 | R-1 Cutaway
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Short range ballistic missile. Year: 1947. IOC: 1947. Family: Early Russian Ballistic Missiles. Other Family: V-2. Country: Russia. Status: Out of production. Department of Defence Designation: SS-1A. ASCC Reporting Name: Scunner. Article Number: 8K11. Manufacturer's Designation: R-1. Complex: 8K11. Missile: 8A11. Stalin did not decide to proceed with Soviet production of this copy of the German V-2 until 1948. Despite the threatening supervision of the program by Stalin's secret police chief, Beria, and the assistance of German rocket engineers, it took eight years for the German technology to be absorbed and the missile to be put into service. It was almost immediately superseded by later designs, but the effort laid the groundwork for the Soviet rocket industry. Surplus R-1's were converted to use as a sounding rockets for military and scientific research missions. The decision to copy the German V-2 missile did not come quickly. Following construction of an initial batch of V-2 missiles in Germany (the N series), and the removal of available German rocket specialists to Soviet territory, Stalin spent some time before deciding what to do with them. It was not until 26 July 1947 that a decree was issued for test of the V-2 missiles at the new rocket test ground at Kapustin Yar. The first test series of 'N' rockets was conducted from September to October 1947. German assistance was required to get the rockets to fire, and then of 10 or 11 launched, only 5 were successful. A follow-on launch of 10 'T' series rockets, completed in Germany at Kleinbodungen, was just as dismal. Only 5 worked, with the others demonstrating a maximum rang of 274 km and 86 km altitude.
A resolution to put into production a Soviet-built copy of the V-2, the R-1, was issued on 14 April 1948. Aleksander Shcherbakov was responsible for seeing that a fifteen year technology gap was bridged. To accomplish this the resources of 13 research institutes and 35 factories were tapped. Glushko was tasked with producing the RD-100 copy of the V-2 engine. Prototypes had already begun factory tests at the end of 1947, with stand tests beginning in May 1948. R-1 test flight trials were accomplished swiftly - ten in 1948 and 20 in 1949. On 25 November 1950 the missile was accepted for service, with the first operational unit being the 92nd brigade (BON RVGK) at Kapustin Yar. Things seemed to be going well, but getting the missile in production would be another matter.
The missiles flown so far had been built by Korolev's NII-88 research institute at Podpliki. But Soviet aerospace practice was to assign production to a factory facility. Factory 66 at Zlatoust was selected for this in 1949, with SKB-385 to assume production design responsibility and to develop variations of the R-1 with greater range. But the work dragged on without results, and on 1 June 1951 Beria switched R-1 production to Factory 586 at Dnepropetrovsk. He ordered engine production to begin in two months - even allowing an engineer to blurt out that it would take at least eight months without consigning him to the Gulag. But the engineer was more nearly right, and the first Dnepropetrovsk production R-1, albeit still containing many parts and assemblies fabricated at NII-88, was finally completed in June 1952. First stand tests of production 8D51 engines began on 15 August 1952. The first rocket built completely of Dnepropetrovsk-fabricated parts was rolled out on 28 November 1952.
In field service the rocket required twenty vehicles and four kinds of liquid propellants for the main engine, turbines, and starter (liquid oxygen, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, permanganate catalyst). Six hours were required to prepare the rocket for launch, and CEP was only 1500 m. Another major objection of Red Army Generals - they didn't dare let the troops work with a rocket using alcohol for a propellant...
Nevertheless in December 1950 the first field R-1 unit was formed - the 23rd brigade (BON RVGK). Each brigade was equipped with six launchers. In January 1951 the 23rd deployed to Kamishin in Volgograd oblast. Further deployments of this pathfinder unit were to Belokovorovich, Ukraine; Shyalyay, Lithuania; Dzhambul, Kazakhstan, and Ordzhonikidze, the Far East, the Primorsk area. The 77th and 90th brigades were formed at Lvov, Khmelnitskiy, and Zhitomir, Ukraine. In August 1958 they were transferred to the Land Forces. The number of units fielded was small, reflecting the long delay in getting the R-1 into production. The difficulties confirmed the German's 1946 assessment that Russian industrial technology was fifteen years behind that of Germany. The field equipment was designed to also be used for R-2 missiles, which quickly replaced the R-1 in the field units.
A sea launched variant of the R-1, probably similar to the German 'Pruefstand VII' submarine-towed, pod-launched project, was also studied from 1949 to 1950, but not proceeded with.
Aside from the service version of the missile, variants were used for technology and scientific tests. From the fifth flight of the R-1A these were equipped with ejectable lateral containers and a separable nose cone for recovery of biological specimens (dogs and rabbits) and other instruments exposed to zero G conditions and altitudes up to 100 km:
- R-1A for test of separable warheads for use on future ballistic missiles (the R-2 and R-3). The last two launches were vertical scientific flights to sample the upper atmosphere.
- R-1B and R-1V for study of cosmic rays, the upper atmosphere, solar radiation, recoverable biological payloads, and recovery of the entire missile by parachute for reuse.
- R-1D for study of the atmosphere; aerodynamics of test shapes at high velocities and altitudes; wind in the upper layers of the atmosphere; the ionosphere; and recoverable biological and instrument payloads.
- R-1Ye for study of the atmosphere, solar spectrum, aerodynamics; wind in the upper layers of atmosphere; ionosphere; ozone layer; recoverable biological specimens, and recovery of the entire missile by parachute.
Official figures for the missile version include: Payload 815 kg. Range 270 km. Maximum altitude 77 km. Time of flight 5 minutes. Max velocity at burnout 1465 m/s. Accuracy 8 km in range, 4 km laterally. Manufacturer: Korolev. Launches: 184. Failures: 5. Success Rate: 97.28%. First Launch Date: 1948-09-17. Last Launch Date: 1964-09-13. Launch data is: complete. Apogee: 330 km (200 mi). Liftoff Thrust: 271.500 kN (61,036 lbf). Total Mass: 13,248 kg (29,206 lb). Core Diameter: 1.65 m (5.42 ft). Total Length: 14.02 m (45.99 ft). Span: 3.66 m (12.00 ft). Standard warhead mass: 547 kg (1,205 lb). Maximum range: 260 km (160 mi). Number Standard Warheads: 1. Standard warhead CEP: 6.94 km (4.31 mi). Boost Propulsion: Storable liquid rocket, Lox/.70 Alcohol. Guidance: Autopilot. Maximum speed: 5,280 kph (3,280 mph). Ceiling: 75,600 m (248,000 ft).
Model: R-1. Family: V-2. Country: Russia. Soviet production copy of the German V-2. Liftoff Thrust: 271.500 kN (61,036 lbf). Total Mass: 12,798 kg (28,214 lb). Core Diameter: 1.65 m (5.42 ft). Total Length: 17.00 m (55.00 ft).
Model: R-1 (A-1). Year: 1954. Family: V-2. Country: Russia. Single stage vehicle. Manufacturer: NII-88.
Model: R-1 8A11. Family: V-2. Country: Russia. Initial production version.
Model: R-1A. Short range ballistic test vehicle. Family: V-2. Country: Russia. Experimental missile for testing warhead separation.
Model: R-1B. Short range ballistic suborbital launch vehicle. Family: V-2. Country: Russia. The R-1B version was designed for scientific research at altitudes of up to 100 km, including study of cosmic rays; properties of the atmosphere; solar spectra; effects if zero-G and radiation on animals; and development of recovery of the entire missile using parachutes in order to reuse it for further experimental launches.
Model: R-1D. Short range ballistic suborbital launch vehicle. Family: V-2. Country: Russia. The R-1B version was designed for scientific research at altitudes of up to 100 km, including winds aloft, the ionosphere, and effects of spaceflight and recovery of living animals.
Model: R-1E. Short range ballistic suborbital launch vehicle. Family: V-2. Country: Russia. The R-1E version was designed for scientific research at altitudes of up to 100 km, including winds aloft, air composition, solar radiation, the ionosphere, ozone layer characteristics, and effects of spaceflight and recovery of living animals.
Model: R-1E (A-1). Short range ballistic suborbital launch vehicle. Family: V-2. Country: Russia.
Model: R-1V. Short range ballistic suborbital launch vehicle. Family: V-2. Country: Russia. The R-1V version was designed for scientific research at altitudes of up to 100 km, including study of cosmic rays; properties of the atmosphere; solar spectra; effects if zero-G and radiation on animals; and development of recovery of the entire missile using parachutes in order to reuse it for further experimental launches. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Liftoff Thrust: 267.000 kN (60,023 lbf). Total Mass: 13,400 kg (29,500 lb). Core Diameter: 1.65 m (5.41 ft). Total Length: 17.50 m (57.40 ft).
Stage Data - R-1 - Stage Number: 1. 1 x Stage: R-1. Gross Mass: 12,630 kg (27,840 lb). Empty Mass: 4,066 kg (8,963 lb). Thrust (vac): 307.085 kN (69,035 lbf). Isp: 233 sec. Burn time: 63 sec. Isp(sl): 206 sec. Diameter: 1.65 m (5.42 ft). Span: 3.54 m (11.61 ft). Length: 14.15 m (46.42 ft). Propellants: Lox/Alcohol. No Engines: 1. Engine: RD-100. Other designations: 8A11. Payload 815 / 483 kg. Range 270 km. Maximum altitude 77 km. Time of flight 5 minutes. Max velocity at burnout 1465 m/s. Accuracy 8 km in range, 4 km laterally.
R-1 Chronology 1946 May 13 - Launch Vehicle: R-1, V-2. - Committee formed to implement German rocket technology in Russia. Nation: USSR. Council of Soviet Ministers (SM) Decree 1017-419ss 'Questions of Reactive Armaments-formation of Special Committee for Reactive Technology (later Special Committee No. 2) of Council of Ministers for the co-ordination of work on missiles' was issued. This decree set up a number of new research institutes to exploit German rocket technology.References: 474.
1946 June - Launch Vehicle: R-1. - Groettrup team completes R-2 design. Nation: USSR. Groettrup team in Nordhausen completes design of the K1 (R-1). The design uses some parts manufactured in reopened factories in the German east zone. Factory 88 at Podlipki (later Kaliningrad, then Korolev) 16 km north-west of Moscow, and Factory 456, at Khimki, 7 km north-west of Moscow, are to be the first two Soviet rocket assembly factories.References: 86.
1946 June 21 - Launch Vehicle: R-1. - NII-4 founded. Nation: USSR. Decree 'On establishment of NII-4' was issued. References: 474.
1946 July 3 - Launch Vehicle: R-1. - Plant 456 at Khimki (later OKB-456, NPO Energomash) formed. Nation: USSR. Ministry of Aviation Industry (MAP) Decree 424 'On redirecting Plant No. 456 at Khimki for the production of rocket engines' was issued. References: 474.
1946 July 14 - Launch Vehicle: R-1. - First rocket unit of Soviet military formed. Nation: USSR. Decree 'On establishment of BON of Fourth Directorate of GAU in Ministry of Armed Forces' was issued. References: 474.
1946 August 9 - Launch Vehicle: R-1. - Korolev named Chief Designer for R-1 rocket (copy of German V-2). Nation: USSR. Ministry of Armaments Decree 83-K 'On appointment of S. P Korolev as Chief Designer of R-1' was issued. References: 474.
1946 August 26 - Launch Vehicle: R-1. - NII-88 reorganised. Nation: USSR. Decree 'On establishment of structure of NII-88' was issued. References: 474.
1946 August 30 - Launch Vehicle: R-1. - Korolev head of Department 3, NII-88. Nation: USSR. Decree 'On appointment of S. P. Korolev as Chief of Department No. 3 of NII-88 SKB' was issued. References: 474.
1946 September 29 - Launch Vehicle: R-1. - OKB-456 formed (later Energomash). Nation: USSR. Council of Soviet Ministers (SM) Decree 1167 'On establishment of OKB-456 at Plant No. 456 at Khimki' was issued. References: 474.
1946 October 23 - Launch Vehicle: G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, R-1, R-2, R-3, R-5. - Groettrup team transported to Soviet Union. Nation: USSR. In overnight roundup, 20,000 Germans transported to USSR to transfer technology on aerospace and other technical fields. References: 86.
1948 April 14 - Launch Vehicle: R-1, R-2, R-3. - Decree for production of R-1 and R-2 missiles, design of R-3. Nation: USSR. Decree 'On work on the R-1 and R-2 missiles' was issued. To accomplish putting the R-1 into production the resources of 13 research institutes and 35 factories were tapped. Glushko was tasked with producing the RD-100 copy of the V-2 engine. R-1 stand tests began the same day the decree was issued (Prototypes had already begun factory tests at the end of 1947). The decree also set forth design goals for the R-3.The specification was an order of magnitude leap from the other vehicles - to deliver a 3 tonne atomic bomb to any point in Europe from Soviet territory - a required range of 3000 km.References: 474.
1948 September 17 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 I-4. FAILURE: Veered 51 degrees from flight path. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. First of 9 rockets of first test series. Veered 51 degrees from flight path. References: 283, 344,.
1948 Oct 10? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 I-1. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Range achieved 300 km. Successful flight. References: 283, 344,.
1948 October 11 - Launch Vehicle: R-1. - R-1 flight. Nation: USSR. First R-1 flight with scientific experiments. References: 283, 344.
1948 Oct 13? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 I-9. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1948 Oct 21? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 I-6. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1948 Oct 23? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 I-10. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1948 Nov 1? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 I-3. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1948 Nov 3? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 I-12. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1948 Nov 4? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 I-2. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1948 Nov 5? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 I-11. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Ninth and last launch of first R-1 test series. References: 283, 344,.
1949 May 7 - 03:12 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1A. LV Configuration: R-1A 1. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Test of separable warhead. Range achieved 200 km. Ballistic launch. Expected range 210 km. Launched at 0612 local time. The launches were first made public by Tass on March 27, 1958: 'In May 1949 a single-stage Russian rocket attained an altitude of 109 km with an instrument payload of 120 to 130 kg'.References: 283, 344, 283.
1949 May 10 - 15:57 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1A. LV Configuration: R-1A 2. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Test of separable warhead. Range achieved 279.6 km. Ballistic launch. Expected range 210 km. Launched at 1857 local time. References: 283, 344, 283.
1949 May 15 - 02:48 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1A. LV Configuration: R-1A 3. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Test of separable warhead. Range achieved 210 km. Ballistic launch. Expected range 210 km. Launched at 0548 local time. References: 283, 344, 283.
1949 May 16 - 21:55 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1A. LV Configuration: R-1A 4. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Test of separable warhead. Range achieved 320 km. Ballistic launch. Expected range 210 km. Launched at 0055 local time. References: 283, 344, 283.
1949 May 24 - 01:40 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1A. LV Configuration: R-1A 5. - FIAR-1 Test/Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Test of separable warhead. Range achieved 32.9 km. Vertical launch. Expected range 22 km. Launched at 0440 local time. Carried two 85 kg Physical Measurement of Atmospheric Boundary (FIAR-1) containers, but they were not recovered. References: 283, 344, 283.
1949 May 28 - 01:50 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1A. LV Configuration: R-1A 6. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Test of separable warhead. Range achieved 31.9 km. Vertical launch. Expected range 22 km. Launched at 0450 local time. Carried two 85 kg Physical Measurement of Atmospheric Boundary (FIAR-1) containers, which were recovered but damaged; no science resultedReferences: 283, 344, 283.
1949 Sep 10? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-1. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). First launch of second series - 10 preproduction and 11 prototype rockets available. A total of 20 were fired; six failures in 16 launches. References: 283, 344,.
1949 Sep 11? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-2. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1949 Sep 13? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-11. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1949 Sep 14? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-4. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1949 Sep 17? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-8. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1949 Sep 19? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-5. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1949 September 20 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-9. FAILURE: Failure. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1949 September 23 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-15. FAILURE: Failure. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1949 Sep 28? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-10. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1949 Oct 3? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-14. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1949 Oct 8? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-16. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1949 Oct 10? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-12. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1949 Oct 12? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-7. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1949 Oct 13? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-13. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1949 Oct 13? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-17. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1949 Oct 15? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-19. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1949 Oct 18? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-23. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1949 Oct 19? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-22. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1949 Oct 22? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-20. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1949 Oct 23? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 II-3. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Last and 20th launch in second R-1 test series. References: 283, 344,.
1949 December 30 - Launch Vehicle: R-1. - R-1 sounding rocket variants authorised. Nation: USSR. Decree 'On work on geophysical variants of the R-1 missile' was issued. References: 474.
1950 November 25 - Launch Vehicle: R-1. - R-1 accepted for military service. Nation: USSR. Council of Soviet Ministers (SM) Decree 'On adoption of the R-1 into armaments' was issued. The missile was accepted for service, with the first operational unit the 92nd brigade (BON RVGK) at Kapustin Yar. References: 474.
1950 December - Launch Vehicle: R-1. - First R-1 operational unit Nation: USSR. The first field R-1 unit was formed - the 23th brigade (BON RUGK). Each brigade was equipped with six launchers. In January 1951 the 23rd deployed to Kamishin in Volgograd oblast. In August 1958 they were transferred to the Land Forces. The number of units fielded were small, reflecting the long delay in getting the R-1 into production. The field equipment was designed to also be used for R-2 missiles, which quickly replaced the R-1 in the field units.
A sea launched variant of the R-1, probably similar to the German 'Pruefstand VII' submarine-towed, pod-launched project, was also studied from 1949 to 1950, but not proceeded with.
1951 Jan 29? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 IIIA-1. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). First launch in winter test series. Carried dogs. References: 283, 344,.
1951 Jan 30? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 IIIA-5. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1951 Jan 31? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 IIIA-2. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1951 Feb 1? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 IIIA-6. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1951 Feb 2? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 IIIA-3. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Last launch in winter test series. References: 283, 344,.
1951 May 9 - Launch Vehicle: R-1. - Plant 586 in Dnepropetrovsk to convert to missile production (future NPO Yuzhnoye). Nation: USSR. Decree 'On the Transfer of the Dnepropetrovsk Automobile Plant From the Ministry of Automobile and SM Tractor Industry to the Ministry of Armaments--transfer of Dnepropetrovsk Plant No. 586 into the Ministry of Armaments for missile production' was issued References: 474.
1951 June 1 - Launch Vehicle: R-1. - R-1 production moved to Dnepropetrovsk Nation: USSR. Ministry of Armaments Decree 'On starting of series production of the R-1 at Dnepropetrovsk Plant No. 586' was issued. Factory 66 at Zlatoust was originally selected to produce the R-1 in 1949, with SKB-385 to assume production design responsibility and to develop variations of the R-1 with greater range. But the work dragged on without results, and on 1 June 1951 Beria switched R-1 production to Factory 586 at Dnepropetrovsk. He ordered engine production to begin in two months.References: 474.
1951 Jun 13? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 IIIB-11. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). First launch in quality assurance test series of operational missiles. References: 283, 344,.
1951 Jun 14? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 IIIB-10. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1951 Jun 18? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 IIIB-1. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1951 Jun 19? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 IIIB-2. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1951 Jun 20? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 IIIB-3. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1951 Jun 22? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 IIIB-7. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1951 Jun 23? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 IIIB-9. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1951 Jun 24? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 IIIB-8. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1951 Jun 25? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 IIIB-4. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1951 Jun 26? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 IIIB-5. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1951 Jun 27? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. LV Configuration: R-1 IIIB-14. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Last launch in quality assurance test series of operational missiles. References: 283, 344,.
1951 July 22 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1V. LV Configuration: R-1V 1. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). First Soviet rocket flight with animals (dogs Dezik and Zhegan). Maximum Altitude - 100 km. Payload, instruments, left and right animal containers all recovered. Smoke container failed. References: 283, 344, 283.
1951 July 29 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1B. LV Configuration: R-1B 1. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Electrical failure. No payload recovery. Carried dogs. References: 283, 344, 283.
1951 August 15 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1B. LV Configuration: R-1B 2. - Test/Solar Ultraviolet mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload, instruments, left and right animal containers all recovered. Smoke container failed. Carried dogs. References: 283, 344, 283.
1951 August 19 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1V. LV Configuration: R-1V 1. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload, instruments, left and right animal containers all recovered. Smoke container functioned. Carried dogs. References: 283, 344, 283.
1951 August 28 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1B. LV Configuration: R-1B 3. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Smoke container functioned; Instruments recovered. References: 283, 344, 283.
1951 September 3 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1B. LV Configuration: R-1B 4. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload, instruments, left and right animal containers all recovered. Smoke container failed. Carried dogs. References: 283, 344, 283.
1952 June - Launch Vehicle: R-1. - First R-1 delivery from Dnepropetrovsk Nation: USSR. First Dnepropetrovsk production R-1, albeit still containing many parts and assemblies fabricated at NII-88, was finally complete.
1952 August 15 - Launch Vehicle: R-1. - First stand tests of production R-1 engines. Nation: USSR. First stand tests of production 8D51 engines began on 15 August 1952.
1952 Aug 20? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 220. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1952 Aug 21? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 105. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1952 Aug 25? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 320. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1952 Oct 29? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 420. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1952 Oct 30? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 501. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1952 Oct 30? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 520. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1952 Nov 21? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 620. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1952 November 28 - Launch Vehicle: R-1. - First production R-1 delivery Nation: USSR. The first rocket built completely of Dnepropetrovsk-fabricated parts was rolled out of the factory.
1953 Mar 1? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 1020. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Mar 5? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 319. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Mar 19? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 820. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 May 11? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 220. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Jul 6? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 420. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Oct? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Oct? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Oct? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Oct? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Oct 10? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Oct 16? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 820. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Oct 17? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 520. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Oct 19? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 320. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Oct 20? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 620. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Oct 26? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 720. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Oct 27? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 1020. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Oct 28? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 920. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Oct 28? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 1220. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Nov? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Nov? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Nov? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Nov? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Nov 12? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 1120. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Nov 15? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Nov 15? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 1320. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1953 Nov 24? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 1520. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 Mar 11? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 1820. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 Mar 16? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 1916. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 Mar 16? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 1920. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 Mar 20? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 1918. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 Apr 23? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 1720. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 Apr 24? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 1910. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 Apr 26? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 1912. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 Apr 29? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 2120. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 May 3? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 1620. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 May 4? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 2020. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 May 4? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 1420. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 May 7? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 220. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 May 21? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 120. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 May 26 - 14:24 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 106 km (65 mi). References: 1592.
1954 Jun 11? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 12. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 Jun 12? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 720. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 Jun 14? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 14. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 June 24 - 14:30 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere mission? Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 250 km (150 mi). References: 1836.
1954 June 26 - 13:24 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 106 km (65 mi). References: 1592.
1954 July 2 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1D. LV Configuration: R-1D 1. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload, instruments, left and right animal containers all recovered. Smoke container failed. Carried dogs Lyza and Ryjik. References: 283, 344, 283.
1954 July 7 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1D. LV Configuration: R-1D 2. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload recovered; left animal container, smoke container. References: 283, 344, 283.
1954 July 26 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1D. LV Configuration: R-1D 3. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload recovered; instruments, left animal containers. Smoke container failed. Carried dogs. References: 283, 344, 283.
1954 Aug 2? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 320. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 Aug 27? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 520. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 Aug 27? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 420. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 Nov 30? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 1915. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1954 Dec 1? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 620. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 January 25 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1E. LV Configuration: R-1E 1. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload section deployed at 22 seconds. Left animal container recovered. Carried dogs. References: 283, 344, 283.
1955 Jan 28? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 720. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 Jan 29? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 920. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 Feb 3? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 820. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 February 5 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1E (A-1). LV Configuration: R-1E (A-1) 2. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). No recovery. Carried dogs. References: 283, 344, 283.
1955 Feb 7? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 1020. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 Apr 8? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 410. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 Apr 9? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 1811. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 Apr 12? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 405. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 Apr 15? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 215. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 Jun 18? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 318. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 Jun 24? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 305. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 Jul 25? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 104. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 Jul 26? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 119. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 Jul 29? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 0427. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 Aug 1? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 0430. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 Aug 24? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 302. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 Aug 25? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 0315. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 Oct 5? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No K1-17. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 Oct 8? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No K1-19. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1955 November 4 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1E. LV Configuration: R-1E 3. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload, instruments, left and right animal containers all recovered. Smoke container functioned. Carried dogs. References: 283, 344, 283.
1956 Jan 21? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 101. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1956 January 24 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 465. FAILURE: Failure. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88.
1956 Feb 13? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 431. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1956 Feb 14? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 453. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1956 February 27 - Launch Vehicle: R-1, R-2, R-5, R-12, R-7. - Soviet Leadership tours Korolev's design bureau Nation: USSR. Khrushchev, Molotov, Bulganin, and other leaders are given a tour of Korolev’s OKB-1 in Kaliningrad. They are shown the R-1, R-2 and R-5 missiles as well as a mock-up of the R-7 and are awed. Ustinov reports that only five warheads would be needed to destroy Britain, and seven to nine for France. The need for the R-12 was discussed - the longer range was essential so that the missiles could be based farther from NATO’s borders (the experience of the German invasion and quick destruction of forward-based units and equipment was on everyone’s minds).References: 539.
1956 Mar 28? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 0316. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1956 Apr 16? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 0317. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1956 May 14 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1E. LV Configuration: R-1E 4. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload, instruments, left and right animal containers all recovered. Smoke container functioned. Carried dogs. References: 283, 344, 283.
1956 May 26 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere mission? Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 1836.
1956 May 31 - 02:57 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1E. LV Configuration: R-1E 5. - Test/Solar Ultraviolet mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload, instruments, left and right animal containers all recovered. Smoke container failed. Carried dogs. References: 283, 344, 283.
1956 June 1 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere mission? Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 1836.
1956 June 7 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1E (A-1). LV Configuration: R-1E (A-1) 6. - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). Payload, instruments, left and right animal containers all recovered. Smoke container functioned. Carried dogs. References: 283, 344, 283.
1956 June 14 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere mission? Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 1836.
1956 June 22 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere mission? Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 1836.
1956 Jun 30? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 5112. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1956 July 20 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 5301. FAILURE: Failure. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88.
1956 July 20 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere mission? Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 1836.
1956 Jul 24? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 0409. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1956 Jul 26? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 0311. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1956 Jul 28? - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 8A11. LV Configuration: R-1 8A11 No 0307. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: NII-88. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).
1956 September 13 - Launch Vehicle: R-1, R-2, DF-1. - Russian agrees to sell China two R-1 missiles Nation: China. Program: Long March. They were delivered in December 1956. Tsien is disgusted to find that the missiles are nothing but copies of the V-2. Something more advanced is needed, he argues to the Russians. References: 87.
1956 December 20 - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere mission? Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 1836.
1957 November 9 - 16:54 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere/Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 330 km (200 mi). References: 1592.
1958 February 21 - 09:40 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere-solar mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 206 km (128 mi). References: 1118.
1958 February 26 - 02:35 GMT - Launch Site: Kheysa. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere/Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 1592.
1958 August - Launch Vehicle: R-1. - R-1 retired from front-line service Nation: USSR. The number of units fielded were small, reflecting the long delay in getting the R-1 into production. The field equipment was designed to also be used for R-2 missiles, which quickly replaced the R-1 in the field units.
1958 August 14 - 00:40 GMT - Launch Site: Kheysa. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere/Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 1592.
1958 September 22 - 03:47 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi). References: 1118.
1958 September 27 - 03:48 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi). References: 1118.
1958 October 1 - 10:45 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 24 km (14 mi). References: 1118.
1958 October 3 - 03:32 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi). References: 1118.
1958 October 4 - 14:00 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere-solar mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 110 km (60 mi). References: 1118.
1958 October 6 - 10:30 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Aeronomy/SB mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi). References: 1118.
1958 October 8 - 03:50 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi). References: 1118.
1958 October 10 - 13:50 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere-solar mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 110 km (60 mi). References: 1118.
1958 October 16 - 04:00 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi). References: 1118.
1958 October 17 - 04:05 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi). References: 1118.
1958 October 23 - 02:20 GMT - Launch Site: Kheysa. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi). References: 1118.
1958 December 23 - 13:00 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere/Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 110 km (60 mi). References: 1118.
1958 December 25 - 13:10 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere/Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 110 km (60 mi). References: 1118.
1958 December 27 - 09:50 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 85 km (52 mi). References: 1118.
1959 January 10 - 11:00 GMT - Launch Site: Kheysa. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere/Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 1592.
1959 July 2 - 06:40 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere/Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: MVS. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 1836.
1960 June 15 - 02:43 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere/Aeronomy/Solar mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 206 km (128 mi). References: 1592.
1960 June 15 - 05:00 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere/Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi). References: 1592.
1960 June 23 - 23:00 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere/Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi). References: 1592.
1960 September 22 - 20:56 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Ionosphere/Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 210 km (130 mi). References: 1592.
1963 January 27 - 01:00 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 1836.
1964 September 13 - 02:57 GMT - Launch Site: Kapustin Yar. Launch Vehicle: R-1. Model: R-1 (A-1). - Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi). References: 1592.
Bibliography and Further Reading - McDowell, Jonathan, Jonathan's Space Home Page, Harvard University, 1997-present. Jonathan McDowell's complete on-line listing of all objects orbited and over 20,000 rocket launches Accessed at: http://www.planet4589.org/jsr.html.
- Semenov, Yu. P., S P Korolev Space Corporation Energia, RKK Energia, 1994. ISBN: 1896522815. Dual English/Russian language picture book of the history of the Energia Corporation. Many unique photos and drawings of Korolev's rockets and spacecraft. Republished by Apogee books in 2000. More at amazon.com...
- Vetrov, G S, S. P. Korolev i evo delo, Nauka, Moscow, 1998. ISBN: 5020036846. The collected papers of Soviet Chief Designer Korolev. A tremendous source of new information and insight on the Soviet space program. Russian language. More at amazon.com...
- Karpenko, A V, Utkin, A F and Popov,A D, Otechestvenniye strategischeskiye raketnoye kompleks, Sankt-Peterburg: Nevskii bastion; Gangut 1999.. Well-illustrated encyclopedia of the missiles of the Russian strategic missile forces.
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