V-601 Credit - © Mark Wade

Naval version of the S-125.

In 1956 the VMF began development of the universal naval surface-to-air missile system M-1 with the V-600, using many elements developed for the land-based S-125. The missile had all-solid propellant rocket motors and met naval requirements for use aboard surface ships that earlier liquid-propellant surface-to-air missiles could not. The system was accepted by the VMF for service on 24 April 1962 with the code name Volna and became the first surface-to-air missile deployed in Soviet Navy operational vessels. The system was designed to destroy aerial targets at over 10 km altitude.

Work at TsKB-7 on rockets began in 1956, with design of a naval surface-to-air missile began. The bureau's first practical experience in development of large solid propellant rockets was the development of a stabilised naval missile launch apparatus called for in a 1956 TTZ government specification. This had the factory designation ZIF-101, and was to be used as part of the M-1 naval surface-to-air missile system. The draft project was completed in 1957, and four special test stands built to support development. Development was completed in 1959, and first tests of the system began on the naval motion simulator at the Fedosiya Test Range. The first series production units were installed aboard the 56A 'Braviy' vessels in 1960. State trials of the M-1 with the ZIF-101 were completed in 1962.

Radars: MR-310 Angara Head Net A target acquisition radar, E/F band, range 130 km. MR-500 Big Net target acquisition radar, D band, range 300 km. 4R90 Yatagan Peel Group target tracking radar, E/F band, range 42 km.

Manufacturer: Altair/Grushin. Standard warhead mass: 60 kg (132 lb). Maximum range: 15 km (9 mi). Guidance: Command. Minimum range: 4.00 km (2.40 mi). Ceiling: 10,000 m (32,000 ft). Floor: 100 m (320 ft).

Used the improved V-601 missile with new booster and warhead. The first naval vessel equipped with the V-601 went into service in 1967.

Development of the ZIF-102 launcher, using vertical loading, was initiated by SKB-7 in December 1960. Work was completed on the two-rail loader/launcher in 1963, with Tyurin as the project manager. Exercises in the White Sea in 1964 proved the system against aircraft targets.

Further improvement of the Neva shipboard surface-to-air missile with improved capability against sea-skimming targets.

The Volna-M system used the V-601M missile. This modernised version of the V-601 was developed to provide protection to naval vessels from sea-skimming missiles or attack aircraft. It was capable of intercepting targets flying only 3 to 5 m above the surface of the ocean. Radars: MR-310 Angara Head Net A target acquisition radar, E/F band, range 130 km. MR-500 Big Net target acquisition radar, D band, range 300 km. 4R90 Yatagan Peel Group target tracking radar, E/F band, range 42 km.

Location: Moscow, Russian Federation. Total Mass: 980 kg (2,160 lb). Core Diameter: 0.55 m (1.81 ft). Total Length: 5.95 m (19.52 ft). Span: 11.43 m (37.51 ft). Standard warhead mass: 72 kg (158 lb). Maximum range: 15 km (9 mi). Boost Propulsion: Solid rocket. Cruise Propulsion: Solid rocket. Guidance: Command Link. Maximum speed: 2,630 kph (1,630 mph). Minimum range: 4.00 km (2.40 mi). Ceiling: 10,000 m (32,000 ft). Floor: 100 m (320 ft).

• Parsch, Andreas, DesignationSystems.Net, . Outstanding, unique reference for aircraft, missiles, propulsion, and avionics systems. Accessed at: http://www.designation-systems.net/.

• Yeftifyev, M D, Iz istorii sozdaniya zenito-raketnovo shchita rossii, Vuzovskaya kniga, Moscow, 2000. Comprehensive history of development of the development of surface-to-air and anti-ballistic missiles in the Soviet Union, with summaries of work in other countries as well. Accessed at: http://www.eastview.com/xq/ASP/sku=A2010232/f_locale=/Evtif'ev/MD/Moskva/Russia/Russian/qx/russian/books/product.asp.