S-200 Credit - © Mark Wade

Enormous surface-to-air missile developed by Grushin after the failure of the Dal project. Deployed in limited numbers and exported to countries in the mideast to defend against American high-altitude, high-speed SR-71 reconnaissance aircraft.

In the 1960's Grushin developed the 5V21 missile for the S-200 Angara surface-to-air missile system. This had a range of over 150 km and incorporated several new principles. It was equipped with the first semi-active radar homing head. The aerodynamic surfaces automatically adjusted according to the velocity and altitude of the rocket. In the Mideast, this missile successfully intercepted Israeli reconnaissance aircraft at a range of 190 km in the 1980's. This performance was unmatched in the world. The missile was used as the booster for the experimental Kholod hypersonic scramjet. Two launches of this were made on 28 November 1991 and 17 November 1992 as part of an experimental program run by TsIAM.

Maximum target speed 4300 kph. One missile per launch vehicle. Western sources mixed this missile up with the Dal system, later code-named Gammon, with lateral boosters. Vega/Dubna code names used as well.

Radars: 5N69 Big Back early warning radar, D band, range 500 km. P-35M/1RL139 Bar Lock-B target acquisition radar, E/F band, range 320 km. 5N62 Square Pair target tracking radar, H band, range 270 km. PRV-11 Side Net height finding radar, E band, range 180 km.

Manufacturer: Almaz/Grushin. Total Mass: 2,800 kg (6,100 lb). Core Diameter: 0.86 m (2.82 ft). Total Length: 10.60 m (34.70 ft). Span: 2.90 m (9.50 ft). Standard warhead mass: 217 kg (478 lb). Maximum range: 150 km (90 mi). Boost Propulsion: Solid rocket. Cruise Propulsion: Solid rocket. Guidance: Radio command + Semi-Active Radar Homing. Maximum speed: 4,900 kph (3,000 mph). Minimum range: 7.00 km (4.30 mi). Ceiling: 20,000 m (65,000 ft). Floor: 300 m (980 ft). Total Number Built: 2000.

Standard warhead mass: 217 kg (478 lb). Maximum range: 250 km (150 mi). Guidance: Command/Semi-active radar homing. Minimum range: 7.00 km (4.30 mi). Ceiling: 29,000 m (95,000 ft). Floor: 300 m (980 ft).

Standard warhead mass: 217 kg (478 lb). Maximum range: 300 km (180 mi). Guidance: Command/Semi-active radar homing. Minimum range: 7.00 km (4.30 mi). Ceiling: 40,000 m (131,000 ft). Floor: 300 m (980 ft).

Standard warhead mass: 217 kg (478 lb). Maximum range: 300 km (180 mi). Guidance: Command/Semi-active radar homing. Minimum range: 7.00 km (4.30 mi). Ceiling: 29,000 m (95,000 ft). Floor: 300 m (980 ft).

Export version.

Standard warhead mass: 217 kg (478 lb). Maximum range: 250 km (150 mi). Guidance: Command/Semi-active radar homing. Minimum range: 7.00 km (4.30 mi). Ceiling: 29,000 m (95,000 ft). Floor: 300 m (980 ft).

Fakel-designed missile; not widely exported until 1980s.

Manufacturer: Almaz. Location: Moscow, Russian Federation. Core Diameter: 0.85 m (2.80 ft). Total Length: 10.70 m (35.11 ft). Span: 2.87 m (9.40 ft). Maximum range: 250 km (150 mi). Boost Propulsion: Solid rocket. Boost engine: 4 x solid rocket. Cruise Propulsion: Solid rocket. Guidance: Command + Active Radar Homing. Maximum speed: 3,950 kph (2,450 mph). Minimum range: 208 km (129 mi). Ceiling: 30,000 m (98,000 ft).

• Parsch, Andreas, DesignationSystems.Net, . Outstanding, unique reference for aircraft, missiles, propulsion, and avionics systems. Accessed at: http://www.designation-systems.net/.

• Yeftifyev, M D, Iz istorii sozdaniya zenito-raketnovo shchita rossii, Vuzovskaya kniga, Moscow, 2000. Comprehensive history of development of the development of surface-to-air and anti-ballistic missiles in the Soviet Union, with summaries of work in other countries as well. Accessed at: http://www.eastview.com/xq/ASP/sku=A2010232/f_locale=/Evtif'ev/MD/Moskva/Russia/Russian/qx/russian/books/product.asp.