re-entry Vehicle test Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1977 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Ionosphere mission? Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,500 km (900 mi).

1977 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Re-entry Vehicle test Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1977 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Ionosphere mission? Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,500 km (900 mi).

1977 - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Re-entry Vehicle test Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 675 km (419 mi).

1977 January 20 - 20:05 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53719-155 Cosmos 890 Mass: 700 kg (1,540 lb). Spacecraft: Tsiklon. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 975 km (605 mi). Apogee: 1,016 km (631 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 105.00 min. Military navigation satellite.

1977 February 2 - 12:30 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53746-306 Cosmos 891 Mass: 900 kg (1,980 lb). Spacecraft: Taifun-1. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 472 km (293 mi). Apogee: 516 km (320 mi). Inclination: 65.80 deg. Period: 94.50 min. Radar calibration mission.

1977 February 15 - 11:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53721-261 Cosmos 893 Mass: 550 kg (1,210 lb). Spacecraft: GVM DS-U2-IK. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 354 km (219 mi). Apogee: 1,656 km (1,028 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 105.20 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1977 February 21 - 17:20 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 47182-428 Cosmos 894 Mass: 810 kg (1,780 lb). Spacecraft: Parus. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 963 km (598 mi). Apogee: 1,010 km (620 mi). Inclination: 82.90 deg. Period: 104.80 min. Military navigation satellite.

1977 March 24 - 22:11 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53749-159 Cosmos 899 Mass: 900 kg (1,980 lb). Spacecraft: Tselina-O. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 503 km (312 mi). Apogee: 547 km (339 mi). Inclination: 74.10 deg. Period: 95.20 min. Replaced Cosmos 437. Possible ELINT satellite.

1977 March 29 - 23:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53749-168 Cosmos 900 Mass: 900 kg (1,980 lb). Spacecraft: AUOS. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 457 km (283 mi). Apogee: 522 km (324 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 94.40 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1977 April 27 - 03:30 GMT - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53731-287 Cosmos 906 Mass: 550 kg (1,210 lb). Spacecraft: Taifun-2. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 464 km (288 mi). Apogee: 515 km (320 mi). Inclination: 50.60 deg. Period: 94.40 min. Released 1 Romb radar calibration subsatellite. Possible partially failed spacecraft bus.

1977 May 19 - 16:30 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53791-156 Cosmos 909 Mass: 650 kg (1,430 lb). Spacecraft: DS-P1-M. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 985 km (612 mi). Apogee: 2,111 km (1,311 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 117.00 min. Target for IS ASAT systems tests.

1977 May 25 - 11:00 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/2. Kosmos 11K65M 53799-163 Cosmos 911 Mass: 700 kg (1,540 lb). Spacecraft: Sfera. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 965 km (599 mi). Apogee: 999 km (620 mi). Inclination: 83.00 deg. Period: 104.70 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1977 May 30 - 22:30 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53749-161 Cosmos 913 Mass: 550 kg (1,210 lb). Spacecraft: Taifun-2. Agency: MO SSSR. Perigee: 474 km (294 mi). Apogee: 520 km (320 mi). Inclination: 74.00 deg. Period: 94.50 min. Released 21 Romb radar calibration subsatellites.

1977 June 17 - 03:30 GMT - Kapustin Yar LC107/1. Kosmos 11K65M 47182-422 Signe 3 Mass: 102 kg (224 lb). Spacecraft: Signe. Agency: CNES. Perigee: 449 km (278 mi). Apogee: 522 km (324 mi). Inclination: 50.70 deg. Period: 94.30 min. This marked the first time the Kapustin Yar cosmodrome was opened to capitalist countries. 20 French specialists worked on the satellite.

1977 July 1 - 11:52 GMT - Plesetsk LC132/1. Kosmos 11K65M 53749-162 Cosmos 923 Mass: 750 kg (1,650 lb). Spacecraft: Strela-2M. Agency: MO SSSR. Peri