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Intercontinental ballistic missile. Year: 1967. IOC: 1967. Family: R-36. Country: Ukraine. Department of Defence Designation: SS-9 Mod 1. ASCC Reporting Name: Scarp. Article Number: 8K67. Manufacturer's Designation: R-36. Complex: 8K67. The R-36 ICBM was the largest ever built and the bogeyman of the Pentagon throughout the Cold War. Dubbed the 'city buster', the 308 silos built were constantly held up by the US Air Force as an awesome threat that justified a new round of American missile or anti-missile systems. On the other hand, the Americans were never motivated to build and deploy corresponding numbers of their equivalent, the liquid propellant Titan 2. Derivatives of the R-36 included the R-36-O orbital bombing system, the Tsiklon-2 and -3 medium orbital launch vehicles, and the replacement R-36M missiles. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the design and manufacturing facility ended up in independent Ukraine. Accordingly the missile was finally retired in the 1990's, conveniently in accordance with arms reduction agreements with the Americans. Official development of the R-36 began with a decree on 16 April 1962. This called for development of a heavy rocket that could act as an ICBM, a FOBS 'global rocket', and a medium launch vehicle. The targets for the R-36 would be key American administrative and military-industrial centres, hardened military targets, and anti-ballistic missile facilities. The decree ordered development of three alternative launch facility designs: a hardened, above-ground launch facility like the R-9 Dolina; a silo group like the R-16 Sheksna-V; and a new isolated silo concept, with the silos operated from an individual hardened launch facility being sepearated by a dozen kilometres.
Yangel's approach was to develop an improved version of his existing R-16 ICBM. Just as in America the Titan 1 had been redesigned into the constant-diameter Titan 2 with a more powerful upper stage, the same concept was applied to the R-16. The missile could still use the basic silo designed for the R-16. However unlike the R-16, this would be the first Soviet missile to use nitrogen tetroxide oxidiser.
The R-36 was to join the UR-100 as the first 'ampulised' Soviet missiles. This means that the missile was loaded into the silo in its container, fuelled, and then was ready-to-launch at any time as a certified 'sealed round'. This was in contrast to earlier Soviet missiles. The R-1, R-2, and R-5 could only be held at launch readiness for 30 minutes, the R-9A for 24 hours, and the storable propellant R-12, R-14, and R-16 for thirty days. The new generation was to have a certified ready-to-launch guaranteed span of five years. The containerised missile would be transported by rail to the silo, inserted, fuelled, and then left completely unattended. The silos were to be isolated from one another by 8 to 10 km so that a single nuclear warhead could take out no more than one silo at a time.
The guidance system was to be inertial with radio update for higher accuracy. Although flight tests were made with this system, by the time the missile was deployed the pure inertial system had proved to have sufficient accuracy and the radio correction was abandoned.
The draft project was completed in June 1963, and that of the new 8F675 warhead (18 and 25 megaton versions) on 12 January 1964. By then the decision had been made to pursue only the isolated silo launch concept, in order to prevent multiple launchers being taken out by a single enemy warhead. For flight trials from Baikonur substantial new facilities designed by V P Petrov at KBTM were started in 1962 and completed in February 1963. Missiles were prepared at Area 4, then launched from a pad at LC-67, with the radio guidance system being at Area 68. These used the 8P867 launch pad, 8U225 launch gantry, and 8T178 missile transport trailer. The designs for these facilities were derived from those for the Tsiklon space booster. Countdown was automated and no personnel were required in the area during launch procedures. The 25th OIICh (Independent Engineering-Research Unit) was formed to conduct the flight tests.
For initial silo tests individual silos at LC-80, a Sheksna facility originally built for the R-16, were modified in 1964 to accommodate R-36 or UR-200 missiles. A prototype of the new command point and six-silo group planned for the R-36 were also built at Baikonur. The hardened command point for these silos was at Area 111, and the silos at LC's-102, -103, -109, -140, -141, and -142. Flight trial tests were conducted from these facilities from 28 September 1963 to 29 March 1966, with the first silo launch taking place on 14 January 1965. The first launch from LC-140 came on 27 April 1965. This was the first launch controlled and commanded via a 10 km long buried cable. At total of 130 trials launches were made.
In July 1965 the first R-36 was launched with the 'List' countermeasures system designed to confuse enemy anti-ballistic missile defences. This system had been developed by Aksel Berg at NII-108 (originally established on 4 July 1943 to develop radar systems). The system had several components:
- Berba - these were false warhead targets, made of thin metal tape, which deployed from a container and unfolded into the shape of a re-entry vehicle. Hundreds could be deployed, spreading dozens of kilometres from the real warhead
- Kaktus - these were stealth coverings fitted as a 'slip cover' on the exterior of the re-entry vehicle. It absorbed incoming radar waves and converted it to thermal energy, reducing the radar cross-section of the warhead by a factor of ten.
- Krot - this was an active noise jammer, actually a miniature spacecraft in its own right. It flew in space far from the warhead and hindered and spoofed enemy radars.
Trials, code-named 'Kupol', were conducted of these systems in 1962-1963, and they proved the importance of such countermeasures in assuring warhead survival in the face of enemy anti-ballistic missile systems. Development continued at NII-108 from 1965-1988 under the new Chief Designer Vitaliy Gerasimenko. They produced the countermeasure systems List, Palma (for the UR-100), Bereza, Kashtan, Magnolia, Lavr, Vyaz, and Kiparis. They also developed the TLTS heavy decoy unit. Light decoy units could be discriminated by enemy radars since they would brake more strongly once the warhead entered the upper layers of the atmosphere. The TLTS did not brake in the atmosphere, could resist high temperatures, and could perform dogleg manoeuvres to mislead enemy defences all the way to the earth's surface.
Production of the R-36 and the List countermeasures system was undertaken at the Yuzhnoye YuMZ factory in Dnepropetrovsk. The first regiment became operational on 5 November 1966 at Uzhur, and the missile was formally accepted for military service on 21 July 1967. A peak total of 260 R-36's were deployed by 1970. A total of 308 missile silos for the R-36 and its follow-on versions were built at Aleisk (30), Kartaly (46), Derzhavinsk (52), Zhangiz-Tobe (52), Dombarovskiy (64), and Uzhur (64). Operational tests were conducted periodically during service, including seven firings from silos in the Uzhur field to the Kura impact area. The final R-36's were retired in 1979, their places in the silos begin replaced by later versions. The missile was shown publicly at a Moscow parade on 7 November 1967, although to create confusion the external vernier engines of the second stage were removed and a non-standard warhead was fitted. Declassified CIA reports show that American intelligence was not fooled, although Western missile 'experts' were.
In 1965 the R-36 was selected over Korolev's GR-1 and Chelomei's UR-200 for the 'Global Rocket' and military medium launch vehicle requirements (see separate R-36-O, Tsiklon-2 and Tsiklon-3 entries). An improved silo with five times the blast resistance was studied in the 1960's but not adopted due to the expense (a super-hardened silo was finally developed in the late 1970's for the next generation of missiles).
The missile structure was of AMG-6 aluminium alloy. An avionics section was located in the intertank area of the first stage. The first stage had a fixed six-nozzle Glushko RD-251 engine, with attitude and roll control by four RD-68M verniers designed by Yuzhnoye. The second stage used a two-nozzle Glushko RD-252, with four RD-69M verniers. Four small solid rocket motors fired to back the second stage away from the warhead after burnout.
Unlike the R-16, which had its launch azimuth set by a rotating launch table, the R-36 was fixed on its launcher. Therefore after clearing the silo it had to roll to the desired target azimuth. The inertial guidance system by Vladimir Sergeyev of NII-692 had a total mass of 752 kg, and was updated just before launch by an optical data link. The first five trials flights used the radio correction system of Mikhail Borisenko, but this was abandoned as unnecessary on production models.
The warheads for the missile were developed at Chelyabinsk-70, with production at Penzensk Factory 592 (later NPO Start). These included the original 18 and 25 megaton 8F675, and later 5 and 10 megaton alternate warheads. The missile had a five year guaranteed storage life, later extended to 7.5 years with in-service testing. A missile prepared for launch (with the guidance platform spun up) could be launched in five minutes from the turn of the launch key. The OS-67 silo was designed by Yevgeni F Rudyak at GSKB Spetsmash. Each silo was 41.5 m deep, 8.3 m in diameter, and had a 4.64 m diameter interior bore. The silo was hardened to an overpressure of 20 atmospheres. Six silos, separated by 8-10 km from each other, were controlled and launched from a single command point. Manufacturer: Yangel. Launches: 149. Failures: 19. Success Rate: 87.25%. First Launch Date: 1963-09-28. Last Launch Date: 1975-10-25. Launch data is: incomplete. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). Liftoff Thrust: 2,366.000 kN (531,897 lbf). Total Mass: 183,890 kg (405,400 lb). Core Diameter: 3.00 m (9.80 ft). Total Length: 31.70 m (104.00 ft). Span: 3.35 m (10.99 ft). Standard warhead mass: 5,825 kg (12,841 lb). Maximum range: 10,200 km (6,300 mi). Number Standard Warheads: 1. Standard warhead yield: 10,000 KT. Standard warhead CEP: 1.30 km (0.80 mi). Alternate warhead mass: 3,950 kg (8,700 lb). Maximum range with alternate warhead: 15,500 km (9,600 mi). Number Alternate Warheads: 1. Alternate RV: 8F675. Alternate warhead yield: 5,000 KT. Alternate warhead CEP: 1.90 km (1.10 mi). Boost Propulsion: Storable liquid rocket, N2O4/UDMH. Boost engine: RD-251. Cruise Propulsion: Storable liquid rocket, N2O4/UDMH. Cruise engine: RD-252. Cruise Thrust: 940.400 kN (211,410 lbf). Guidance: Inertial.
Model: 8K67P. Year: 1971. IOC: 1971. Family: R-36. Country: Ukraine. Department of Defence Designation: SS-9 Mod 4. ASCC Reporting Name: Scarp. Article Number: 8K67P. Manufacturer's Designation: R-36. Complex: 8K67P. The R-36P was a version of the R-36 which could deploy three separate (but not independently-targeted) warheads instead of one. The concept was to ensure a wider zone of destruction and overpressure then a single warhead detonation would create. The US government claimed the spacing of the MRV impacts showed they were targeted on Minuteman silo clusters. Work on the variant began in November 1967. Trials began in August 1968, the missile was accepted for military service on 26 October 1970, and production began in 1971. Beginning in December 1971 and 1974 the missile was deployed to around 100 silos, but the version was retired by 1974 in favour of true MIRV versions of the R-36. However the deployment brought the maximum R-36/R-36P operational silo total to 288 in 1972. These were deployed in regiments of six silos per command point, except at Kartaly, Dombarovskiy, Krasnoyarsk, Derzhavinsk, and Zhangiztobe, which each had at least one regiment with ten silos. Manufacturer: Yangel. Liftoff Thrust: 2,366.300 kN (531,965 lbf). Total Mass: 183,000 kg (403,000 lb). Core Diameter: 3.00 m (9.80 ft). Total Length: 32.01 m (105.01 ft). Span: 3.35 m (10.99 ft). Standard warhead mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Maximum range: 10,200 km (6,300 mi). Number Standard Warheads: 3. Standard warhead yield: 2,000 KT. Standard warhead CEP: 1.85 km (1.14 mi). Boost Propulsion: Storable liquid rocket, N2O4/UDMH. Boost engine: RD-251. Cruise Propulsion: Storable liquid rocket, N2O4/UDMH. Cruise engine: RD-252. Cruise Thrust: 940.400 kN (211,410 lbf). Guidance: Inertial.
R-36 Chronology 1962 April 16 - Launch Vehicle: N1, R-36, R-36-O, R-56. - N1, R-36, R-36-O, and R-56 rockets authorised. Nation: USSR. Decree 'On Important Development of Intercontinental Ballistic and Global Missiles and Carriers-Rockets for Space Objects--work on the N1, R-36, R-36-O, and R-56' was issued. References: 474.
1962 September 24 - Launch Vehicle: N1, GR-1, R-36. - N1 and GR-1 authorised. Nation: USSR. Program: Vostok. Central Committee of the Communist Party and Council of Soviet Ministers Decree 1021-436 'On start of work on the N1 and GR-1' was issued. Following a review of the N1 project by an Academy of Sciences expert commission headed by Keldysh in July, this decree provided a detailed plan leading to a first launch by the end of 1965. Planning and drawing release for the GR-1 were completed by this date and the decree ordered test flights to begin in the third quarter of 1963. However development problems with the NK-9 engine resulted in continual delays. Finally in 1964 Korolev's GR-1 was cancelled and Yangel’s R-36 was selected for the mission. This would deprive Korolev of a vital test-bed for flight test of the N1 engines.References: 474.
1963 September 28 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/21. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. LV Configuration: R-36 8K67P G22500-02L. FAILURE: Failure. Exploded at launch - pad damaged. - State trials launch (1) Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 744.
1963 December 3 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/21. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. LV Configuration: R-36 8K67P G22500-04L. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 744.
1963 December 13 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/21. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. FAILURE: Failure. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 1183.
1964 January 16 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/21. Launch Vehicle: R-36. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1964 January 25 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/21. Launch Vehicle: R-36. FAILURE: Failure. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 1183.
1964 February 19 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/21. Launch Vehicle: R-36. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1964 February 27 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/21. Launch Vehicle: R-36. FAILURE: Failure. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 1183.
1964 April 26 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/22. Launch Vehicle: R-36. FAILURE: Failure. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 744.
1964 May 23 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/21. Launch Vehicle: R-36. FAILURE: Failure. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 744.
1964 May 30 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/22. Launch Vehicle: R-36. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1964 June 24 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/22. Launch Vehicle: R-36. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1964 July 1 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/22. Launch Vehicle: R-36. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1964 August 5 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/22. Launch Vehicle: R-36. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1964 August 11 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/22. Launch Vehicle: R-36. FAILURE: Failure. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 744.
1964 September 8 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/22. Launch Vehicle: R-36. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1964 September 24 - Launch Vehicle: UR-100, UR-200, UR-700, R-26, R-36, R-56, R-9, N1. - Khrushchev visits Baikonur Nation: USSR. Spacecraft: Voskhod, Berkut, LK-700. Flight: Voskhod 2. This was his last visit, just weeks before his overthrow. The Soviet leadership were shown the UR-100 and observed launches of the competing UR-200 and R-36. Khrushchev agreed with the decision to put the R-36 into production instead of Chelomei’s UR-200. He felt he couldn’t turn down Yangel a third time after approving Korolev’s N1 instead of Yangel’s R-56 and Chelomei’s UR-100 instead of Yangel’s R-26. Khrushchev decided to cancel Korolev’s badly behind schedule R-9A, even though Smirnov and Ustinov insisted they wanted it in their arsenal (in May 1965, after Khrushchev’s overthrow, this decision was reversed and the R-9A went into production).
Khrushchev also visited a secret space fair, with Korolev, Chelomei, Yangel, and Glushko presenting their rockets and spacecraft. Chelomei presented his UR-700 heavy lift design as an alternative to Korolev’s N1. This presentation was a surprise to Ustinov and Dementiev. Khrushchev ordered Chelomei to prepare a draft proposal for the design. Chelomei hoped that 12 to 18 months later, when the UR-700 draft project would be completed, the fallacy of Korolev’s N1 design would be apparent to all. Korolev’s N1 plans were also reviewed and approved at the meeting. Over the two days, Khruschev witnessed five launches of rockets by Korolev, Yangel, and Chelomei, all of them successful. Gagarin and Belyayev explained the Vykhod spacecraft to him, and Leonov donned a spacesuit and demonstrated how he would exit into open space form the inflatable airlock and return thereafter. All went very well. This was the last time Khrushchev saw the chief designers of the Soviet rocket industry. Despite his support for them not one of them visited him in his retirement.References: 376.
1964 September 25 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/22. Launch Vehicle: R-36. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). Demonstration launch witnessed by Khrushchev. References: 1183.
1964 October 10 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/22. Launch Vehicle: R-36. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1964 October 29 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/22. Launch Vehicle: R-36. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1964 December 15 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/22. Launch Vehicle: R-36. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1965 January 12 - Launch Vehicle: R-36, R-36-O. - R-36 'sealed round' version development authorised. Nation: USSR. State Committee for Defence Technology (GKOT) Decree 'On Detailed Work on Ampulized R-36 and R-36-O Missiles--design work on the R-36 and R-36-O missiles' was issued. References: 474.
1965 January 14 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC80. Launch Pad: LC80/17. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. FAILURE: Failure. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 744.
1965 January 30 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67. Launch Pad: LC67/22. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1965 April 27 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC140. Launch Pad: LC140/18. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 744.
1965 May 18 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC140. Launch Pad: LC140/18. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1965 July 9 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU33. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1965 August 3 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU32. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. FAILURE: Failure. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 1183.
1965 August 13 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU33. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1965 August 21 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU32. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. FAILURE: Failure. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 1183.
1965 October 1 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU31. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1965 October 9 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU33. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1965 October 15 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU32. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1965 October 29 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU33. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1965 November 2 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU31. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1965 November 14 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU32. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1965 November 27 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU33. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1965 December 7 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU32. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1965 December 25 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU32. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1965 December 25 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU33. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1965 December 26 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU31. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1966 March 30 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU31. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - SLI K Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1966 April 2 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU31. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - SLI K Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1966 April 26 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU32. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1966 May 29 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU31. Launch Vehicle: R-36. - State trials launch (41) Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 744.
1966 June 10 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU32. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - SLI K Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1966 June 30 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU31. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1966 September 27 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU31. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. FAILURE: Failure. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 1183.
1966 October 6 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU32. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1966 October 20 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU32. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1966 October 23 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU31. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1966 November 21 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU32. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - 8F674? State trials launch Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1966 December 10 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU32. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. FAILURE: Failure. - 8F674 State trials launch Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 1183.
1967 March 4 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU32. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1967 March 31 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU32. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1967 May 31 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU32. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - 8F765 warhead state trials flight Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1967 June 6 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU31. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - 8F765 warhead state trials flight Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1967 June 15 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU32. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - 8F765 warhead state trials flight Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1967 June 27 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU31. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1967 July 20 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU32. Launch Pad: PU32?. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - SBP Special test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1967 July 21 - Launch Vehicle: R-36. - R-36 ICBM accepted into service. Nation: USSR. Decree 'On approval of the R-36 ICBM variant with countermeasures to overcome anti-ballistic missiles and on adoption of the R-36 ICBM into armaments' was issued. References: 474.
1967 September 4 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU31. Launch Pad: PU31?. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1967 September 8 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU32. Launch Pad: PU32?. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1967 September 21 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU33. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1967 October 1 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU31. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1968 February 29 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU31. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1968 April 18 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU33. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - 8F765 warhead state trials flight Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1968 April 28 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU33. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1968 May 12 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU33. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1968 May 23 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU33. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1968 June 6 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU31. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Special Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1968 July 3 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU33. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1968 July 16 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU31. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67M. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1968 August 14 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU31. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67M. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1968 August 23 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU33. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - RGCh state trials flight Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1968 September 11 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU33. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - RGCh state trials flight Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1968 October 4 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU33. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - RGCh state trials flight Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1968 October 28 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. FAILURE: Failure. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 1183.
1968 December 4 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67M. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1968 December 18 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU33. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - RGCh state trials flight Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1969 March 29 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1969 April 2 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - OT? operational test launch Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1969 April 18 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1969 April 25 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1969 May 22 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1969 June 27 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1969 July 11 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67M. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1969 August 4 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67M. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1969 September 9 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1969 September 25 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1969 October 23 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - RVSN Command operational test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1969 October 24 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - RVSN Command operational test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1969 October 25 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1969 November 4 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - OS-67 No. 1L Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1969 December 2 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1969 December 12 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1969 Dec 19? - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi).
1970 January 17 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67M. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 January 21 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67M. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 January 30 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67M. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 January 30 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67M. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 February 9 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67M. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 February 18 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 February 19 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67M. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 February 20 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 March 9 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 March 29 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 March 30 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 April 11 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 April 13 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 April 15 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 April 20 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 April 27 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 June 29 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 July 25 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 August 7 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 September 12 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - OS state trials flight Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 October 8 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Palma-4 Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 October 12 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. FAILURE: Failure. - Palma-4 Operational Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 1183.
1970 October 23 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67P. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 October 29 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 November 5 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 December 11 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - RVSN Command operational test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1970 December 12 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - RVSN Command operational test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1971 February 17 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1971 June 26 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67M. - Operational missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1971 September 9 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67M. - Combat training launch Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1971 October 2 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67M. - Combat training launch Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1971 December 2 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67M. - OS state trials flight Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1972 April 12 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67MA. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1972 May 26 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67MA. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1972 July 14 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67MA. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1972 August 24 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67MA. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1972 September 15 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67MA. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1973 January 24 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67MA. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1973 March 9 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67MA. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1973 April 8 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67PM. FAILURE: Failure. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 1183.
1973 May 23 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67MA. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1973 July 21 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67PM. FAILURE: Failure. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 1183.
1973 August 17 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67PM. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1973 October 8 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC161. Launch Pad: LC161/35. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67PM. FAILURE: Failure. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 1183.
1973 December 21 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67PM. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1974 January 12 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - DKh state trials flight Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1974 April 16 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - DKh state trials flight Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1974 October 3 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. FAILURE: Failure. - OS state trials flight Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 1183.
1974 October 17 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Yantar state trials launch Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1975 January 19 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Svilets Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1975 January 21 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC162. Launch Pad: LC162/36. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. FAILURE: Failure. - Svilets Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. References: 1183.
1975 January 27 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Svilets Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1975 February 27 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67MA. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1975 February 28 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: PU33. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67MA. - State trials missile test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1975 June 25 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC142. Launch Pad: LC142/34. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - OS-67 Test mission Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1183.
1975 October 25 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Vehicle: R-36. Model: R-36 8K67. - Operational Test mission? Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi). References: 1186.
Bibliography and Further Reading - McDowell, Jonathan, Jonathan's Space Home Page, Harvard University, 1997-present. Jonathan McDowell's complete on-line listing of all objects orbited and over 20,000 rocket launches Accessed at: http://www.planet4589.org/jsr.html.
- Pervov, Mikhail, Raketnoye Oruzhiye RVSN, Violanta, Moscow, 1999.. Narrative overview of the missiles of the Russian strategic missile forces.
- Karpenko, A V, Utkin, A F and Popov,A D, Otechestvenniye strategischeskiye raketnoye kompleks, Sankt-Peterburg: Nevskii bastion; Gangut 1999.. Well-illustrated encyclopedia of the missiles of the Russian strategic missile forces.
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