Proton 8K82K / 11S86 Credit - © Mark Wade Media Gallery

This four stage version uses the Block DM-2M / 11S861-01 upper stage, which has its own self-contained guidance unit. This reduces payload but does not require the spacecraft's guidance system to provide steering commands to booster. Used for launches of Russian geosynchronous satellites from 1994 on.

Manufacturer: Chelomei. Launches: 43. Failures: 2. Success Rate: 95.35%. First Launch Date: 1994-01-20. Last Launch Date: 2006-06-17. Launch data is: continuing. Payload: 1,880 kg (4,140 lb). to a: geosynchronous orbital trajectory. Associated Spacecraft: AS 2100, Ekspress , FS-1300, Gals , Glonass, HS 601, Kupon, LMI, Spacebus 3000, Yamal. Liftoff Thrust: 8,847.000 kN (1,988,884 lbf). Total Mass: 712,460 kg (1,570,700 lb). Core Diameter: 4.15 m (13.61 ft). Total Length: 59.00 m (193.00 ft). Launch Price $: 70.000 million. in: 1994 price dollars.

Basic version with Russian spacecraft adapter.

LEO Payload: 5,000 kg (11,000 lb). Payload: 4,350 kg (9,590 lb). to a: geosynchronous transfer orbit trajectory. Apogee: 40,000 km (24,000 mi). Liftoff Thrust: 9,500.000 kN (2,135,600 lbf). Total Mass: 691,500 kg (1,524,400 lb). Core Diameter: 7.40 m (24.20 ft). Total Length: 57.20 m (187.60 ft).

Version with Saab payload adapter-seperation system for insertion of Hughes HS-601 bus spacecraft into geosynchronous orbit.

LEO Payload: 5,000 kg (11,000 lb). Payload: 4,350 kg (9,590 lb). to a: geosynchronous transfer orbit trajectory. Apogee: 40,000 km (24,000 mi). Liftoff Thrust: 9,500.000 kN (2,135,600 lbf). Total Mass: 691,500 kg (1,524,400 lb). Core Diameter: 7.40 m (24.20 ft). Total Length: 57.20 m (187.60 ft).

Version with Saab payload adapter-seperation system for insertion of FS-1300 bus spacecraft into geosynchronous orbit.

LEO Payload: 5,000 kg (11,000 lb). Payload: 4,350 kg (9,590 lb). to a: geosynchronous transfer orbit trajectory. Apogee: 40,000 km (24,000 mi). Liftoff Thrust: 9,500.000 kN (2,135,600 lbf). Total Mass: 691,500 kg (1,524,400 lb). Core Diameter: 7.40 m (24.20 ft). Total Length: 57.20 m (187.60 ft).

• Stage Number: 1. 1 x Stage: Proton K-1. Gross Mass: 450,510 kg (993,200 lb). Empty Mass: 31,100 kg (68,500 lb). Thrust (vac): 10,470.158 kN (2,353,785 lbf). Isp: 316 sec. Burn time: 124 sec. Isp(sl): 267 sec. Diameter: 4.15 m (13.61 ft). Span: 7.40 m (24.20 ft). Length: 21.20 m (69.50 ft). Propellants: N2O4/UDMH. No Engines: 6. Engine: RD-253-11D48. Other designations: 8S810K.

• Stage Number: 2. 1 x Stage: Proton K-2. Gross Mass: 167,828 kg (369,997 lb). Empty Mass: 11,715 kg (25,827 lb). Thrust (vac): 2,399.216 kN (539,365 lbf). Isp: 327 sec. Burn time: 206 sec. Isp(sl): 230 sec. Diameter: 4.15 m (13.61 ft). Span: 4.15 m (13.61 ft). Length: 14.00 m (45.00 ft). Propellants: N2O4/UDMH. No Engines: 4. Engine: RD-0210. Other designations: 8S811K.

• Stage Number: 3. 1 x Stage: Proton K-3. Gross Mass: 50,747 kg (111,877 lb). Empty Mass: 4,185 kg (9,226 lb). Thrust (vac): 630.170 kN (141,668 lbf). Isp: 325 sec. Burn time: 238 sec. Isp(sl): 230 sec. Diameter: 4.15 m (13.61 ft). Span: 4.15 m (13.61 ft). Length: 6.50 m (21.30 ft). Propellants: N2O4/UDMH. No Engines: 1. Engine: RD-0212.

• Stage Number: 4. 1 x Stage: Proton 11S861-01. Gross Mass: 18,650 kg (41,110 lb). Empty Mass: 2,650 kg (5,840 lb). Thrust (vac): 83.450 kN (18,760 lbf). Isp: 361 sec. Burn time: 680 sec. Diameter: 3.70 m (12.10 ft). Span: 3.70 m (12.10 ft). Length: 7.10 m (23.20 ft). Propellants: Lox/Kerosene. No Engines: 1. Engine: RD-58S. Other designations: Block DM; D-1-e. Also known as Block DM-2M, article number 11S861-01. Commercial versions are Block DM3, with Saab payload dispenser, for insertion of Hughes HS 601 bus spacecraft into geosynchronous orbit; and Block DM4, for insertion of FS-1300 bus spacecraft into geosynchronous orbit.. With guidance unit, originally designed for insertion of military spacecraft into geosynchonous orbit. Capable of boosting heavier payloads than 11S861 through use of higher-performance 'sintin' synthetic kerosene fuel.

1994 January 20 - 09:49 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC81. Launch Pad: LC81/23. Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861-01. Model: Proton-K/DM-2M. LV Configuration: Proton-K/DM-2M 358-02.

• Gals Nation: Russia. Payload: Gals s/n 11L. Mass: 2,500 kg (5,500 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Gals . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 36,121 km (22,444 mi). Apogee: 36,121 km (22,444 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,453.00 min. COSPAR: 1994-002A. USAF Sat Cat: 22963. Direct broadcasting satellite (new generation of satellites) intended for development of the Russian television system and international cooperation. Also tested SPT-100 plasma engine. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 71 deg E in 1994-1996; 36 deg E in 1996-1999; 42 deg E in 2000. As of 5 September 2001 located at 37.30 deg E drifting at 0.121 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 67.44E drifting at 0.298E degrees per day.References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Ekspress Nation: Russia. Payload: Ekspress s/n 11L. Mass: 2,500 kg (5,500 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekspress . Agency: MOM. Perigee: 35,887 km (22,299 mi). Apogee: 35,935 km (22,328 mi). Inclination: 1.70 deg. Period: 1,442.40 min. COSPAR: 1994-067A. USAF Sat Cat: 23319. First launch of new Ekspress communications satellite. Replaces Gorizont series. Ekspress 1 reached its checkout location of 70 degrees E at the end of October 1994 and was moved to its operational position at 14 degrees W shortly after the start of 1995. Stationed at 14.00W in 1995-2001. As of 2007 March 10 located at 95.05E drifting at 1.636W degrees per day.References: 2, 5, 6, 67, 274.

• Astra 1F Nation: Europe. Program: Astra. Mass: 3,010 kg (6,630 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: HS 601. Agency: SES. Perigee: 35,778 km (22,231 mi). Apogee: 35,793 km (22,240 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 1996-021A. USAF Sat Cat: 23842. Geostationary at 19.3E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 19 deg E in 1996-1999 As of 5 September 2001 located at 19.16 deg E drifting at 0.002 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 19.18E drifting at 0.016W degrees per day. References: 4, 6, 67, 274.

• Ekspress No. 12 Nation: Russia. Payload: Ekspress s/n 12L. Mass: 2,500 kg (5,500 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekspress . Agency: AO Infor. Perigee: 35,779 km (22,231 mi). Apogee: 35,809 km (22,250 mi). Inclination: 3.50 deg. Period: 1,436.50 min. COSPAR: 1996-058A. USAF Sat Cat: 24435. Stationed at 80.0 deg E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1996-1999 As of 5 September 2001 located at 103.84 deg E drifting at 0.012 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 82.98E drifting at 0.225W degrees per day. References: 4, 67, 274.

• Telstar 5 Nation: USA. Program: Telstar. Class: Communications. Spacecraft: FS-1300. Agency: Loral Sk. Perigee: 35,779 km (22,231 mi). Apogee: 35,794 km (22,241 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 1997-026A. USAF Sat Cat: 24812. Geosynchronous. Stationed over 97.0W Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 97 deg W in 1997-1999 As of 5 September 2001 located at 96.99 deg W drifting at 0.006 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 97.04W drifting at 0.005W degrees per day. References: 4, 274.

• Panamsat 5 Nation: USA. Program: Panamsat. Payload: PAS 5. Class: Communications. Spacecraft: HS 601. Agency: Panamsat. Manufacturer: Hughes Space and Communications, El Segundo. Perigee: 35,779 km (22,231 mi). Apogee: 35,796 km (22,242 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 1997-046A. USAF Sat Cat: 24916. Geosynchronous. Stationed over 58.0W. Used HS-601 XIPS ion engine for station keeping. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 58 deg W in 1997-1999 As of 5 September 2001 located at 156.02 deg W drifting at 1.125 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 26.11E drifting at 0.002W degrees per day.References: 4, 274.

• Kupon Nation: Russia. Payload: Kupon K95K. Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Kupon. Agency: TsBank. Manufacturer: NPO Lavochkin, Moskva. Perigee: 35,778 km (22,231 mi). Apogee: 35,792 km (22,240 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,435.50 min. COSPAR: 1997-070A. USAF Sat Cat: 25045. Completed Operations Date: 1998-03-01. Geosynchronous. Kupon is the first communications satellite for the Russian banking system, and the first commercial communications satellite sold by the Lavochkin, who have in the past been more commonly associated with planetary probes and early warning satellites. Kupon, owned by the Russian Federation Central Bank (and possibly Global Information Systems of Moscow), relays financial data for the Bankir network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 55 deg E in 1997-1998 As of 1 September 2001 located at 86.25 deg E drifting at 0.142 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 78.29E drifting at 0.156E degrees per day.References: 4, 274.

• Astra 1G Nation: Europe. Program: Astra. Class: Communications. Spacecraft: HS 601. Agency: SES. Manufacturer: Hughes Space and Communications, El Segundo. Perigee: 35,774 km (22,228 mi). Apogee: 35,799 km (22,244 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 1997-076A. USAF Sat Cat: 25071. Geosynchronous. Stationed over 23.9E Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 19 deg E in 1998-1999 As of 5 September 2001 located at 19.18 deg E drifting at 0.002 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 19.17E drifting at 0.012W degrees per day. References: 4, 274.

• Asiasat 3 Nation: China. Program: Asiasat. Payload: HGS-1. Class: Communications. Spacecraft: HS 601. Agency: Asiasat. Manufacturer: Hughes Space and Communications, El Segundo. Perigee: 35,612 km (22,128 mi). Apogee: 35,964 km (22,346 mi). Inclination: 5.50 deg. Period: 1,436.20 min. COSPAR: 1997-086A. USAF Sat Cat: 25126. The spacecraft was left in a high inclination useless orbit by a failure of the DM-3 stage and became an insurance writeoff. Two trips around the Moon to remove the inclination under its new owner (Hughes) saw it back into very limited service (as HGS-1) by August 1998 over the Indian Ocean and available for sale at bargain rates. Operated in geosynchronous orbit at 150-154 deg W in 1998; 60 deg W in 1999. As of 5 September 2001 located at 59.68 deg W drifting at 0.024 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 8 located at 169.58W drifting at 0.011W degrees per day.References: 4, 274.

• Echostar 4 Nation: USA. Program: Echostar. Class: Communications. Spacecraft: AS 2100. Agency: Echostar. Manufacturer: Lockheed Martin, Sunnyvale (formerly Lockheed). Perigee: 35,784 km (22,235 mi). Apogee: 35,789 km (22,238 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 1998-028A. USAF Sat Cat: 25331. Geostationary at 148.0 degrees W. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 128 deg W in 1998; 148 deg W in 1998-1999; 110 deg W in 1999; 119 deg W in 2000. As of 5 September 2001 located at 118.91 deg W drifting at 0.001 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 77.02W drifting at 0.001W degrees per day.

• Astra 2A Nation: Europe. Program: Astra. Class: Communications. Spacecraft: HS 601. Agency: SES. Manufacturer: Hughes Space and Communications, El Segundo. Perigee: 35,766 km (22,223 mi). Apogee: 35,807 km (22,249 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 1998-050A. USAF Sat Cat: 25462. The first burn of the Proton's Block DM3 put the spacecraft into a 220 x 36,007 km x 51.6 deg transfer orbit. Astra 2A satellite was a Hughes HS-601, owned by Societe Europeene de Satellites, based in Luxembourg. Luxembourg has not registered any of the Astra satellites with the United Nations, in violation of treaty requirements. Geostationary at 28.3 degrees E. Used HS-601 XIPS ion engine for station keeping. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 28 deg E in 1998-1999 As of 4 September 2001 located at 28.21 deg E drifting at 0.001 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 28.20E drifting at 0.028W degrees per day.

• Panamsat 8 Nation: USA. Program: Panamsat. Payload: PAS 8. Class: Communications. Spacecraft: FS-1300. Agency: Panamsat. Manufacturer: Space Systems/Loral, Palo Alto. Perigee: 35,763 km (22,222 mi). Apogee: 35,810 km (22,250 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 1998-065A. USAF Sat Cat: 25522. The Proton launch vehicles Block DM3 fourth stage put the Panamsat PAS 8 into a 6784 km x 35941 km x 17.3 degree transfer orbit. PAS 8 had 24 C-band and 24 Ku-band transponders and was to be located over the Pacific after its R-4D apogee engine manoeuvred the orbit to geostationary altitude and inclination. Geostationary at 166.1 degrees E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 166 deg E in 1998-1999 As of 4 September 2001 located at 166.05 deg E drifting at 0.003 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 165.96E drifting at 0.002E degrees per day.

• Telstar 6 Nation: USA. Program: Telstar. Mass: 3,700 kg (8,100 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: FS-1300. Agency: Loral Sk. Manufacturer: Space Systems/Loral, Palo Alto. Perigee: 35,781 km (22,233 mi). Apogee: 35,792 km (22,240 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. COSPAR: 1999-005A. USAF Sat Cat: 25626. Loral Skynet's Telstar 6 had a mixed C and Ku band communications payload. The Block DM3 upper stage released Telstar 6 in a 6638 km x 35,756 km x 17.4 degree geosynchronous transfer orbit. After the first burn of its on-board R-4D engine on February 18, Telstar 6 was in a 15,037 km x 35,800 km x 7.9 deg transfer orbit heading for its final geosynchronous slot at 93 deg W Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 93 deg W in 1999. As of 2 September 2001 located at 93.01 deg W drifting at 0.004 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 93.03W drifting at 0.007W degrees per day.

• Asiasat 3S Nation: China. Program: Asiasat. Payload: HS 601HP. Mass: 3,463 kg (7,634 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: HS 601. Agency: Asiasat. Manufacturer: Hughes Space and Communications, El Segundo. Perigee: 35,780 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,795 km (22,241 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. COSPAR: 1999-013A. USAF Sat Cat: 25657. A replacement for Asiasat 3, placed in the wrong orbit by a Proton launch in 1997, Asiasat 3S carried C and Ku band transponders. The Blok DM3 upper stage placed it a 9,677 km x 35,967 km x 13.1 deg geosynchronous transfer orbit. Asiasat's on-board R4D apogee engine was to be used to raise perigee to geostationary altitude. Mass in transfer orbit was 3,463 kg, down to 2,500 kg after insertion in geostationary orbit. Operated in geosynchronous orbit at 105 deg E from 1999. As of 4 September 2001 located at 105.52 deg E drifting at 0.008 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 105.46E drifting at 0.017W degrees per day.

• Nimiq 1 Nation: Canada. Program: Anik. Class: Communications. Spacecraft: AS 2100. Agency: Telesat. Manufacturer: Lockheed Martin, Sunnyvale. Perigee: 35,785 km (22,235 mi). Apogee: 35,787 km (22,236 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. COSPAR: 1999-027A. USAF Sat Cat: 25740. Telesat Canada's Nimiq television broadcasting satellite was placed into a 7050 km x 35790 km x 15.9 degree transfer orbit. The Nimiq was to use its liquid apogee engine (Royal Ordnance Leros 1) to reach geosynchronous orbit. Telesat Canada also operated the Anik Canadian domestic communications satellites, the first of which was launched in 1972. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 91 deg W in 1999. As of 4 September 2001 located at 91.11 deg W drifting at 0.002 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 91.18W drifting at 0.012W degrees per day.

• Astra 1H Nation: Europe. Program: Astra. Payload: HS-601HP. Class: Communications. Spacecraft: HS 601. Agency: SES. Manufacturer: Hughes Space and Communications, El Segundo. Perigee: 35,774 km (22,228 mi). Apogee: 35,799 km (22,244 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 1999-033A. USAF Sat Cat: 25785. Geosynchronous communications satellite. Stationed at 19 deg E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 19 deg E in 1999. As of 5 September 2001 located at 19.12 deg E drifting at 0.002 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 19.23E drifting at 0.019W degrees per day.

• Yamal 101 Nation: Russia. Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Yamal. Agency: AO Gazco. Manufacturer: RKK Energiya im. S.P. Korolyov, Kaliningrad-Korolyov. Perigee: 35,503 km (22,060 mi). Apogee: 36,298 km (22,554 mi). Inclination: 2.40 deg. Period: 1,441.90 min. COSPAR: 1999-047A. USAF Sat Cat: 25896. The first two Yamal communications satellites were placed into a 197 km x 36,311 km x 49.3 degree transfer orbit The DM-2M fourth stage made two successful burns, placing the satellites in circular 36,000 km geosynchronous orbits. Yamal 101 reportedly ran into problems after it was deployed. RKK Energia built the new Yamal satellites for AO Gazcom of Moscow, a joint venture of RKKE and RAO Gazprom, the Russian natural gas monopoly. The two satellites will support internal communications for RAO Gazprom. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 89 deg E in 1999. As of 30 August 2001 located at 112.86 deg E drifting at 1.484 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 42.96E drifting at 1.484W degrees per day.

• Yamal 102 Nation: Russia. Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Yamal. Agency: AO Gazco. Manufacturer: RKK Energiya im. S.P. Korolyov, Kaliningrad-Korolyov. Perigee: 35,772 km (22,227 mi). Apogee: 35,802 km (22,246 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 1999-047B. USAF Sat Cat: 25897. Completed Operations Date: 1999-09-01. Geosynchronous communications satellite. Stationed at 90 deg E. As of 5 September 2001 located at 89.85 deg E drifting at 0.005 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 89.78E drifting at 0.010W degrees per day.

• LMI-1 Nation: Russia. Class: Communications. Spacecraft: LMI. Agency: LMI. Manufacturer: Lockheed Martin, Sunnyvale. Perigee: 35,783 km (22,234 mi). Apogee: 35,789 km (22,238 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. COSPAR: 1999-053A. USAF Sat Cat: 25924. Geosynchronous communications satellite. Stationed at 75 deg E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 75 deg E in 1999. As of 2 September 2001 located at 74.98 deg E drifting at 0.005 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 75.00E drifting at 0.004W degrees per day.

• Garuda 1 Nation: Indonesia. Payload: ACES. Mass: 4,500 kg (9,900 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: AS 2100. Agency: ACES. Manufacturer: LMT. Perigee: 35,769 km (22,225 mi). Apogee: 35,807 km (22,249 mi). Inclination: 2.40 deg. COSPAR: 2000-011A. USAF Sat Cat: 26089. Geosynchronous communications satellite for the ACES consortium (PSN of Indonesia, PLDT of the Phillipines, Lockheed Martin, and Jasmine of Thailand). The satellite had two large 12-m diameter L-band antennae for cellular telephone relay. Stationed at 123 deg E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 123 deg E in 2000. As of 5 September 2001 located at 122.97 deg E drifting at 0.023 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 123.10E drifting at 0.005W degrees per day.References: 4, 552, 554.

• Ekspress 6A Nation: Russia. Payload: Ekspress A No. 2. Mass: 2,600 kg (5,700 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekspress. Agency: Intersputnik. Manufacturer: NPO Prikladnoi Mekhaniki, Zhelenogorsk. Perigee: 35,776 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,798 km (22,243 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. COSPAR: 2000-013A. USAF Sat Cat: 26098. GO Kosmicheskaya Svyaz geosynchronous communications satellite, to be assigned to the Ekspress 6A slot at 80E. Replaced the first Ekspress A, lost in a launch failure in 1999. Russian satellite bus with a ommunications payload from Alcatel France. Stationed at 80 deg E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 2000. As of 5 September 2001 located at 80.02 deg E drifting at 0.008 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 102.77E drifting at 0.018W degrees per day.References: 4, 552, 554.

• Sesat Nation: Europe. Mass: 2,500 kg (5,500 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekspress. Agency: Eutelsat. Manufacturer: NPO Prikladnoi Mekhaniki, Zhelenogorsk. Perigee: 35,772 km (22,227 mi). Apogee: 35,800 km (22,200 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. COSPAR: 2000-019A. USAF Sat Cat: 26243. Sesat (Siberia-Europe Satellite) used an MSS-2500-GSO (Gals/Ekspress) satellite bus built by NPO PM of Krasnoyarsk, with an Alcatel Espace France payload of 18 Ku-band transponders. The satellite had 8 Fakel SPD-100 plasma thrusters for stationkeeping. Eutelsat operated their Hot Bird fleet of European television broadcast satellites since the 1980's, but the venture into broadcasting to Siberia represented a new step for them. Stationed at 36 deg E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 39 deg E in 2000. As of 4 September 2001 located at 35.97 deg E drifting at 0.005 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 35.92E drifting at 0.004E degrees per day.References: 4, 552, 554.

• Ekspress A No. 3 Nation: Russia. Payload: Ekspress A3 / Ekspress 3A. Mass: 2,600 kg (5,700 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekspress. Agency: Intersputnik. Manufacturer: NPO Prikladnoi Mekhaniki, Zhelenogorsk. Perigee: 35,778 km (22,231 mi). Apogee: 35,795 km (22,241 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 2000-031A. USAF Sat Cat: 26378. Launch delayed from June 23. Geosynchronous communications satellite. Stationed at 11 deg W. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 11 deg W in 2000. As of 5 September 2001 located at 10.99 deg W drifting at 0.005 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 11.00W drifting at 0.005E degrees per day.References: 4, 552, 554.

• Sirius 1 Nation: USA. Payload: CD Radio 1. Mass: 3,800 kg (8,300 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: FS-1300. Agency: Sirius R. Manufacturer: Space Systems/Loral, Palo Alto. Perigee: 24,465 km (15,201 mi). Apogee: 47,107 km (29,270 mi). Inclination: 63.40 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 2000-035A. USAF Sat Cat: 26390. Digital Audio Radio Satellite, used for transmission of S-band radio broadcasts direct to receivers in cars in the United States. Sirius 1 was inserted into an initial 6,166 x 47110 km x 63.4 deg transfer orbit by the Proton-K's Blok DM3 upper stage. The satellite's R4D liquid apogee engine made several burns to raise the orbit to 24,388 x 47,097 km x 63.3 deg by July 8. This elliptical, inclined 24 hour orbit had a 24 hour period, designed to keep the satellite between longitude 60W and 140W, with apogee over the northern hemisphere. Stationed at 66 deg W. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 66 deg W in 2000. As of 6 September 2001 located at 65.59 deg W drifting at 0.015 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 65.37W drifting at 0.004E degrees per day.References: 4, 552, 554.

• Sirius 2 Nation: USA. Mass: 3,800 kg (8,300 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: FS-1300. Agency: Sirius R. Manufacturer: Space Systems/Loral, Palo Alto. Perigee: 24,521 km (15,236 mi). Apogee: 47,051 km (29,236 mi). Inclination: 63.40 deg. COSPAR: 2000-051A. USAF Sat Cat: 26483. Sirius Radio's Sirius 2 was launched into a 144 x 168 km x 64.8 deg parking orbit. The Blok DM3 stage then made two burns to deliver Sirius 2 to an elliptical 6192 x 47057 km x 63.4 deg orbit. The was to provide digital radio broadcasts to mobile users in North America. Stationed at 64 deg W. As of 31 August 2001 located at 64.56 deg W drifting at 0.003 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 67.77W drifting at 0.049E degrees per day.References: 4, 552, 554.

• GE-1A Nation: USA. Program: Americom. Mass: 3,593 kg (7,921 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: AS 2100. Agency: GE Americom. Manufacturer: Lockheed Martin, Sunnyvale. Perigee: 35,782 km (22,233 mi). Apogee: 35,792 km (22,240 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 2000-059A. USAF Sat Cat: 26554. Ku-band communications satellite to provide broadcast services for eastern Asia. Stationed at 108 deg E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 108 deg E in 2000. As of 4 September 2001 located at 108.22 deg E drifting at 0.009 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 108.21E drifting at 0.011W degrees per day.References: 4, 552, 554.

• GE 6 Nation: USA. Program: Americom. Mass: 3,909 kg (8,617 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: AS 2100. Agency: GE Americom. Manufacturer: Lockheed Martin, Sunnyvale. Perigee: 35,778 km (22,231 mi). Apogee: 35,795 km (22,241 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 2000-067A. USAF Sat Cat: 26580. Communications satellite. Stationed at 72 deg W. The GE 6 was a Lockheed Martin A2100 series satellite with a mass of 3552 kg at launch and 1900 kg dry. It was to provide broadcast and data services in North America. The DM3 upper stage made two burns and placed the GE 6 in a 5850 x 35726 km x 18.7 deg intermediate transfer orbit at 0441 UTC on October 22. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 72 deg W in 2000. As of 3 September 2001 located at 72.01 deg W drifting at 0.008 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 72.00W drifting at 0.005W degrees per day.References: 4, 552, 554.

• Sirius CD Radio 3 Nation: Europe. Payload: CD Radio 3. Mass: 3,800 kg (8,300 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: FS-1300. Agency: Sirius R. Manufacturer: Space Systems/Loral, Palo Alto. Perigee: 24,482 km (15,212 mi). Apogee: 47,083 km (29,255 mi). Inclination: 63.40 deg. COSPAR: 2000-077A. USAF Sat Cat: 26626. Direct Radio Broadcasting satellite. Launch delayed from early October due to delays in delivery of engines. Stationed at 66 deg W. The third Sirius digital radio broadcast satellite was a Loral FS-1300 series vehicle and was placed in an initial elliptical 63 degree orbit by the Proton upper stage. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 66 deg W in 2000. As of 30 August 2001 located at 64.69 deg W drifting at 0.027 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 65.64W drifting at 0.010E degrees per day.References: 4, 552, 554.

• PAS 10 Nation: USA. Mass: 37,125 kg (81,846 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: HS 601. Agency: Panamsat. Manufacturer: Boeing Satellite Systems. Perigee: 35,777 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,795 km (22,241 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 2001-019A. USAF Sat Cat: 26766. Launch delayed from April 4. PAS 10 (PanAmSat 10) was an American geosynchronous communications spacecraft. The 3.7 tonne (with fuel) satellite carried 48 transponders (24 in C-band and 24 in Ku-band) to provide direct-to-home video channels to Europe, Middle-East, and South Africa after parking over 68.5 deg-E longitude. PAS 10 replaced PAS 4. As of 5 September 2001 located at 68.50 deg E drifting at 0.001 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 68.45E drifting at 0.002W degrees per day.References: 4, 296.

• Astra 2C Nation: Europe. Program: Astra. Mass: 3,728 kg (8,218 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: HS 601. Agency: SES. Manufacturer: Boeing Satellite Systems. Perigee: 35,768 km (22,225 mi). Apogee: 35,805 km (22,248 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 2001-025A. USAF Sat Cat: 26853. Launch delayed from June 11. Astra 2C was a European (SES - Societe Europeene des Satellites, Luxembourg) geosynchronous communications Boeing 601HP spacecraft. The 3.7 tonne (including 1.2 tonne of fuel), 8 kW satellite was the fifth in the Astra series. It carried 32 Ku-band transponders to provide voice, video, and data links to Western Europe through a pair of 3 m diameter dishes, after parking over 28.2 deg-E longitude. As of 5 September 2001 located at 19.13 deg E drifting at 0.005 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 19.23E drifting at 0.024W degrees per day.References: 4, 296.

• Intelsat 903 Nation: International. Program: Intelsat. Mass: 4,726 kg (10,419 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: FS-1300. Agency: Intelsat. Manufacturer: Space Systems/Loral. Perigee: 35,776 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,797 km (22,243 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 2002-016A. USAF Sat Cat: 27403. Communications satellite. Moved from Proton M to Proton K booster. Launch delayed from November 26, 2001, and March 4, 2002. The three stage Proton booster put the DM3 upper stage and payload on a suborbital trajectory. The first DM3 burn reached a circular 160 km orbit at 1742 UTC. The second burn at 1838 UTC raised apogee to about 35800 km, and a third burn near apogee at 2339 UTC raised perigee to about 3500 km and lowered inclination to 25 deg. Blok DM3 separated from the Intelsat 903 payload at 0008 UTC on March 31. By April 5, Intelsat 903 was in a 31653 x 35817 km x 0.7 deg near-synchronous orbit. Intelsat 903 had a launch mass of 4726 kg and a dry mass around 2350 kg, and carried C and Ku band antennas. It was built by SS/Loral using a derivative of the FS-1300 platform. As of 2007 Mar 5 located at 34.50W drifting at 0.011W degrees per day.References: 4, 552, 554.

• DirecTV-5 Nation: USA. Program: DirecTV. Payload: Tempo 1. Mass: 3,640 kg (8,020 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: FS-1300. Agency: DirecTV. Manufacturer: Space Systems/Loral. Perigee: 35,774 km (22,228 mi). Apogee: 35,799 km (22,244 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 2002-023A. USAF Sat Cat: 27426. Direct Broadcasting satellite. Launch delayed from October 2000, February, May 21 and October19, 2001, as the user and launch provider moved the payload from Proton to Atlas 2AS and then back again to Proton. The DM3 upper stage made two burns to put the DirecTV satellite in a 6568 x 35809 km x 17.7 deg transfer orbit. The Loral FS-1300 class satellite used its R-4D apogee engine to reach geostationary orbit at 129 W by May 19. The DirecTV satellite broadcasting company was a subsidiary of GM/Hughes. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 110.11W drifting at 0.004W degrees per day.References: 4, 552, 554.

• Ekspress A1R Nation: Russia. Payload: Ekspress A No. 4. Mass: 2,600 kg (5,700 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekspress. Agency: Kosmicheskiya Svyaz. Manufacturer: NPO Prikladnoy Mekhaniki. Perigee: 35,776 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,792 km (22,240 mi). Inclination: 0.20 deg. Period: 1,436.00 min. COSPAR: 2002-029A. USAF Sat Cat: 27441. Launch delayed from May 2002. The Ekspress A1R Russian domestic communications satellite was built by NPO PM and Alcatel for Kosmicheskiya Svyaz, the Russian satcom operator. The Proton's parking orbit was off-nominal but the 11S861-01 Blok DM-2M upper stage corrected for this and delivered the payload to the correct orbit. Parking orbit was about 180 x 185 km x 51.6 deg; transfer orbit after the first DM-2M burn was 328 x 36133 km x 47.4 deg; orbit at spacecraft separation was 36102 x 36171 km x 0.2 deg. Two SOZ ullage motors were left in the transfer orbit. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 14.07W drifting at 0.008W degrees per day.References: 4, 552, 554.

• Echostar 8 Nation: USA. Program: Echostar. Mass: 4,660 kg (10,270 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: FS-1300. Agency: Echostar. Manufacturer: Space Systems/Loral. Perigee: 35,774 km (22,228 mi). Apogee: 35,799 km (22,244 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 2002-039A. USAF Sat Cat: 27501. Launch delayed from June 16 and 22, July 18, August 2 and 20 due to payload problems. Echostar 8 was an American geostationary communication spacecraft. The 4.7-ton satellite was to provide digital TV broadcast to North America through its 16 spot beams and 41 transponders in the Ku-band after parking over 110° W longitude. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 110.01W drifting at 0.003W degrees per day.References: 4, 552, 554.

• Astra 1K Nation: Europe. Program: Astra. Mass: 5,250 kg (11,570 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Spacebus 3000. Agency: SES. Manufacturer: Alcatel Space. Perigee: 244 km (151 mi). Apogee: 317 km (196 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 90.10 min. COSPAR: 2002-053A. USAF Sat Cat: 27557. Decay Date: 2002-12-10. Delayed from December 2001 and July 15, August 16 and 25. Astra 1K was to be a European (Luxembourg-based) geostationary communications spacecraft. The 5.0-ton, 13-kW spacecraft was the most massive of civilian communications spacecraft ever launched. Its 52 Ku-band and two Ka-band transponders could cover 1,100 channels and were to replace three earlier Astra satellites. However the DM-3 upper stage, after operating successfully to place itself and the satellite in parking orbit, failed to ignite for transfer orbit injection, leaving the spacecraft stranded in parking orbit. In an effort to prevent imminent re-entry, the spacecraft was raised to a circular orbit at an altitude of 290 km. Three options were considered: force re-entry over the Pacific Ocean; retrieval by a US shuttle; or use of all the fuel aboard the satellite to attempt to move it to a geostationary orbit at 19.2° E longitude. The decision was taken in December to deorbit the spacecraft, resulting in a huge insurance loss and bringing into question both continued use of the Block D series of upper stages and the 'bigger is better' comsat philosophy.References: 4, 552, 554.

• Cosmos 2394 Nation: Russia. Payload: Glonass. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: KNITs. Manufacturer: NPO Prikladnoy Mekhaniki. Perigee: 19,124 km (11,883 mi). Apogee: 19,136 km (11,890 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 675.70 min. COSPAR: 2002-060A. USAF Sat Cat: 27617. Three navigation satellites of the GLONASS system were launched to replenish the constellation. This was the third end-of-year replenishment launch since 2000. References: 4, 552, 554.

• Cosmos 2395 Nation: Russia. Payload: Glonass. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: KNITs. Manufacturer: NPO Prikladnoy Mekhaniki. Perigee: 19,130 km (11,880 mi). Apogee: 19,335 km (12,014 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 679.80 min. COSPAR: 2002-060B. USAF Sat Cat: 27618. References: 4, 552, 554.

• Cosmos 2396 Nation: Russia. Payload: Glonass-M. Mass: 1,480 kg (3,260 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: KNITs. Manufacturer: NPO Prikladnoy Mekhaniki. Perigee: 18,915 km (11,753 mi). Apogee: 19,135 km (11,889 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 671.60 min. COSPAR: 2002-060C. USAF Sat Cat: 27619. References: 4, 552, 554.

• Yamal-200 KA-1 Nation: Russia. Mass: 1,360 kg (2,990 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Yamal. Agency: Gazprom. Perigee: 35,776 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,799 km (22,244 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 2003-053A. USAF Sat Cat: 28089. Two geosynchronous communications satellites launched for Gazprom. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 49.00E drifting at 0.012E degrees per day.

• Yamal-200 KA-2 Nation: Russia. Mass: 1,320 kg (2,910 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Yamal. Agency: Gazprom. Perigee: 35,777 km (22,230 mi). Apogee: 35,797 km (22,243 mi). Inclination: 0.0300 deg. Period: 1,436.13 min. COSPAR: 2003-053F. USAF Sat Cat: 28094. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 90.00E drifting at 0.016W degrees per day.

• Ekspress AM-22 Nation: Russia. Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekspress. Perigee: 242 km (150 mi). Apogee: 35,864 km (22,284 mi). Inclination: 48.60 deg. Period: 633.40 min. COSPAR: 2003-060A. USAF Sat Cat: 28134. The Ekspress AM-22 communications satellite was built by NPO PM and Alcatel Space for GPKS, the Russian Space Communications Company. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 52.99E drifting at 0.005W degrees per day.

• Ekspress AM-11 Nation: Russia. Mass: 2,542 kg (5,604 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekspress. Agency: PO Kosmicheskaya Sviaz. Manufacturer: NPO Prikladnoy Mekhaniki, Alcatel. Perigee: 35,786 km (22,236 mi). Apogee: 35,788 km (22,237 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 2004-015A. USAF Sat Cat: 28234. Delayed from April 10. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 79.96W drifting at 3.741W degrees per day.

• Ekspress AM-1 Nation: Russia. Mass: 2,542 kg (5,604 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekspress. Perigee: 35,783 km (22,234 mi). Apogee: 35,792 km (22,240 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 2004-043A. USAF Sat Cat: 28463. Russian Satellite Communications Company spacecraft, to be stationed at 40 deg E, providing 28 C, Ku, and L band transponders for a wide range of communications and data services. The Ekspress-AM uses an improved Ekspress-M or 727M bus, first used on the Sesat satellite, while the earlier models used the KAUR-4 MSO-2500 bus. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 39.98E drifting at 0.006W degrees per day.

• Cosmos 2411 Nation: Russia. Payload: Glonass 796. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: KNITs. Manufacturer: NPO Prikladnoy Mekhaniki. Perigee: 19,141 km (11,893 mi). Apogee: 19,149 km (11,898 mi). Inclination: 64.85 deg. Period: 676.05 min. COSPAR: 2004-053A. USAF Sat Cat: 28508. Three Russian navigation satellites orbited in a single launch. Two of the satellites (s/n 796 and 797) were standard Uragan satellites, while s/n 712 had an uprated Glonass-M payload. This was the fifth end-of-year replenishment launch since 2000.

• Cosmos 2412 Nation: Russia. Payload: Glonass 797. Mass: 1,415 kg (3,119 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: KNITs. Manufacturer: NPO Prikladnoy Mekhaniki. Perigee: 19,143 km (11,894 mi). Apogee: 19,148 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 64.85 deg. Period: 676.05 min. COSPAR: 2004-053B. USAF Sat Cat: 28509.

• Cosmos 2413 Nation: Russia. Payload: Glonass-M 712. Mass: 1,480 kg (3,260 lb). Class: Navigation. Spacecraft: Glonass. Agency: KNITs. Manufacturer: NPO Prikladnoy Mekhaniki. Perigee: 19,142 km (11,894 mi). Apogee: 19,148 km (11,897 mi). Inclination: 64.85 deg. Period: 676.05 min. COSPAR: 2004-053C. USAF Sat Cat: 28510.

• Ekspress AM-2 Nation: Russia. Mass: 2,600 kg (5,700 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekspress. Agency: PO Kosmicheskaya Sviaz. Manufacturer: NPO Prikladnoy Mekhaniki, Alcatel Space. Perigee: 35,773 km (22,228 mi). Apogee: 35,893 km (22,302 mi). Inclination: 0.10 deg. Period: 1,438.50 min. COSPAR: 2005-010A. USAF Sat Cat: 28629. Delayed from December 2004, then moved up from March 31, 2005. Communications payload of C, Ku and L band transponders. It was to be stationed at 80 deg E. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 80.01E drifting at 0.008W degrees per day.

• Express AM-3 Nation: Russia. Payload: Ekspress AM. Mass: 2,600 kg (5,700 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Ekspress. Agency: PO Kosmicheskaya Sviaz. Manufacturer: NPO Prikladnoy Mekhaniki, Alcatel Space. Perigee: 35,783 km (22,234 mi). Apogee: 35,791 km (22,239 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,436.10 min. COSPAR: 2005-023A. USAF Sat Cat: 28707. Delayed from April 2005. Satellite built by NPO PM with Alcatel C-, Ku- and L-band transponders.Stationed over 80 deg E longitude. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 139.98E drifting at 0.015W degrees per day.

• Kazsat 1 Nation: Russia. Mass: 1,380 kg (3,040 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Yakhta. Agency: KazSat. Manufacturer: GKNPTs Khrunichev. Perigee: 35,381 km (21,984 mi). Apogee: 35,781 km (22,233 mi). Inclination: 0.00 deg. Period: 1,425.60 min. COSPAR: 2006-022A. USAF Sat Cat: 29230. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 103.02E drifting at 0.000W degrees per day.

• McDowell, Jonathan, Jonathan's Space Home Page, Harvard University, 1997-present. Jonathan McDowell's complete on-line listing of all objects orbited and over 20,000 rocket launches Accessed at: http://www.planet4589.org/jsr.html.

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• Clark, P S, Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, "Soviet Spacecraft Masses for Deep Space Missions", 1985, Volume 38, page 25.

• Mission Planner's Manual - Proton Commercial Launch Vehicle, Space Commerce Corporation, Houston, TX 1989.

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