 | Loki
Credit - via Andreas Parsch
|
Sounding rocket. Year: 1951. Family: Loki. Country: USA. Status: Out of production. American unguided solid-propellant barrage anti-aircraft rocket adapted to use as a meteorological sounding rocket. Loki began as an American version of the German Taifun unguided barrage anti-aircraft rocket. This rocket boosted a small-diameter explosive dart towards high-altitude aircraft. Development was contracted to Bendix and started in 1948. Many difficulties were encountered and the decision was finally taken to switch from the storable liquid propellants of the Taifun to a solid propellant motor. In order to obtain the necessary accuracy, it was necessary to fire thousands of rockets in order to prepare artillery-like 'firing tables'. To support this, JPL fired 3,544 Loki rockets at White Sands, carefully measuring the performance of each. The Army finally cancelled the weapons program in 1956 in favour of guided Nike-Ajax and Hawk missiles. This left thousands of Lokis available for use as sounding rockets. Later new production was initiated and the rocket continued in support of scientific and military weather monitoring programmes to the end of the 1980's. The original Loki I motor was supplemented by the Loki II, with 50% more propellant, in 1957. Variations included:
- Rockoon, where the rocket was taken to high altitude by a weather balloon before being fired. See the separate entry on Rockoon for details of this version
- WASP with a payload of chaff (strips of radar-reflective foil). This was fired from Navy ships from a helical launcher strapped to the five inch gun. An explosive charge would disperse the chaff cloud at the desired altitude, and be tracked by the radar of the ship to determine winds aloft.
- HASP used the more powerful Loki II motor, which allowed a functional payload to be carried as an alternative to the chaff. A miniaturised transmitter using a single vacuum tube was developed. As the dart descended under an aluminised mylar parachute (allowing it to be tracked by radar), it would transmit temperature and pressure data. The rocket was modified with 'riders' to allow it to be fired directly from the barrel of a 5 inch naval gun.
- Oriole - a version with a cosmic ray and solar radiation payload developed by the University of Maryland.
- Loki II-Dart - version developed by the University of Iowa for cosmic ray measurements during the International Geophysical Year. Six of 14 launched returned data.
The Loki was supplemented by the Super Loki-Dart with a new larger-diameter motor, from 1970. Manufacturer: ARC. Launches: 230. Failures: 1. First Launch Date: 1956-02-07. Last Launch Date: 1985-12-30. Launch data is: incomplete. Payload: 3.00 kg (6.60 lb). Apogee: 30 km (18 mi). Liftoff Thrust: 9.030 kN (2,030 lbf). Total Mass: 13 kg (28 lb). Core Diameter: 0.0760 m (0.2490 ft). Total Length: 2.63 m (8.62 ft). Span: 0.33 m (1.08 ft). Development Cost $: 21.900 million. in: 1952 average dollars.
Model: PWN-1. Year: 1956. Family: Loki. Country: USA. Other Designations: Loki Dart. Department of Defence Designation: PWN-1. Single stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Loki-Dart Historical Essay © Andreas Parsch JPL RM-82/PWN-1 Loki-Dart The Loki-Dart was a very popular low-cost sounding rocket of the 1950s and early 1960s. It was developed from the Army's abandoned Loki anti-aircraft rocket, and sounding rockets using the "boosted dart" principle of the Loki-Dart are still in use today. In 1946 the U.S. Army began studies for a cheap unguided anti-aircraft rocket as an interim replacement for conventional anti-aircraft artillery, before the more advanced guided missiles were developed. In November 1948, Bendix was awarded a contract to develop the Loki anti-aircraft rocket. Bendix designed Loki with a single rocket booster, which propelled a narrow dart-shaped warhead to high speed. After rocket burnout, the booster separated from the dart because of aerodynamic drag difference, and the dart continued to coast toward its target, where it was detonated by a time-delayed impact fuze. The Loki was to be employed as a barrage rocket, i.e. fired in large numbers in very quick succession against incoming aircraft. Bendix originally began to develop a liquid-fueled booster, but because of anticipated difficulties, a parallel development effort for a solid-propellant motor was started at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in March 1951. In February 1952, it was finally decided to discontinue the liquid-fueled booster option. The first flight of a solid-rocket Loki occurred in June 1951, and during the following four-year test program, several thousand Lokis were fired. The result of these tests was that the Loki was unsuitable as an air-defense weapon. Dispersion of the rockets was far too large, mainly because the launch of the first rocket in a salvo would distort the aim of the next ones. Furthermore, the far more capable SAM-A-7/MIM-3 Nike Ajax guided anti-aircraft missile had become operational in 1954, making the Loki an obsolete weapon. Therefore, the Loki anti-aircraft rocket was cancelled in September 1955. However, this cancellation was not the end for the Loki. In 1955 the U.S. Navy had the idea to fill the dart with chaff instead of an explosive warhead. Launched almost vertically, the dart was carried to high altitude where the chaff was released. By tracking the falling chaff by radar, accurate measurements of high-altitude wind speed and direction could be obtained. In the following years, Loki-Dart sounding rockets with the original JPL rocket or newer improved motors were widely used by civilian and military customers. The USAF allocated the missile designation XRM-82 to a Loki-Dart variant with a JPL-132A motor and a chaff-filled dart. The XRM-82 was launched from a tube-launcher, could reach an apogee of 55 km (180000 ft), and was used by the Air Force in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In June 1963, the XRM-82 was redesignated as PWN-1A. At that time, however, there were already more advanced Loki-derived sounding rockets available, and the PWN-1A was probably no longer used by the mid-1960s. Advanced developments of the basic Loki-Dart, which were used by the U.S. military services, included the Cooper Development Rocksonde (PWN-5), Space Data Corporation's instrumented Loki-Dart (PWN-8) and Space Data's Super Loki-Dart family (PWN-10, PWN-11, PWN-12). SpecificationsNote: Data given by several sources show slight variations. Figures given below may therefore be inaccurate! Data for PWN-1A: | Length (incl. booster) | 2.63 m (8 ft 7.5 in); dart: 1.02 m (40 in) | | Diameter | Booster: 7.62 cm (3 in); dart: 3.49 cm (1.375 in) | | Finspan | Booster: 12.7 cm (5 in); dart: 8.6 cm (3.4 in) | | Weight (incl. booster) | 13 kg (29 lb); dart: 3.2 kg (7 lb) | | Speed | 6275 km/h (3900 mph) | | Ceiling | 55 km (34 miles; 180000 ft) | | Propulsion | JPL 132A solid-fuel rocket; 9.0 kN (2030 lb) for 1.9 s | Main Sources[1] Richard B. Morrow, Mitchell S. Pines: "Small Sounding Rockets", Small Rocket Press, 2000
[2] Peter Alway: "Rockets of the World", Saturn Press, 1999
[3] Redstone Arsenal Historical Information Website
Manufacturer: JPL. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). Core Diameter: 0.0800 m (0.2620 ft). Total Length: 2.60 m (8.50 ft).
Model: PWN-5. Year: 1961. Family: Other Suborbital Vehicles. Country: USA. Status: Out of production. Other Designations: Rocksonde. Department of Defence Designation: PWN-5. Alternate Designation: Roksonde. Produced by Marquardt for the Army, Roksonde meteorological sounding rockets first completed a series of tests at White Sands Missile Range and Pacific Missile Range. They were later successfully fired from Cape Canaveral, telemetered measurements of winds and temperatures at altitudes above 600,000 m. Historical Essay © Andreas Parsch Cooper Development RM-88/PWN-5 Rocksonde 200 In 1956, the Cooper Development Corporation (CDC) received a contract for large scale production of sounding rockets of the Loki-Dart (PWN-1) type for use as weather research vehicles. This resulted in the Rocksonde (sometimes written as Roksonde) family of sounding rockets, of which several throusand were built in the following years. CDC offered two basic rockets motors, creating the Rocksonde 100 and Rocksonde 200 vehicle families, respectively. The former used the RM-2110 with 0.8 sec burn time for flights to about 30 km (100000 ft) altitude, while the latter had a RM-2210 motor with 1.9 sec burn time for altitudes up to 60 km (200000 ft). Darts of various diameters and different payloads could be custom-designed for each user. The U.S. Air Force assigned the designation XRM-88 to a Rocksonde 200 variant with chaff payload. The XRM-88 could reach an altitude of about 60 km (37 miles), and the falling chaff was tracked by an AN/FMQ-6 ground-based wind-sensing system to obtain wind speed and direction data from high to medium altitudes. In June 1963, the XRM-88 was redesignated as PWN-5A. It continued to be used throughout the 1960s, but was eventually replaced as the USAF's standard low-cost weather rocket by the instrumented Loki-Dart (PWN-8). SpecificationsNote: Data given by several sources show slight variations. Figures given below may therefore be inaccurate! Data for PWN-5A: | Length (incl. booster) | 2.64 m (8 ft 8 in); dart: 1.02 m (40 in) | | Diameter | Booster: 7.62 cm (3 in); dart: 3.49 cm (1.375 in) | | Finspan | Booster: 13.5 cm (5.3 in); dart: 8.6 cm (3.4 in) | | Weight (incl. booster) | 13.4 kg (29.5 lb); dart: 2.7 kg (6 lb) | | Speed | 6275 km/h (3900 mph) | | Ceiling | 60 km (37 miles; 200000 ft) | | Propulsion | Cooper Development RM-2210 solid-fuel rocket; 9.0 kN (2030 lb) for 1.9 s | Main Sources[1] Frederick I. Ordway III, Ronald C. Wakeford: "International Missile and Spacecraft Guide", McGraw-Hill, 1960
[2] Norman J. Bowman: "The Handbook of Rockets and Guided Missiles", Perastadion Press, 1963
[3] Richard B. Morrow, Mitchell S. Pines: "Small Sounding Rockets", Small Rocket Press, 2000
Manufacturer: Cooper Development /Marquardt.
Model: PWN-8. Country: USA. Department of Defence Designation: PWN-8. Historical Essay © Andreas Parsch Space Data PWN-8 Loki Datasonde In the early 1960s, the low-cost Loki-Dart sounding rockets (PWN-1, PWN-5) could only carry a passive chaff payload to high altitude. For more sophisticated payloads like temperature transmitters, the USAF had to use the significantly more expensive Arcas (PWN-6 Kitty) rocket. The Space Data Corporation (SDC) was founded in 1963 with the goal to develop a meteorological instrument package small enough to fit into the 3.5 cm (1.38 in) diameter darts of the Loki-Dart systems. SDC designed an instrument package which would be released from the dart at high altitude and descend slowly below a square metalized mylar parachute structure called "starute". A circuit with a thermistor (temperature-sensitive resistor) would continually transmit temperature data to the ground station. Altitude information was obtained by tracking the descending starute by radar. The rocket motor of SDC's Loki-Dart was based on the Rocket Power Inc. "Judi-1" design, and assembled by Aero Dyne Corporation. Because the original Loki-Dart was only marginally stable in the motor burnout phase, SDC built slightly heavier darts, which decreased the apogee by about 3000 m (10000 ft) but significantly enhanced the stability, and therefore reliability, of the system. SDC's instrumented Loki-Dart was qualified for production in 1966, and more than 20000 units were built until production ceased in 1985. The initial Air Force variant of the instrumented Loki-Dart was the PWN-8A, but the main USAF version was the PWN-8B. Because it was significantly cheaper than the PWN-6 Kitty (Arcas), the PWN-8B quickly replaced the latter for many every-day routine applications. The PWN-8B itself was eventually replaced in USAF service in the early 1970s by the larger Super Loki family (PWN-10, PWN-11, PWN-12) of sounding rockets. SDC marketed the rocket as the Loki Datasonde(r), which is sometimes referred to as PWN-8D. This is an unofficial designation, with the D suffix possibly chosen to mean "Datasonde". SpecificationsNote: Data given by several sources show slight variations. Figures given below may therefore be inaccurate! Data for PWN-8B: | Length (incl. booster) | 2.95 m (9 ft 8.3 in); dart: 1.24 m (49 in) | | Diameter | Booster: 7.62 cm (3 in); dart: 3.49 cm (1.375 in) | | Finspan | 13.7 cm (5.4 in) | | Weight (incl. booster) | 15 kg (33 lb); dart: 4.3 kg (9.5 lb) | | Speed | ? | | Ceiling | 60 km (37 miles; 200000 ft) | | Propulsion | Aero Dyne SR71-AD-1 solid-fuel rocket; 9.55 kN (2150 lb) for 1.9 s | Main Sources[1] Richard B. Morrow, Mitchell S. Pines: "Small Sounding Rockets", Small Rocket Press, 2000
[2] "DOD 4120.15-L: Model Designation of Military Aerospace Vehicles", Department of Defense, 1974
Manufacturer: Space Data.
Loki Chronology 1951 June 22 - Launch Vehicle: Loki. LV Configuration: Loki rocket first flight. - Nation: USA. JPL fired first of a series of 3,544 Loki solid-propellant antiaircraft missiles at WSPG, the Army program ending after September 1955. Loki rocket was later used in ONR Rockoon upper atmosphere balloon-launched rocket research soundings. References: 17.
1956 February 7 - Launch Site: Point Mugu. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart WASP 1. - Test mission Nation: USA. Agency: USN ONR. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 247.
1956 Apr - Launch Site: Bikini. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart WASP 1. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USN JTF-7. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 247.
1956 Apr - Launch Site: Bikini. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart WASP 1. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USN JTF-7. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 247.
1956 May - Launch Site: Bikini. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart WASP 1. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USN JTF-7. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 247.
1956 May - Launch Site: Bikini. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart WASP 1. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USN JTF-7. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 247.
1956 May 9 - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart 1-12. - Test mission Nation: USA. Agency: USA SCEL. Apogee: 70 km (43 mi). References: 1886.
1956 May 10 - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart 13-20. - Test mission Nation: USA. Agency: USA SCEL. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 247.
1956 Jun - Launch Site: Bikini. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart WASP 1. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USN JTF-7. Apogee: 30 km (18 mi). References: 247.
1956 Jun - Launch Site: Bikini. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart WASP 1. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USN JTF-7. Apogee: 30 km (18 mi). References: 247.
1956 Jul - Launch Site: Bikini. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart WASP 1. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USN JTF-7. Apogee: 30 km (18 mi). References: 247.
1956 Jul - Launch Site: Bikini. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart WASP 1. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USN JTF-7. Apogee: 30 km (18 mi). References: 247.
1958 August 14 - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy/Test mission Nation: USA. Agency: NACA/UMd. Apogee: 30 km (18 mi). References: 1713.
1958 August 14 - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy/Test mission Nation: USA. Agency: NACA/UMd. Apogee: 30 km (18 mi). References: 1713.
1958 August 14 - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy/Test mission Nation: USA. Agency: NACA/UMd. Apogee: 30 km (18 mi). References: 1713.
1958 August 15 - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy/Test mission Nation: USA. Agency: NACA/UMd. Apogee: 30 km (18 mi). References: 1713.
1958 August 15 - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy/Test mission Nation: USA. Agency: NACA/UMd. Apogee: 30 km (18 mi). References: 1713.
1958 August 15 - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy/Test mission Nation: USA. Agency: NACA/UMd. Apogee: 30 km (18 mi). References: 1713.
1958 September 3 - 19:30 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart II9.02F. - Chemical release/Plasma mission Nation: USA. Agency: SUI?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1958 September 3 - 17:03 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart II9.01F. - Test/Chemical release/Plasma mission Nation: USA. Agency: SUI?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1958 September 4 - 19:30 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart II9.03F. - Chemical release/Plasma mission Nation: USA. Agency: SUI?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1958 September 7 - 23:30 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart II9.04F. FAILURE: Failure. - Chemical release/Plasma mission Nation: USA. Agency: SUI?. Apogee: 19 km (11 mi). References: 1592.
1958 September 8 - 02:56 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart II9.06F. - Chemical release/Plasma mission Nation: USA. Agency: SUI?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1958 September 8 - 02:04 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart II9.05F. - Chemical release/Plasma mission Nation: USA. Agency: SUI?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1958 September 22 - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy/Test mission Nation: USA. Agency: NACA/UMd. Apogee: 30 km (18 mi). References: 1713.
1958 September 22 - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy/Test mission Nation: USA. Agency: NACA/UMd. Apogee: 30 km (18 mi). References: 1713.
1958 September 22 - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy/Test mission Nation: USA. Agency: NACA/UMd. Apogee: 30 km (18 mi). References: 1713.
1958 September 25 - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy/Test mission Nation: USA. Agency: NACA/UMd. Apogee: 30 km (18 mi). References: 1713.
1958 September 25 - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy/Test mission Nation: USA. Agency: NACA/UMd. Apogee: 30 km (18 mi). References: 1713.
1958 November 11 - 21:18 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart II9.07F. - Chemical release/Plasma mission Nation: USA. Agency: SUI?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1958 November 13 - 21:15 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart II9.08F. - Chemical release/Plasma mission Nation: USA. Agency: SUI?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1958 November 13 - 21:45 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart II9.09F. - Chemical release/Plasma mission Nation: USA. Agency: SUI?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1958 November 17 - 18:00 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart II9.10F. - Chemical release/Plasma mission Nation: USA. Agency: SUI?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1958 November 19 - 18:30 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart II9.11F. - Chemical release/Plasma mission Nation: USA. Agency: SUI?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1958 November 20 - 02:14 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart II9.12F. - Chemical release/Plasma mission Nation: USA. Agency: SUI?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1958 November 20 - 03:27 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart II9.13F. - Chemical release/Plasma mission Nation: USA. Agency: SUI?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1958 November 20 - 04:25 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart II9.14F. - Chemical release/Plasma mission Nation: USA. Agency: SUI?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1959 February 11 - 23:00 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 50 km (31 mi). References: 1592.
1959 April 2 - 07:00 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 40 km (24 mi). References: 1592.
1959 October 8 - 20:00 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 44 km (27 mi). References: 1592.
1960 October 12 - 00:15 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1960 October 13 - 00:45 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1592.
1960 October 25 - 23:42 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 65 km (40 mi). References: 1592.
1960 October 27 - 23:05 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 69 km (42 mi). References: 1592.
1960 October 31 - 23:00 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 69 km (42 mi). References: 1592.
1960 November 17 - 22:12 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1960 November 21 - 10:50 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 65 km (40 mi). References: 1592.
1961 January 17 - 17:15 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 57 km (35 mi). References: 1592.
1961 January 17 - 18:04 GMT - Launch Site: Point Mugu. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 37 km (22 mi). References: 1592.
1961 January 18 - 02:31 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 43 km (26 mi). References: 1592.
1961 January 26 - 01:57 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 35 km (21 mi). References: 1592.
1961 January 26 - 23:20 GMT - Launch Site: Point Mugu. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 34 km (21 mi). References: 1592.
1961 February 1 - 12:19 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1592.
1961 February 16 - 18:38 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 51 km (31 mi). References: 1592.
1961 March 17 - 14:45 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 69 km (42 mi). References: 1592.
1961 March 31 - 14:43 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1961 April 10 - 22:10 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 68 km (42 mi). References: 1592.
1961 April 19 - 23:45 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 72 km (44 mi). References: 1592.
1961 April 20 - 14:30 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 66 km (41 mi). References: 1592.
1961 May 4 - 23:25 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1961 May 4 - 21:47 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 55 km (34 mi). References: 1592.
1961 June 16 - 21:53 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 68 km (42 mi). References: 1592.
1961 June 16 - 20:18 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 66 km (41 mi). References: 1592.
1962 February 5 - 20:59 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 44 km (27 mi). References: 1592.
1962 October 12 - 23:09 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 61 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1962 October 12 - 22:38 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 65 km (40 mi). References: 1592.
1962 October 12 - 21:32 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 61 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1962 October 12 - 21:01 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 67 km (41 mi). References: 1592.
1962 October 13 - 01:36 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 65 km (40 mi). References: 1592.
1962 October 13 - 02:14 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 65 km (40 mi). References: 1592.
1962 October 13 - 00:13 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1962 October 13 - 03:35 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 64 km (39 mi). References: 1592.
1962 October 13 - 03:52 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1592.
1962 October 13 - 02:44 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 63 km (39 mi). References: 1592.
1962 October 13 - 01:31 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 68 km (42 mi). References: 1592.
1964 August 10 - 18:30 GMT - Launch Site: Thule AFB. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1964 August 12 - 18:52 GMT - Launch Site: Thule AFB. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1964 August 17 - 18:34 GMT - Launch Site: Thule AFB. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1964 August 19 - 19:07 GMT - Launch Site: Thule AFB. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1965 November 18 - 04:15 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1965 November 18 - 00:34 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1965 November 18 - 11:34 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1965 November 18 - 08:30 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1965 November 18 - 05:45 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1965 November 18 - 10:08 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF?. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1966 May 24 - 23:00 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart SR-031. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1966 June 18 - 10:28 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart NA-JOHANNA. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 38 km (23 mi). References: 1592.
1966 June 18 - 00:55 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart NA-HESTER. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 55 km (34 mi). References: 1592.
1966 December 10 - 06:28 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1966 December 10 - 03:37 GMT - Launch Site: Antigua. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1966 December 10 - 06:30 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Sherman. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1966 December 10 - 09:00 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1967 April 8 - 09:25 GMT - Launch Site: Eglin. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1969 January 14 - 20:10 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USA. Apogee: 70 km (43 mi). References: 1550.
1969 May 9 - 19:00 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: USA. Apogee: 70 km (43 mi). References: 1550.
1969 July 14 - 14:31 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Meteorological mission Nation: USA. Agency: MRN. Apogee: 61 km (37 mi). References: 1580.
1972 August 14 - 18:43 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-6097. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 35 km (21 mi). References: 1592.
1974 March 19 - 22:00 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Sherman. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Meteorological mission Nation: USA. Agency: MRN. Apogee: 64 km (39 mi). References: 1580.
1974 March 19 - 19:00 GMT - Launch Site: Natal. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 66 km (41 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 19 - 18:31 GMT - Launch Site: CELPA. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 19 - 18:00 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 64 km (39 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 19 - 21:00 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 19 - 16:00 GMT - Launch Site: Natal. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 67 km (41 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 19 - 22:18 GMT - Launch Site: Natal. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 19 - 19:00 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Sherman. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Meteorological mission Nation: USA. Agency: MRN. Apogee: 66 km (41 mi). References: 1580.
1974 March 19 - 15:40 GMT - Launch Site: CELPA. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 56 km (34 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 19 - 15:00 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 66 km (41 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 19 - 21:30 GMT - Launch Site: CELPA. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 19 - 16:00 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Sherman. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Meteorological mission Nation: USA. Agency: MRN. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1580.
1974 March 20 - 07:00 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Sherman. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Meteorological mission Nation: USA. Agency: MRN. Apogee: 61 km (37 mi). References: 1580.
1974 March 20 - 00:30 GMT - Launch Site: CELPA. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 20 - 00:00 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 20 - 10:00 GMT - Launch Site: Natal. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 65 km (40 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 20 - 09:00 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 65 km (40 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 20 - 06:30 GMT - Launch Site: CELPA. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 63 km (39 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 20 - 16:00 GMT - Launch Site: Natal. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 20 - 07:48 GMT - Launch Site: Natal. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 64 km (39 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 20 - 06:00 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 20 - 10:15 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Sherman. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Meteorological mission Nation: USA. Agency: MRN. Apogee: 55 km (34 mi). References: 1580.
1974 March 20 - 01:00 GMT - Launch Site: Natal. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 20 - 03:00 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 64 km (39 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 20 - 09:31 GMT - Launch Site: CELPA. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 20 - 04:00 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Sherman. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Meteorological mission Nation: USA. Agency: MRN. Apogee: 64 km (39 mi). References: 1580.
1974 March 20 - 13:21 GMT - Launch Site: Natal. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 66 km (41 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 20 - 13:15 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Sherman. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Meteorological mission Nation: USA. Agency: MRN. Apogee: 67 km (41 mi). References: 1580.
1974 March 20 - 03:30 GMT - Launch Site: CELPA. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 53 km (32 mi). References: 1551.
1974 March 20 - 01:00 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Sherman. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart PWN-8B. - Meteorological mission Nation: USA. Agency: MRN. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1580.
1974 March 20 - 12:00 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1551.
1980 August 20 - 17:50 GMT - Launch Site: Primrose Lake. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart FLIGHT 281 /TH1-. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 70 km (43 mi). Loki Dart FLIGHT 281 /TH1- References: 1592.
1982 January 16 - 11:44 GMT - Launch Site: Poker Flat. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart TM1-0225. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 57 km (35 mi). References: 1592.
1982 January 16 - 11:19 GMT - Launch Site: Poker Flat. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart TM1-0224. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 75 km (46 mi). References: 1592.
1982 January 17 - 11:40 GMT - Launch Site: Poker Flat. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart TM1-0226. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 57 km (35 mi). References: 1592.
1982 January 18 - 11:27 GMT - Launch Site: Poker Flat. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart TM1-0227. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 55 km (34 mi). References: 1592.
1982 January 20 - 05:30 GMT - Launch Site: Poker Flat. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart TM1-0229. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1982 January 20 - 01:27 GMT - Launch Site: Poker Flat. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart TM1-0228. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1592.
1982 January 23 - 13:48 GMT - Launch Site: Poker Flat. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart TM1-0231. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 68 km (42 mi). References: 1592.
1982 January 24 - 13:05 GMT - Launch Site: Poker Flat. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart TM1-0232. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 59 km (36 mi). References: 1592.
1982 January 24 - 14:32 GMT - Launch Site: Poker Flat. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart TM1-0233. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 65 km (40 mi). References: 1592.
1982 February 27 - 19:00 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0109. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1982 March 6 - 19:02 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0120. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1982 March 7 - 19:01 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0121. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 59 km (36 mi). References: 1592.
1982 March 13 - 19:03 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0127. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 61 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1982 March 14 - 19:01 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0128. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 61 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1982 March 15 - 19:00 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0129. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 74 km (45 mi). References: 1592.
1982 March 20 - 19:00 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0134. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1592.
1982 March 21 - 19:20 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0288. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 61 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1982 March 23 - 19:00 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0291. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 78 km (48 mi). References: 1592.
1982 October 22 - 08:22 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0442. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 59 km (36 mi). References: 1592.
1982 November 16 - 08:24 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0443. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 59 km (36 mi). References: 1592.
1982 November 24 - 08:33 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0444. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 63 km (39 mi). References: 1592.
1982 December 2 - 08:27 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0450. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1982 December 3 - 08:15 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0451. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1592.
1982 December 20 - 08:10 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0452. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 61 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1983 January 14 - 08:22 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0471. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 66 km (41 mi). References: 1592.
1983 January 21 - 08:25 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0472. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 61 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1983 February 7 - 08:17 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0482. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 64 km (39 mi). References: 1592.
1983 February 15 - 08:22 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0484. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1592.
1983 February 23 - 08:48 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0517. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 56 km (34 mi). References: 1592.
1983 March 4 - 08:15 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0492. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 61 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1983 March 11 - 08:35 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0494. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 61 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1983 March 14 - 19:20 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0496. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1983 March 22 - 19:25 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0500. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 54 km (33 mi). References: 1592.
1983 March 28 - 08:30 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0502. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 66 km (41 mi). References: 1592.
1983 March 30 - 19:25 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0506. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 55 km (34 mi). References: 1592.
1983 April 6 - 08:20 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0490. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 50 km (31 mi). References: 1592.
1983 April 6 - 08:41 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0529. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 58 km (36 mi). References: 1592.
1983 April 15 - 19:35 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0166. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 63 km (39 mi). References: 1592.
1983 May 2 - 19:35 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0498. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 63 km (39 mi). References: 1592.
1983 May 10 - 19:30 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0525. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 57 km (35 mi). References: 1592.
1983 May 17 - 08:20 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0527. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 63 km (39 mi). References: 1592.
1983 May 24 - 14:30 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0541. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 66 km (41 mi). References: 1592.
1983 June 2 - 08:25 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0530. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1983 June 10 - 08:15 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0532. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1592.
1983 June 13 - 19:15 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0550. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 56 km (34 mi). References: 1592.
1983 June 20 - 19:20 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0534. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 61 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1983 June 27 - 08:15 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0536. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1983 June 28 - 19:38 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0538. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1592.
1983 July 1 - 00:01 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0642. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 65 km (40 mi). References: 1592.
1983 July 7 - 19:00 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0644. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 64 km (39 mi). References: 1592.
1983 July 13 - 08:15 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0646. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1983 July 15 - 19:38 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0648. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 63 km (39 mi). References: 1592.
1983 July 21 - 08:29 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0661. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 65 km (40 mi). References: 1592.
1983 July 29 - 12:50 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0656. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 63 km (39 mi). References: 1592.
1983 July 29 - 08:15 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0654. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 64 km (39 mi). References: 1592.
1983 August 10 - 12:30 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0658. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 52 km (32 mi). References: 1592.
1983 September 1 - 12:45 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0666. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1592.
1983 September 15 - 12:45 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0668. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1983 September 19 - 19:14 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0670. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 55 km (34 mi). References: 1592.
1983 September 20 - 12:45 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0672. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 52 km (32 mi). References: 1592.
1983 October 4 - 23:55 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0712. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 58 km (36 mi). References: 1592.
1983 October 14 - 00:00 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0714. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1592.
1983 October 28 - 00:12 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0791. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 54 km (33 mi). References: 1592.
1983 October 31 - 12:58 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0718. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 56 km (34 mi). References: 1592.
1983 November 10 - 23:50 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0779. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1983 November 14 - 12:45 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0781. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 61 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1983 November 23 - 12:50 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0783. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 60 km (37 mi). References: 1592.
1983 December 7 - 12:55 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0787. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1592.
1983 December 21 - 12:55 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0789. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 59 km (36 mi). References: 1592.
1984 January 9 - 23:59 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0800. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 58 km (36 mi). References: 1592.
1984 February 11 - 12:30 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0785. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 51 km (31 mi). References: 1592.
1984 February 29 - 23:59 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0863. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 59 km (36 mi). References: 1592.
1984 March 15 - 00:14 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 57 km (35 mi). References: 1592.
1984 March 29 - 00:26 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0867. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 52 km (32 mi). References: 1592.
1984 April 25 - 23:45 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1592.
1984 May 8 - 11:45 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart T 1-0857. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA WFC. Apogee: 62 km (38 mi). References: 1592.
1985 August 7 - 15:00 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI DATASONDE /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 57 km (35 mi). References: 1592.
1985 August 30 - 15:00 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI DATASONDE. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 55 km (34 mi). References: 1592.
1985 September 5 - 13:00 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI DATASONDE /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 53 km (32 mi). References: 1592.
1985 September 11 - 18:55 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI DATASONDE /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 57 km (35 mi). References: 1592.
1985 September 20 - 01:30 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI DATASONDE /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 52 km (32 mi). References: 1592.
1985 September 21 - 02:19 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 52 km (32 mi). References: 1592.
1985 September 21 - 03:19 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 50 km (31 mi). References: 1592.
1985 September 21 - 01:19 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI DATASONDE /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 54 km (33 mi). References: 1592.
1985 October 9 - 18:13 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 50 km (31 mi). References: 1592.
1985 October 16 - 19:47 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 51 km (31 mi). References: 1592.
1985 October 28 - 18:45 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 53 km (32 mi). References: 1592.
1985 November 6 - 18:50 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 56 km (34 mi). References: 1592.
1985 November 15 - 14:00 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 49 km (30 mi). References: 1592.
1985 November 20 - 19:00 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 57 km (35 mi). References: 1592.
1985 November 25 - 18:57 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 35 km (21 mi). References: 1592.
1985 December 5 - 19:00 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 55 km (34 mi). References: 1592.
1985 December 8 - 03:15 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. - Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 56 km (34 mi). References: 1592.
1985 December 10 - 00:00 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 56 km (34 mi). References: 1592.
1985 December 11 - 01:00 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 56 km (34 mi). References: 1592.
1985 December 11 - 23:30 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 57 km (35 mi). References: 1592.
1985 December 16 - 18:00 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 56 km (34 mi). References: 1592.
1985 December 17 - 02:30 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 34 km (21 mi). References: 1592.
1985 December 18 - 02:36 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 56 km (34 mi). References: 1592.
1985 December 18 - 00:00 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI /LOKI. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 48 km (29 mi). References: 1592.
1985 December 23 - 19:00 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 54 km (33 mi). References: 1592.
1985 December 30 - 15:00 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Vehicle: Loki. Model: Loki Dart. LV Configuration: Loki Dart LOKI /PWN-. - Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Apogee: 55 km (34 mi). References: 1592.
Bibliography and Further Reading - McDowell, Jonathan, Jonathan's Space Home Page, Harvard University, 1997-present. Jonathan McDowell's complete on-line listing of all objects orbited and over 20,000 rocket launches Accessed at: http://www.planet4589.org/jsr.html.
- Parsch, Andreas, DesignationSystems.Net, . Outstanding, unique reference for aircraft, missiles, propulsion, and avionics systems. Accessed at: http://www.designation-systems.net/.
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