Proton 8K82K / 11S86 Credit - © Mark Wade Media Gallery

This improved four stage version uses the Block DM-2 / 11S861 fourth stage, which has its own guidance unit. This reduces payload but does not require the spacecraft's guidance system to provide steering commands to booster. Replaced the original Block DM / 11S86 version from 1982 to 1995. Used for launch of Glonass navigation satellites into medium earth orbit; and launch of Luch, Ekran-M, Potok, Raduga, Gorizont, Raduga-1, Elektro, and Gals communications satellites into geosynchronous orbit. Commercial version with Saab payload adapter-seperation system for Western payloads was dubbed 'Block DM1'.

Manufacturer: Chelomei. Launches: 104. Failures: 8. Success Rate: 92.31%. First Launch Date: 1982-10-12. Last Launch Date: 2006-12-24. Launch data is: continuing. Payload: 1,880 kg (4,140 lb). to a: geosynchronous orbital trajectory. Associated Spacecraft: AS 4000, Ekran-M , Ekspress, Elektro , Etalon, Gals , Glonass , Gorizont , Luch , Potok, Prognoz SPRN, Raduga-1, Raduga , Tselina-2. Liftoff Thrust: 8,847.000 kN (1,988,884 lbf). Total Mass: 711,110 kg (1,567,720 lb). Core Diameter: 4.15 m (13.61 ft). Total Length: 59.00 m (193.00 ft). Launch Price $: 70.000 million. in: 1994 price dollars.

6 stage vehicle consisting of 1 x 8S810 + 1 x 8S811 + 1 x 8S812 + 1 x Perekhodnik + 1 x 11S861 + 2 x SOZ

LEO Payload: 5,000 kg (11,000 lb). Payload: 4,350 kg (9,590 lb). to a: geosynchronous transfer orbit trajectory. Apogee: 40,000 km (24,000 mi). Liftoff Thrust: 9,500.000 kN (2,135,600 lbf). Total Mass: 691,500 kg (1,524,400 lb). Core Diameter: 7.40 m (24.20 ft). Total Length: 57.20 m (187.60 ft).

Version with adapter for Lockheed Martin AS 4000 bus spacecraft.

LEO Payload: 5,000 kg (11,000 lb). Payload: 4,350 kg (9,590 lb). to a: geosynchronous transfer orbit trajectory. Apogee: 40,000 km (24,000 mi). Liftoff Thrust: 9,500.000 kN (2,135,600 lbf). Total Mass: 691,500 kg (1,524,400 lb). Core Diameter: 7.40 m (24.20 ft). Total Length: 57.20 m (187.60 ft).

• Stage Number: 1. 1 x Stage: Proton K-1. Gross Mass: 450,510 kg (993,200 lb). Empty Mass: 31,100 kg (68,500 lb). Thrust (vac): 10,470.158 kN (2,353,785 lbf). Isp: 316 sec. Burn time: 124 sec. Isp(sl): 267 sec. Diameter: 4.15 m (13.61 ft). Span: 7.40 m (24.20 ft). Length: 21.20 m (69.50 ft). Propellants: N2O4/UDMH. No Engines: 6. Engine: RD-253-11D48. Other designations: 8S810K.

• Stage Number: 2. 1 x Stage: Proton K-2. Gross Mass: 167,828 kg (369,997 lb). Empty Mass: 11,715 kg (25,827 lb). Thrust (vac): 2,399.216 kN (539,365 lbf). Isp: 327 sec. Burn time: 206 sec. Isp(sl): 230 sec. Diameter: 4.15 m (13.61 ft). Span: 4.15 m (13.61 ft). Length: 14.00 m (45.00 ft). Propellants: N2O4/UDMH. No Engines: 4. Engine: RD-0210. Other designations: 8S811K.

• Stage Number: 3. 1 x Stage: Proton K-3. Gross Mass: 50,747 kg (111,877 lb). Empty Mass: 4,185 kg (9,226 lb). Thrust (vac): 630.170 kN (141,668 lbf). Isp: 325 sec. Burn time: 238 sec. Isp(sl): 230 sec. Diameter: 4.15 m (13.61 ft). Span: 4.15 m (13.61 ft). Length: 6.50 m (21.30 ft). Propellants: N2O4/UDMH. No Engines: 1. Engine: RD-0212.

• Stage Number: 4. 1 x Stage: Proton 11S861. Gross Mass: 17,300 kg (38,100 lb). Empty Mass: 2,300 kg (5,000 lb). Thrust (vac): 85.020 kN (19,113 lbf). Isp: 352 sec. Burn time: 600 sec. Diameter: 3.70 m (12.10 ft). Span: 3.70 m (12.10 ft). Length: 7.10 m (23.20 ft). Propellants: Lox/Kerosene. No Engines: 1. Engine: RD-58M. Other designations: Block DM; D-1-e. Also known as Block DM-2 (different from commercial Block DM2 (no hyphen!)), article number 11S861. Commercial version designated Block DM1 and is equipped with Saab payload adapter for insertion of AS 4000 bus spacecraft into geosynchronous orbit. With improved guidance system as compared to 11S86, originally designed for insertion of military spacecraft into geosynchonous orbit. Used from 1982 to present.

1982 October 12 - 14:57 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC200. Launch Pad: LC200/39. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Model: Proton-K/DM-2. LV Configuration: Proton-K/DM-2 315-01.

• Cosmos 1413 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 11L. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,062 km (11,844 mi). Apogee: 19,076 km (11,853 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 673.30 min. COSPAR: 1982-100A. USAF Sat Cat: 13603. Glonass test flight. Testing of the components and equipment of the space navigation system established in order to locate the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and its merchant and fishing vessels. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1414 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass Dummy. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,028 km (11,823 mi). Apogee: 19,230 km (11,940 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1982-100D. USAF Sat Cat: 13606. Glonass test flight. Testing of the components and equipment of the space navigation system established in order to locate the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and its merchant and fishing vessels. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1415 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass Dummy. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,100 km (11,800 mi). Apogee: 19,100 km (11,800 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 673.00 min. COSPAR: 1982-100E. USAF Sat Cat: 13607. Glonass test flight. Testing of the components and equipment of the space navigation system established in order to locate the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and its merchant and fishing vessels. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1490 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 12L. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,100 km (11,800 mi). Apogee: 19,160 km (11,900 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1983-084A. USAF Sat Cat: 14258. Glonass test flight. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1491 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 13L. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 18,863 km (11,720 mi). Apogee: 19,028 km (11,823 mi). Inclination: 65.80 deg. Period: 668.40 min. COSPAR: 1983-084B. USAF Sat Cat: 14259. Glonass test flight. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1492 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass Dummy. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,156 km (11,902 mi). Apogee: 19,159 km (11,904 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 676.80 min. COSPAR: 1983-084C. USAF Sat Cat: 14260. Glonass test flight. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1519 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 14L. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,108 km (11,873 mi). Apogee: 19,150 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 66.50 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1983-127A. USAF Sat Cat: 14590. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1520 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 15L. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,075 km (11,852 mi). Apogee: 19,185 km (11,920 mi). Inclination: 65.50 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1983-127B. USAF Sat Cat: 14591. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1521 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass Dummy. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 18,992 km (11,801 mi). Apogee: 19,149 km (11,898 mi). Inclination: 66.50 deg. Period: 673.40 min. COSPAR: 1983-127C. USAF Sat Cat: 14592. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1554 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 16L. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,101 km (11,868 mi). Apogee: 19,159 km (11,904 mi). Inclination: 65.50 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1984-047A. USAF Sat Cat: 14977. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1555 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 17L. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,100 km (11,800 mi). Apogee: 19,158 km (11,904 mi). Inclination: 66.50 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1984-047B. USAF Sat Cat: 14978. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1556 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass Dummy. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,129 km (11,886 mi). Apogee: 19,161 km (11,906 mi). Inclination: 65.50 deg. Period: 676.30 min. COSPAR: 1984-047C. USAF Sat Cat: 14979. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1593 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 18L. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,090 km (11,860 mi). Apogee: 19,170 km (11,910 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1984-095A. USAF Sat Cat: 15259. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1594 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 19L. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,145 km (11,896 mi). Apogee: 19,188 km (11,922 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 677.20 min. COSPAR: 1984-095B. USAF Sat Cat: 15260. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1595 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass Dummy. Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,079 km (11,855 mi). Apogee: 19,178 km (11,916 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1984-095C. USAF Sat Cat: 15261. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1603 Nation: USSR. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 1. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 832 km (516 mi). Apogee: 863 km (536 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 101.90 min. COSPAR: 1984-106A. USAF Sat Cat: 15333. First launch of new Tselina-2 ELINT satellite. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1650 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 20L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,081 km (11,856 mi). Apogee: 19,177 km (11,916 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1985-037A. USAF Sat Cat: 15697. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1651 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 21L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,111 km (11,875 mi). Apogee: 19,143 km (11,894 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.60 min. COSPAR: 1985-037B. USAF Sat Cat: 15698. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1652 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass Dummy. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,155 km (11,902 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.90 min. COSPAR: 1985-037C. USAF Sat Cat: 15699. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1656 Nation: USSR. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 2. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 802 km (498 mi). Apogee: 852 km (529 mi). Inclination: 71.10 deg. Period: 101.40 min. COSPAR: 1985-042A. USAF Sat Cat: 15755. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1700 Nation: USSR. Payload: Luch s/n 11L. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Luch . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,777 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,794 km (22,241 mi). Inclination: 5.90 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 1985-102A. USAF Sat Cat: 16199. Completed Operations Date: 1986-09-01. Stationed at 95 deg E. Experimental retransmission of telephone and telegraph data in the centimetre band. First launch in Altair/SR system for communication with Mir space station and other orbital spacecraft. First tests with Mir were conducted on 29 March 1986 using Mir’s large aft antenna communicating with Cosmos 1700 stationed in geosynchronous orbit at 95 degrees East. In September 1986 Cosmos 1700 ceased operating and drifted off its geosynchronous orbit position. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 95 deg E in 1985-1986 As of 4 September 2001 located at 85.03 deg E drifting at 0.142 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 76.37E drifting at 0.157E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1710 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 22L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,112 km (11,875 mi). Apogee: 19,146 km (11,896 mi). Inclination: 66.30 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1985-118A. USAF Sat Cat: 16396. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1711 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 23L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,108 km (11,873 mi). Apogee: 19,150 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 66.30 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1985-118B. USAF Sat Cat: 16397. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1712 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass Dummy. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,135 km (11,889 mi). Apogee: 19,154 km (11,901 mi). Inclination: 65.20 deg. Period: 676.30 min. COSPAR: 1985-118C. USAF Sat Cat: 16398. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1778 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 24L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,121 km (11,881 mi). Apogee: 19,138 km (11,891 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1986-071A. USAF Sat Cat: 16961. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1779 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 25L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,125 km (11,883 mi). Apogee: 19,133 km (11,888 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1986-071B. USAF Sat Cat: 16962. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1780 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 26L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,112 km (11,875 mi). Apogee: 19,147 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1986-071C. USAF Sat Cat: 16963. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1817 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran-M s/n 11L. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran-M . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 173 km (107 mi). Apogee: 208 km (129 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 88.30 min. COSPAR: 1987-010A. USAF Sat Cat: 17365. Decay Date: 1987-01-31. Geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. Launch vehicle failure; left in unusable orbit. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 107, 274.

• Cosmos 1838 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 30L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 140 km (80 mi). Apogee: 10,401 km (6,462 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 208.50 min. COSPAR: 1987-036A. USAF Sat Cat: 17902. Decay Date: 1991-05-15. Glonass; upper stage failure; unusable orbit. Fourth stage failure References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1839 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 31L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 137 km (85 mi). Apogee: 9,694 km (6,023 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 199.10 min. COSPAR: 1987-036B. USAF Sat Cat: 17903. Decay Date: 1991-05-08. Glonass; upper stage failure; unusable orbit. Fourth stage failure References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1840 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 32L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 125 km (77 mi). Apogee: 4,362 km (2,710 mi). Inclination: 64.50 deg. Period: 132.80 min. COSPAR: 1987-036C. USAF Sat Cat: 17904. Decay Date: 1991-09-13. Glonass; upper stage failure; unusable orbit. Fourth stage failure References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1883 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 33L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,119 km (11,879 mi). Apogee: 19,141 km (11,893 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1987-079A. USAF Sat Cat: 18355. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1884 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 34L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,101 km (11,868 mi). Apogee: 19,157 km (11,903 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1987-079B. USAF Sat Cat: 18356. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1885 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 35L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,101 km (11,868 mi). Apogee: 19,156 km (11,902 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1987-079C. USAF Sat Cat: 18357. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1888 Nation: USSR. Payload: Potok no. 4 s/n 15L. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Potok. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,772 km (22,227 mi). Apogee: 35,804 km (22,247 mi). Inclination: 4.00 deg. Period: 1,436.20 min. COSPAR: 1987-084A. USAF Sat Cat: 18384. Completed Operations Date: 1994-09-01. Stationed at 80 deg E; later moved to 13.5 deg W. Communications experiments. Investigation of outer space; relaying of telephone and telegraph information. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1987-1990; 14 deg W in 1990-1994 As of 3 September 2001 located at 1.75 deg E drifting at 0.093 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 68.17W drifting at 0.344W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 112, 274.

• Cosmos 1894 Nation: USSR. Payload: SPRN No. 4. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Class: Early Warning. Spacecraft: Prognoz SPRN. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,776 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,802 km (22,246 mi). Inclination: 4.10 deg. Period: 1,436.20 min. COSPAR: 1987-091A. USAF Sat Cat: 18443. Completed Operations Date: 1991-11-01. Geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 24 deg W in 1987-1991 As of 5 September 2001 located at 165.32 deg W drifting at 0.190 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 85.03W drifting at 0.375E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 107, 274.

• Cosmos 1897 Nation: USSR. Payload: Luch s/n 12L. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Luch . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,763 km (22,222 mi). Apogee: 35,790 km (22,230 mi). Inclination: 3.80 deg. Period: 1,435.60 min. COSPAR: 1987-096A. USAF Sat Cat: 18575. Completed Operations Date: 1992-10-01. Stationed at 95 deg E. Relaying of telephone and telegraph information. Second launch in Altair/SR system for communication with Mir space station and other orbital spacecraft. In late July 1988 Cosmos 1897 was moved from its station at 95 degrees East to 12 degrees East to support the Buran shuttle test flight of November 14, 1988. During February 1987 the satellite was moved back to its original position at 95 degrees East. The satellite drifted to 90 degrees East by March 1991. By late April it was maneuvered it back to 95 degrees East, but by the end of 1991 it had drifted to 77 degrees East and was considered inoperative. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 95 deg E in 1987-1988; 12 deg E in 1988-1989; 95 deg E in 1989-1992 As of 5 September 2001 located at 62.12 deg E drifting at 0.168 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 94.48E drifting at 0.087E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 21 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 32L. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,789 km (22,238 mi). Apogee: 35,793 km (22,240 mi). Inclination: 3.90 deg. Period: 1,436.40 min. COSPAR: 1987-100A. USAF Sat Cat: 18631. Completed Operations Date: 1997-09-30. Stationed at 128 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 128 deg E in 1987-1991; 170 deg W in 1991-1997 As of 3 September 2001 located at 140.92 deg W drifting at 0.213 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 154.31W drifting at 0.091W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Ekran 17 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran-M s/n 13L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran-M . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,890 km (22,920 mi). Apogee: 37,239 km (23,139 mi). Inclination: 3.60 deg. Period: 1,501.90 min. COSPAR: 1987-109A. USAF Sat Cat: 18715. Completed Operations Date: 1993-01-28. Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmitting USSR Central Television programmes to a network of communal receivers. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1988-1992 As of 5 September 2001 located at 125.85 deg W drifting at 15.807 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 124.58E drifting at 15.805W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont s/n 25L Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 25L. Mass: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont. Agency: UNKS. COSPAR: F880118A. References: 5, 67, 111, 274.

• Cosmos 1917 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 38L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 134 km (83 mi). Apogee: 152 km (94 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 87.30 min. COSPAR: 1988-009A. USAF Sat Cat: 18857. Decay Date: 1988-02-17. Triple Glonass launch; three satellites (Cosmos 1917, 1918, 1919) failed to separate. A Proton carrier rocket was put into staging orbit to test components, also apparatus for a space navigation system. The satellites were not put into their designed orbit owing to a malfunction in the separation assembly controls. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1918 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 37L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: RVSN. Perigee: 166 km (103 mi). Apogee: 194 km (120 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 87.90 min. COSPAR: 1988-009B. USAF Sat Cat: 18857. Decay Date: 1988-02-17. Triple Glonass launch; three satellites (Cosmos 1917, 1918, 1919) failed to separate. A Proton carrier rocket was put into staging orbit to test components, also apparatus for a space navigation system. The satellites were not put into their designed orbit owing to a malfunction in the separation assembly controls.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1919 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 36L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: RVSN. Perigee: 166 km (103 mi). Apogee: 194 km (120 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 87.90 min. COSPAR: 1988-009C. USAF Sat Cat: 18857. Decay Date: 1988-02-17. Triple Glonass launch; three satellites (Cosmos 1917, 1918, 1919) failed to separate. A Proton carrier rocket was put into staging orbit to test components, also apparatus for a space navigation system. The satellites were not put into their designed orbit owing to a malfunction in the separation assembly controls.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1919 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 36L. Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: UNKS. COSPAR: 1988-009xx. References: 279.

• Cosmos 1918 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 37L. Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: UNKS. COSPAR: 1988-009xx. References: 279.

• Cosmos 1940 Nation: USSR. Payload: SPRN No. 5. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Type: Weather. Spacecraft: Prognoz SPRN. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,590 km (22,110 mi). Apogee: 35,764 km (22,222 mi). Inclination: 9.00 deg. Period: 1,430.50 min. COSPAR: 1988-034A. USAF Sat Cat: 19073. Completed Operations Date: 1988-09-01. Given on Western lists as a geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. However not listed as such in Russian lists, and officially ...'conducted atmospheric, ocean studies. Investigation of the seas and oceans and the processes occurring in the earth's atmosphere'. So may have carried test instruments for second generation SPRN or had other purposes. Stationed initially at 12 deg E; Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 24 deg W in 1988 As of 1 September 2001 located at 49.66 deg W drifting at 1.409 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 70.52W drifting at 1.424E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1946 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 39L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,109 km (11,873 mi). Apogee: 19,149 km (11,898 mi). Inclination: 65.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1988-043A. USAF Sat Cat: 19163. Glonass. Testing of components and systems for a space-based navigation system being constructed to track Soviet civil aircraft and naval and fishing vessels. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1947 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 40L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,117 km (11,878 mi). Apogee: 19,141 km (11,893 mi). Inclination: 65.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1988-043B. USAF Sat Cat: 19164. Glonass. Testing of components and systems for a space-based navigation system being constructed to track Soviet civil aircraft and naval and fishing vessels. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1948 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 41L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,127 km (11,884 mi). Apogee: 19,133 km (11,888 mi). Inclination: 66.10 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1988-043C. USAF Sat Cat: 19165. Glonass. Testing of components and systems for a space-based navigation system being constructed to track Soviet civil aircraft and naval and fishing vessels. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1961 Nation: USSR. Payload: Potok no. 5 s/n 16L. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Potok. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,780 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,796 km (22,242 mi). Inclination: 8.60 deg. Period: 1,436.20 min. COSPAR: 1988-066A. USAF Sat Cat: 19344. Completed Operations Date: 1993-12-15. Stationed at 13.5 deg W; later moved to 80 deg E. Investigation of outer space and relay of telegraph and telephone messages. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 14 deg W in 1988-1992; 80 deg E in 1992-1993. In September, 1993, Cosmos 1961 began drifting off station after a mission of five years had apparently been terminated. As of 4 September 2001 located at 80.01 deg E drifting at 0.015 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 74.58E drifting at 0.039E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 112, 274.

• Gorizont 16 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 28L. Mass: 2,100 kg (4,600 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,816 km (22,254 mi). Apogee: 35,919 km (22,318 mi). Inclination: 3.20 deg. Period: 1,440.30 min. COSPAR: 1988-071A. USAF Sat Cat: 19397. Completed Operations Date: 1992-01-21. Stationed at 80 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1988-1992 As of 28 August 2001 located at 176.78 deg W drifting at 1.036 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 8 located at 169.61W drifting at 1.046W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Cosmos 1970 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 42L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,150 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1988-085A. USAF Sat Cat: 19501. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1971 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 44L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,101 km (11,868 mi). Apogee: 19,157 km (11,903 mi). Inclination: 65.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1988-085B. USAF Sat Cat: 19502. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1972 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 43L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,123 km (11,882 mi). Apogee: 19,136 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 64.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1988-085C. USAF Sat Cat: 19503. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 22 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 34L. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,784 km (22,235 mi). Apogee: 35,798 km (22,243 mi). Inclination: 2.90 deg. Period: 1,436.40 min. COSPAR: 1988-095A. USAF Sat Cat: 19596. Completed Operations Date: 1998-06-01. Stationed at 35 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 34 deg E in 1988-1992; 12 deg E in 1992-1998 As of 3 September 2001 located at 8.88 deg E drifting at 0.001 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 67.55E drifting at 0.412W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Ekran 19 Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran-M s/n 12L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran-M . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,684 km (22,794 mi). Apogee: 36,980 km (22,970 mi). Inclination: 8.80 deg. Period: 1,489.90 min. COSPAR: 1988-108A. USAF Sat Cat: 19683. Completed Operations Date: 1997-05-01. Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1988-1996 As of 28 August 2001 located at 156.78 deg W drifting at 13.031 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 173.37E drifting at 13.036W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1987 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 27L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,119 km (11,879 mi). Apogee: 19,141 km (11,893 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1989-001A. USAF Sat Cat: 19749. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1988 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 45L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,111 km (11,875 mi). Apogee: 19,147 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 65.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1989-001B. USAF Sat Cat: 19750. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 1989 Nation: USSR. Payload: Etalon PKA s/n 1L. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Geodetic. Spacecraft: Etalon. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,097 km (11,866 mi). Apogee: 19,152 km (11,900 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.50 min. COSPAR: 1989-001C. USAF Sat Cat: 19751. Etalon series. Acquisition of data to enhance accuracy in identifying and forecasting movements of space apparatus, and for geophysical and geodetic research. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 17 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 29L. Mass: 2,120 kg (4,670 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,034 km (22,390 mi). Apogee: 36,224 km (22,508 mi). Inclination: 8.40 deg. Period: 1,453.60 min. COSPAR: 1989-004A. USAF Sat Cat: 19765. Completed Operations Date: 1997-02-08. Stationed at 53 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. The Rimsat network was initiated when Gorizont 17 was leased to the corporation and transferred from 53 degrees E (where it was then a backup to Gorizont 27) to 134 degrees E during late-June and July, 1993. At the close of 1994, Gorizont 17 was still on station but nearing the end of its operational life after six years. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 53 deg E in 1989-1993; 134 deg E in 1993-1995; 34 deg E in 1995-1997 As of 30 August 2001 located at 22.84 deg W drifting at 4.340 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 147.41W drifting at 4.350W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Raduga 23 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 33L. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,781 km (22,233 mi). Apogee: 35,789 km (22,238 mi). Inclination: 2.60 deg. Period: 1,436.00 min. COSPAR: 1989-030A. USAF Sat Cat: 19928. Completed Operations Date: 1996-04-01. Stationed at 336 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 25 deg W in 1989-1995; 44 deg E in 1995-1996 As of 4 September 2001 located at 53.34 deg E drifting at 0.294 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 28.48E drifting at 0.016E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2022 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 28L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,119 km (11,879 mi). Apogee: 19,141 km (11,893 mi). Inclination: 64.50 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1989-039A. USAF Sat Cat: 20024. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2023 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 29L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,091 km (11,862 mi). Apogee: 19,169 km (11,911 mi). Inclination: 64.50 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1989-039B. USAF Sat Cat: 20025. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2024 Nation: USSR. Payload: Etalon PKA s/n 2L. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Geodetic. Spacecraft: Etalon. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,095 km (11,865 mi). Apogee: 19,146 km (11,896 mi). Inclination: 65.50 deg. Period: 675.40 min. COSPAR: 1989-039C. USAF Sat Cat: 20026. Etalon series. Acquisition of data to enhance accuracy in identifying and forecasting movements of space apparatus, and for geophysical and geodetic research. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 1-1 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga-1 s/n 11. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Raduga-1. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,147 km (22,460 mi). Apogee: 36,313 km (22,563 mi). Inclination: 8.10 deg. Period: 1,458.80 min. COSPAR: 1989-048A. USAF Sat Cat: 20083. Completed Operations Date: 1996-12-21. Stationed at 49 deg E; first launch of alternate Raduga design. Maintenance of telephone and telegraph radio communications. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 49 deg E in 1989-1992; 70 deg E in 1992-1996 As of 2 September 2001 located at 18.58 deg E drifting at 5.633 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 167.42W drifting at 5.632W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 18 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 27L. Mass: 2,120 kg (4,670 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,902 km (22,308 mi). Apogee: 36,165 km (22,471 mi). Inclination: 8.00 deg. Period: 1,448.70 min. COSPAR: 1989-052A. USAF Sat Cat: 20107. Completed Operations Date: 1996-10-01. Stationed at 140 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 140 deg E in 1989-1996 As of 5 September 2001 located at 100.49 deg E drifting at 3.169 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 90.76W drifting at 3.156W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Gorizont 19 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 31L. Mass: 2,120 kg (4,670 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,793 km (22,240 mi). Apogee: 35,827 km (22,261 mi). Inclination: 7.90 deg. Period: 1,437.30 min. COSPAR: 1989-081A. USAF Sat Cat: 20263. Completed Operations Date: 1998-05-05. Stationed at 97.5 deg E. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio-communications system and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 97 deg E in 1989-1996; 34 deg E in 1996-1998 As of 4 September 2001 located at 105.39 deg E drifting at 0.168 deg E per day. As of 2007 Feb 28 located at 84.84E drifting at 0.295W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Raduga 24 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 36L. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,793 km (22,240 mi). Apogee: 35,813 km (22,253 mi). Inclination: 7.90 deg. Period: 1,436.90 min. COSPAR: 1989-098A. USAF Sat Cat: 20367. Completed Operations Date: 1994-02-01. Stationed at 45 deg E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 45 deg E in 1990-1994. Replaced by Raduga 31. As of 3 September 2001 located at 103.47 deg E drifting at 0.067 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 47.08E drifting at 0.104W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2054 Nation: USSR. Payload: Luch s/n 14L. Mass: 2,150 kg (4,730 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Luch . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,777 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,822 km (22,258 mi). Inclination: 7.70 deg. Period: 1,436.80 min. COSPAR: 1989-101A. USAF Sat Cat: 20391. Completed Operations Date: 1997-03-01. Stationed at 346 deg E. Relaying of telegraph and telephone information. The third Altair/SR geosynchronous satellite for communication with Mir space station and other orbital spacecraft. Combined with Cosmos 1897, it permitted Mir to maintain contact with Mission Control in Moscow 70% of the time. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 16 deg W in 1990-1997 As of 30 August 2001 located at 21.03 deg W drifting at 0.023 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 68.57W drifting at 0.338W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 25 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 35L. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,779 km (22,231 mi). Apogee: 35,795 km (22,241 mi). Inclination: 1.70 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 1990-016A. USAF Sat Cat: 20499. Completed Operations Date: 1997-12-01. Stationed at 70 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 70 deg E in 1990-1995; 170 deg W in 1995-1997 As of 5 September 2001 located at 171.03 deg W drifting at 0.038 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 31.27W drifting at 0.005W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2079 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 46L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,062 km (11,844 mi). Apogee: 19,195 km (11,927 mi). Inclination: 65.30 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1990-045A. USAF Sat Cat: 20619. Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2080 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 51L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,113 km (11,876 mi). Apogee: 19,145 km (11,896 mi). Inclination: 65.30 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1990-045B. USAF Sat Cat: 20620. Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2081 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 52L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,094 km (11,864 mi). Apogee: 19,164 km (11,907 mi). Inclination: 65.40 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1990-045C. USAF Sat Cat: 20621. Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2085 Nation: USSR. Payload: Potok no. 6 s/n 17L. Mass: 2,150 kg (4,730 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Potok. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,785 km (22,235 mi). Apogee: 35,790 km (22,230 mi). Inclination: 1.50 deg. Period: 1,436.20 min. COSPAR: 1990-061A. USAF Sat Cat: 20693. Completed Operations Date: 1995-01-01. Stationed at 80 deg E. Relaying of telegraph and telephone information. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1990-1994 As of 29 August 2001 located at 71.92 deg E drifting at 0.041 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 79.57E drifting at 0.022W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 112, 274.

• Ekran-M s/n 14L Nation: USSR. Payload: Ekran-M s/n 14L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran-M. Agency: UNKS. COSPAR: F900809A. References: 5, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 21 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 32L. Mass: 2,125 kg (4,684 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,780 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,788 km (22,237 mi). Inclination: 1.30 deg. Period: 1,436.00 min. COSPAR: 1990-094A. USAF Sat Cat: 20923. Stationed at 90 deg E. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio-communications system and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 90 deg E in 1990-1993. Gorizont 28 replaced Gorizont 21 at 90 degrees E in 1993. This allowed Gorizont 21 to be repositioned from mid-November to late-December for the inauguration of a new station at 145 degrees E. 145 deg E in 1993-1999 As of 2 September 2001 located at 4.18 deg E drifting at 0.139 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 5.59E drifting at 0.135E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Gorizont 22 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 33L. Mass: 2,125 kg (4,684 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,781 km (22,233 mi). Apogee: 35,794 km (22,241 mi). Inclination: 1.20 deg. Period: 1,436.20 min. COSPAR: 1990-102A. USAF Sat Cat: 20953. Stationed at 40 deg E. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio-communications system and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 40 deg E in 1990-1996; 140 deg E in 1996-1999 As of 31 August 2001 located at 45.22 deg E drifting at 0.368 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 85.49E drifting at 0.416E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Cosmos 2109 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 47L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 18,988 km (11,798 mi). Apogee: 19,271 km (11,974 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1990-110A. USAF Sat Cat: 21006. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2110 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 48L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,045 km (11,833 mi). Apogee: 19,215 km (11,939 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1990-110B. USAF Sat Cat: 21007. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2111 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 49L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,148 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1990-110C. USAF Sat Cat: 21008. Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 26 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 37L. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,778 km (22,231 mi). Apogee: 35,823 km (22,259 mi). Inclination: 7.00 deg. Period: 1,436.80 min. COSPAR: 1990-112A. USAF Sat Cat: 21016. Completed Operations Date: 1993-10-05. Stationed at 85 deg E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1991-1993. Raduga 26 then began a series of small maneuvers coincident with the launch of Raduga 30, and was placed in a graveyard orbit. As of 1 September 2001 located at 93.34 deg E drifting at 0.101 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 52.76E drifting at 0.024W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 1-2 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga-1 s/n 12. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Raduga-1. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,781 km (22,233 mi). Apogee: 35,798 km (22,243 mi). Inclination: 1.00 deg. Period: 1,436.30 min. COSPAR: 1990-116A. USAF Sat Cat: 21038. Completed Operations Date: 1996-06-01. Stationed at 49 deg E; second launch of alternate Raduga design. Further expansion of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio-communications system in the territory of the USSR. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 49 deg E in 1991-1996 As of 27 August 2001 located at 93.45 deg E drifting at 0.139 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 51.16E drifting at 0.090W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2133 Nation: USSR. Payload: SPRN Generation 2 No. 1. Mass: 2,150 kg (4,730 lb). Class: Early Warning. Spacecraft: Prognoz SPRN. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,777 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,795 km (22,241 mi). Inclination: 0.50 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 1991-010A. USAF Sat Cat: 21111. Completed Operations Date: 1995-05-01. Geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. First launch of improved second generation version. Declared purpose: 'Investigation of outer space and of processes occurring in the Earth's atmosphere'. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1991; 24 deg W in 1992-1993; 80 deg E in 1993-1995 As of 2 September 2001 located at 80.48 deg E drifting at 0.009 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 74.02E drifting at 0.040E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 107, 274.

• Raduga 27 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 38L. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,779 km (22,231 mi). Apogee: 35,809 km (22,250 mi). Inclination: 7.30 deg. Period: 1,436.50 min. COSPAR: 1991-014A. USAF Sat Cat: 21132. Completed Operations Date: 1998-05-01. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 128 deg E in 1991-1998 As of 29 August 2001 located at 109.47 deg E drifting at 0.276 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 119.06E drifting at 0.198W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2139 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 50L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,098 km (11,866 mi). Apogee: 19,160 km (11,900 mi). Inclination: 65.10 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1991-025A. USAF Sat Cat: 21216. Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2140 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 53L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,097 km (11,866 mi). Apogee: 19,161 km (11,906 mi). Inclination: 65.10 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1991-025B. USAF Sat Cat: 21217. Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2141 Nation: USSR. Payload: Glonass s/n 54L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,113 km (11,876 mi). Apogee: 19,146 km (11,896 mi). Inclination: 64.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1991-025C. USAF Sat Cat: 21218. Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 23 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 34L. Mass: 2,125 kg (4,684 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,158 km (22,467 mi). Apogee: 36,188 km (22,486 mi). Inclination: 6.80 deg. Period: 1,455.90 min. COSPAR: 1991-046A. USAF Sat Cat: 21533. Completed Operations Date: 1992-06-24. Stationed at 103 deg E. Maintenance of telephone and telegraph radio communications and transmission of television broadcasts. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 103 deg E in 1991-1992 As of 5 September 2001 located at 159.68 deg E drifting at 4.917 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 0.82W drifting at 4.909W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Cosmos 2155 Nation: USSR. Payload: SPRN No. 6. Mass: 2,150 kg (4,730 lb). Class: Early Warning. Spacecraft: Prognoz SPRN. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,781 km (22,233 mi). Apogee: 35,825 km (22,260 mi). Inclination: 0.40 deg. Period: 1,437.00 min. COSPAR: 1991-064A. USAF Sat Cat: 21702. Completed Operations Date: 1992-06-16. Geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. Declared purpose: 'Relaying of telegraph and telephone information'. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 24 deg W in 1991-1992 As of 3 September 2001 located at 160.51 deg W drifting at 0.257 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 94.69E drifting at 0.424W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 107, 274.

• Gorizont 24 Nation: USSR. Payload: Gorizont s/n 35L. Mass: 2,125 kg (4,684 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,220 km (22,500 mi). Apogee: 36,394 km (22,614 mi). Inclination: 6.50 deg. Period: 1,462.80 min. COSPAR: 1991-074A. USAF Sat Cat: 21759. Completed Operations Date: 1998-06-01. Stationed at 80 deg E. Maintenance of telephone and telegraph radio communications and transmission of television broadcasts. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1991-1998 As of 28 August 2001 located at 158.79 deg E drifting at 6.583 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 172.52W drifting at 6.586W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Cosmos 2172 Nation: USSR. Payload: Potok no. 7 s/n 18L. Mass: 2,150 kg (4,730 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Potok. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,776 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,798 km (22,243 mi). Inclination: 0.30 deg. Period: 1,436.20 min. COSPAR: 1991-079A. USAF Sat Cat: 21789. Completed Operations Date: 1995-11-01. Stationed at 13 deg W. Relaying of telegraph and telephone information. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 14 deg W in 1991-1995 As of 1 September 2001 located at 7.91 deg W drifting at 0.026 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 39.91W drifting at 0.204W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 112, 274.

• Raduga 28 Nation: USSR. Payload: Raduga s/n 39L. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,786 km (22,236 mi). Apogee: 35,799 km (22,244 mi). Inclination: 6.40 deg. Period: 1,436.40 min. COSPAR: 1991-087A. USAF Sat Cat: 21821. Telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 35 deg E in 1992-1999; 45 deg E in 1999. As of 5 September 2001 located at 61.74 deg E drifting at 0.302 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 115.81E drifting at 0.085E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2177 Nation: Russia. Payload: Glonass s/n 68L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,112 km (11,875 mi). Apogee: 19,146 km (11,896 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1992-005A. USAF Sat Cat: 21853. Glonass navigational satellite. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2178 Nation: Russia. Payload: Glonass s/n 69L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,087 km (11,860 mi). Apogee: 19,171 km (11,912 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1992-005B. USAF Sat Cat: 21854. Glonass navigational satellite. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2179 Nation: Russia. Payload: Glonass s/n 71L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,120 km (11,880 mi). Apogee: 19,140 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1992-005C. USAF Sat Cat: 21855. Glonass navigational satellite. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 25 Nation: Russia. Payload: Gorizont s/n 36L. Mass: 2,125 kg (4,684 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,783 km (22,234 mi). Apogee: 35,787 km (22,236 mi). Inclination: 0.20 deg. Period: 1,436.00 min. COSPAR: 1992-017A. USAF Sat Cat: 21922. Stationed at 103 deg E. Transmission of Russian radio and television programmes in Siberia and the solution of communications problems in Russia's eastern regions. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 103 deg E in 1992-1999 As of 5 September 2001 located at 140.44 deg E drifting at 0.018 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 44.59W drifting at 1.512W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Gorizont 26 Nation: Russia. Payload: Gorizont s/n 37L. Mass: 2,125 kg (4,684 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,777 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,799 km (22,244 mi). Inclination: 0.50 deg. Period: 1,436.20 min. COSPAR: 1992-043A. USAF Sat Cat: 22041. Stationed at 349 deg E. Development of the communications and television broadcasting system. Launched in the interests of the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 11 deg W in 1992-1999 As of 5 September 2001 located at 13.53 deg W drifting at 0.004 deg E per day. As of 2007 Feb 21 located at 16.60E drifting at 0.001E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Cosmos 2204 Nation: Russia. Payload: Glonass s/n 56L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,110 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,148 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1992-047A. USAF Sat Cat: 22056. Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet. Constellation 3. Put into service on 30 July 1992 and taken out of service on 4 August 1997. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2205 Nation: Russia. Payload: Glonass s/n 72L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,118 km (11,879 mi). Apogee: 19,142 km (11,894 mi). Inclination: 63.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1992-047B. USAF Sat Cat: 22057. Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2206 Nation: Russia. Payload: Glonass s/n 74L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,106 km (11,871 mi). Apogee: 19,154 km (11,901 mi). Inclination: 63.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1992-047C. USAF Sat Cat: 22058. Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2209 Nation: Russia. Payload: SPRN No. 7. Mass: 2,200 kg (4,800 lb). Class: Early Warning. Spacecraft: Prognoz SPRN. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,787 km (22,236 mi). Apogee: 35,790 km (22,230 mi). Inclination: 0.40 deg. Period: 1,436.20 min. COSPAR: 1992-059A. USAF Sat Cat: 22112. Completed Operations Date: 1996-10-01. Geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. Stationed at 24 deg W. Declared purpose:'Investigation of outer space and of processes occurring in the Earth's atmosphere'. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 24 deg W in 1992-1996 As of 5 September 2001 located at 68.52 deg W drifting at 0.336 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 171.17W drifting at 0.109E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 107, 274.

• Ekran 20 Nation: Russia. Payload: Ekran-M s/n 15L. Mass: 1,970 kg (4,340 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekran-M . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,778 km (22,231 mi). Apogee: 35,803 km (22,246 mi). Inclination: 0.70 deg. Period: 1,436.30 min. COSPAR: 1992-074A. USAF Sat Cat: 22210. Transmission of television programmes to a network of multiple user receiving stations. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1992-1999 As of 5 September 2001 located at 79.69 deg E drifting at 0.201 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 78.67E drifting at 0.192E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 27 Nation: Russia. Payload: Gorizont s/n 38L. Mass: 2,125 kg (4,684 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,774 km (22,228 mi). Apogee: 35,794 km (22,241 mi). Inclination: 0.60 deg. Period: 1,436.00 min. COSPAR: 1992-082A. USAF Sat Cat: 22245. Stationed at 53 deg E. Development of the communications and television broadcasting system. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 53 deg E in 1992-1996; 96 deg E in 1996-1998; 50 deg E in 1999. As of 5 September 2001 located at 26.46 deg E drifting at 0.193 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 26.21E drifting at 0.345W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Cosmos 2224 Nation: Russia. Payload: SPRN Generation 2 No. 2. Mass: 2,200 kg (4,800 lb). Class: Early Warning. Spacecraft: Prognoz SPRN. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,757 km (22,218 mi). Apogee: 35,806 km (22,248 mi). Inclination: 4.80 deg. Period: 1,435.80 min. COSPAR: 1992-088A. USAF Sat Cat: 22269. Completed Operations Date: 1999-06-01. Geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. Stationed at 12 deg E. Declared purpose: 'Investigation of outer space and of processes occurring in the Earth's atmosphere. Prognoz series'. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 12 deg E in 1993; 24 deg W in 1994; 12 deg E in 1994-1999 As of 4 September 2001 located at 53.14 deg E drifting at 0.397 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 8 located at 142.40E drifting at 0.029E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 107, 274.

• Cosmos 2234 Nation: Russia. Payload: Glonass s/n 73L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,106 km (11,871 mi). Apogee: 19,152 km (11,900 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1993-010A. USAF Sat Cat: 22512. Glonass navigation spacecraft. Work on the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2235 Nation: Russia. Payload: Glonass s/n 59L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,115 km (11,877 mi). Apogee: 19,144 km (11,895 mi). Inclination: 65.90 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1993-010B. USAF Sat Cat: 22513. Glonass navigation spacecraft. Work on the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet. Constellation 1. Put into service on 25 August 1993 and taken out of service on 4 August 1997.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2236 Nation: Russia. Payload: Glonass s/n 57L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,104 km (11,870 mi). Apogee: 19,156 km (11,902 mi). Inclination: 66.00 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1993-010C. USAF Sat Cat: 22514. Glonass navigation spacecraft. Work on the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of civil aircraft and vessels of the merchant marine and fishing fleet. Constellation 1. Put into service on 14 March 1993 and taken out of service on 23 August 1997.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 29 Nation: Russia. Payload: Raduga s/n 42L. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,778 km (22,231 mi). Apogee: 35,802 km (22,246 mi). Inclination: 1.00 deg. Period: 1,436.30 min. COSPAR: 1993-013A. USAF Sat Cat: 22557. Telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes. Raduga 29 joined Raduga 22. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 12 deg E in 1993-1999. As of 3 September 2001 located at 11.13 deg E drifting at 0.020 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 2 located at 61.26E drifting at 0.381E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont s/n 39L Nation: Russia. Payload: Gorizont s/n 39L. Mass: 2,125 kg (4,684 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont. Agency: VKS. COSPAR: F930527A. References: 5, 67, 111, 274.

• Raduga 30 Nation: Russia. Payload: Raduga s/n 41L. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,762 km (22,221 mi). Apogee: 35,806 km (22,248 mi). Inclination: 5.10 deg. Period: 1,436.00 min. COSPAR: 1993-062A. USAF Sat Cat: 22836. Stationed at 83 deg E, replacing Raduga-26. Operation of telephone and telegraph radio communications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1993-1999 As of 6 September 2001 located at 86.23 deg E drifting at 0.009 deg W per day. Raduga 30 followed on 30 September 1993 and was transferred to 85 degrees E. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 74.18E drifting at 0.046E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Gorizont 28 Nation: Russia. Payload: Gorizont s/n 40L. Mass: 2,125 kg (4,684 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,777 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,796 km (22,242 mi). Inclination: 5.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 1993-069A. USAF Sat Cat: 22880. Gorizont 28 replaced Gorizont 21 at 90 degrees E. This allowed Gorizont 21 to be repositioned from mid-November to late-December for the inauguration of a new station at 145 degrees E. As of 6 September 2001 located at 96.68 deg E drifting at 0.011 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 116.96E drifting at 0.001E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Gorizont 29 Nation: Russia. Payload: Gorizont s/n 41L. Mass: 2,125 kg (4,684 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gorizont . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,800 km (22,200 mi). Apogee: 35,835 km (22,266 mi). Inclination: 5.00 deg. Period: 1,437.70 min. COSPAR: 1993-072A. USAF Sat Cat: 22907. Gorizont 29 (18 November 1993) and 30 (20 May 1994) were launched for Rimsat, Ltd., to provide communications services in the Pacific region under an agreement signed in 1992 between Rimsat and the Applied Mechanics NPO. Gorizont 29 was located at 130 degrees E in accordance with a lease arrangement with Rimsat Corporation (using slots allocated to Tonga by the International Telecommunications Union). Intended for use under commercial conditions. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 130 deg E in 1993-1997; 161 deg E in 1997-1998; 130 deg E in 1999. As of 5 September 2001 located at 130.39 deg E drifting at 0.011 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 8 located at 168.05E drifting at 0.374W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 111, 274.

• Raduga 1-3 Nation: Russia. Payload: Raduga-1. Mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Raduga-1. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,513 km (22,688 mi). Apogee: 36,513 km (22,688 mi). Inclination: 1.40 deg. Period: 1,473.00 min. COSPAR: 1994-008A. USAF Sat Cat: 22981. Joined Raduga 1-2 at 48 deg E; third launch of alternate Raduga design. Extension of the telephone and telegraph radio communications system on the territory of the Russian Federation. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 49 deg E in 1994-1999 As of 1 September 2001 located at 49.75 deg E drifting at 0.057 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 100.54E drifting at 0.021W degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Raduga 31 Nation: Russia. Payload: Raduga s/n 40L. Mass: 1,965 kg (4,332 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Raduga . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,483 km (22,669 mi). Apogee: 36,483 km (22,669 mi). Inclination: 1.50 deg. Period: 1,472.00 min. COSPAR: 1994-012A. USAF Sat Cat: 23010. Completed Operations Date: 1995-05-01. Stationed at 44 deg E; replaced Raduga 24. Operation of telephone and telegraph radio communications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 45 deg E in 1994-1995 As of 29 August 2001 located at 65.21 deg E drifting at 0.236 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 81.01E drifting at 0.234E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2275 Nation: Russia. Payload: Glonass s/n 58L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 19,117 km (11,878 mi). Apogee: 19,143 km (11,894 mi). Inclination: 63.70 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 1994-021A. USAF Sat Cat: 23043. Glonass navigational satellite. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Cosmos 2276 Nation: Russia. Payload: Glonass s/n 60L. Mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: MOM