Zenit-2 Credit - Ukrainian Space Agency Media Gallery

Zenit was to be a modular new generation medium Soviet launch vehicle, replacing the various ICBM-derived launch vehicles in use since the 1960's (Tsyklon and R-7 derivatives). But it was built by Yuzhnoye in the Ukraine; when the Soviet Union broke up planned large-scale production for the Soviet military was abandoned (Angara development was begun as an indigenous alternative). A version of first stage was used as strap-ons for the cancelled Energia heavy booster. Launch pads were completed only at Baikonur; those at Plesetsk were never finished and are planned to be completed as Angara pads.

Zenit development began in March 1976 in accordance with the specifications of GUKOS-MO. The Chief designer was V F Utkin at KB Yuzhnoye, with V P Radovskiy at KB Energomash being responsible for the engines, V G Sergeyev at NPO Elektropribor being responsible for the guidance system.

Work on the Zenit launch complex began in 1978. Trials of the first stage began in 1982 after a long and difficult development of the first stage engines (see the entry for the Energia launch vehicle for details). The first Zenit pad was ready in December 1983. Although the facilities were ready, the launch vehicles was held up continuing first stage engine problems. Former cosmonaut Gherman Titov was in charge of the state commission overseeing the trials. A series of 11 trials launches finally began on April 13 1985 and extended over the next two years, lofting a series of experimental payloads. In the spring of 1987 the state commission accepted the system for military use. They found that the automated launch system worked well and reliably, and the basic booster was accepted together with the Tselina-2 satellite. However much work remained to be done - construction of a second launch complex at Baikonur, qualification of a third stage for one tonne geostationary payloads, and construction of a third launch complex at Plesetsk for launch of payloads into sun-synchronous and polar orbits.

The collapse of the Soviet Union a few years later ended these plans. The pads at Plesetsk were never completed. A three-stage version of Zenit did fly, but as a commercial vehicle from the Boeing Launch platform in the Pacific Ocean.

Manufacturer: Yuzhnoye. Launches: 37. Failures: 6. Success Rate: 83.78%. First Launch Date: 1985-04-13. Last Launch Date: 2004-06-10. Launch data is: continuing. LEO Payload: 13,740 kg (30,290 lb). to: 200 km Orbit. at: 51.40 degrees. Payload: 5,000 kg (11,000 lb). to a: sun synchronous, 800 km, 98.6 deg orbital trajectory. Associated Spacecraft: Badr, GFZ-1, Globalstar, Gurwin, Koltso, Kompas, Meteor-3M, Microsat SSTL, Okean-O, Orlets-2, Reflektor, Resurs-O1, Safir, Tselina-2, Tubsat, Uragan Space Interceptor, OK-M, VKK. Liftoff Thrust: 7,300.000 kN (1,641,100 lbf). Total Mass: 459,000 kg (1,011,000 lb). Core Diameter: 3.90 m (12.70 ft). Total Length: 57.00 m (187.00 ft). Launch Price $: 45.000 million. in: 1994 price dollars.

LEO Payload: 13,500 kg (29,700 lb). Liftoff Thrust: 7,259.000 kN (1,631,888 lbf). Total Mass: 459,000 kg (1,011,000 lb). Core Diameter: 3.90 m (12.70 ft). Total Length: 57.00 m (187.00 ft).

Two-stage version of the Zenit-3SL booster developed for the Sea Launch program, modified for launch from ground facilities at Baikonur. Uses the common Zenit-2SB core vehicle with no upper stage.

LEO Payload: 12,030 kg (26,520 lb). to: 400 km Orbit. at: 51.60 degrees. Liftoff Thrust: 7,300.000 kN (1,641,100 lbf). Total Mass: 458,900 kg (1,011,700 lb). Core Diameter: 3.90 m (12.70 ft). Total Length: 57.35 m (188.15 ft).

• Stage Number: 1. 1 x Stage: Zenit-1. Gross Mass: 354,300 kg (781,000 lb). Empty Mass: 28,600 kg (63,000 lb). Thrust (vac): 8,181.129 kN (1,839,191 lbf). Isp: 337 sec. Burn time: 150 sec. Isp(sl): 311 sec. Diameter: 3.90 m (12.70 ft). Span: 3.90 m (12.70 ft). Length: 32.90 m (107.90 ft). Propellants: Lox/Kerosene. No Engines: 1. Engine: RD-171. Status: In production. Modification of same stage used as strap-on for Energia launch vehicle.

• Stage Number: 2. 1 x Stage: Zenit-2. Gross Mass: 90,600 kg (199,700 lb). Empty Mass: 9,000 kg (19,800 lb). Thrust (vac): 912.000 kN (205,025 lbf). Isp: 349 sec. Burn time: 315 sec. Isp(sl): 0 sec. Diameter: 3.90 m (12.70 ft). Span: 3.90 m (12.70 ft). Length: 11.50 m (37.70 ft). Propellants: Lox/Kerosene. No Engines: 1. Engine: RD-120. Status: In production.

1976 March 16 - Launch Vehicle: Zenit-2.

• Zenit launch vehicle authorised. Nation: USSR. Central Committee of the Communist Party and Council of Soviet Ministers Decree 'On the Creation of a Universal Space Missile Complex 11K77 'Zenit'--approval of work on the Zenit launcher' was issued. References: 474.

• Problems with development of Buran booster rockets Nation: USSR. Spacecraft: Buran. Continued development problems with the booster rockets led to a management shake-up at Yuzhnoye in January 1982. By this time the project was several years behind schedule. The originally planned first flight in 1983 was obviously unattainable.

• R&D suborbital Zenit launch vehicle test Nation: USSR. Program: Tselina. Payload: Mass Model. COSPAR: 19850413S. Decay Date: 1985-04-13. Suborbital. References: 5.

• Zenit launch vehicle test Nation: USSR. Program: Tselina. Payload: Mass Model. Agency: UNKS. COSPAR: F850413A. References: 279.

• Zenit launch vehicle test Nation: USSR. Program: Tselina. Payload: Mass Model. Agency: VKS. Perigee: 197 km (122 mi). Apogee: 338 km (210 mi). Inclination: 64.40 deg. Period: 89.90 min. COSPAR: 1985-053A. USAF Sat Cat: 15842. Decay Date: 1985-06-28. Intended to be suborbital, but some debris reached orbit. Rocket debris decayed by 6/28/85. References: 1, 2, 5, 6.

• Cosmos 1697 Nation: USSR. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 3 (Mass Model). Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 843 km (523 mi). Apogee: 853 km (530 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 101.90 min. COSPAR: 1985-097A. USAF Sat Cat: 16181. First launch of new Tselina-2 ELINT satellite on Zenit-2 launch vehicle. References: 1, 2, 5, 6.

• Cosmos 1714 Nation: USSR. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 4. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 160 km (90 mi). Apogee: 850 km (520 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 94.70 min. COSPAR: 1985-121A. USAF Sat Cat: 16434. Decay Date: 1986-02-27. Tselina-2 ELINT satellite placed in unusable orbit due to second stage failure. References: 1, 2, 5, 6.

• Cosmos 1767 Nation: USSR. Payload: Mass Model. Mass: 15,000 kg (33,000 lb). Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 194 km (120 mi). Apogee: 205 km (127 mi). Inclination: 64.90 deg. Period: 88.50 min. COSPAR: 1986-056A. USAF Sat Cat: 16883. Decay Date: 1986-08-16. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space. References: 1, 2, 5, 6.

• Cosmos 1786 Nation: USSR. Mass: 15,000 kg (33,000 lb). Class: Calibration. Spacecraft: Koltso. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 149 km (92 mi). Apogee: 1,054 km (654 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 96.70 min. COSPAR: 1986-080A. USAF Sat Cat: 17042. Decay Date: 1988-03-06. Radar calibration mission. References: 1, 2, 5, 6.

• GVM Nation: USSR. Program: Orlets. Payload: Orlets-2 Mass Model. Spacecraft: Orlets-2. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 185 km (114 mi). Apogee: 2,501 km (1,554 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 112.53 min. COSPAR: 1986-080B. USAF Sat Cat: 17043. Decay Date: 1988-04-08. Mass model of Orlets-2 reconnaissance satellite. References: 279.

• Cosmos 1820 Nation: USSR. Program: Orlets. Payload: Orlets-2 Mass Model. Mass: 15,000 kg (33,000 lb). Spacecraft: Orlets-2. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 178 km (110 mi). Apogee: 250 km (150 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 88.80 min. COSPAR: 1987-016A. USAF Sat Cat: 17523. Decay Date: 1987-03-06. Launch vehicle test. Mass model of Orlets-2 reconnaissance satellite. References: 1, 2, 5, 6.

• Cosmos 1833 Nation: USSR. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 5 (Mass Model). Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 845 km (525 mi). Apogee: 855 km (531 mi). Inclination: 70.90 deg. Period: 101.90 min. COSPAR: 1987-027A. USAF Sat Cat: 17589. References: 1, 2, 5, 6.

• Cosmos 1844 Nation: USSR. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 6. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 844 km (524 mi). Apogee: 851 km (528 mi). Inclination: 70.90 deg. Period: 101.90 min. COSPAR: 1987-041A. USAF Sat Cat: 17973. References: 1, 2, 5, 6.

• Cosmos 1871 Nation: USSR. Payload: Uragan boilerplate or Orlets-2 Mass Model. Mass: 15,000 kg (33,000 lb). Class: Manned. Type: Spaceplane. Spacecraft: Uragan Space Interceptor. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 168 km (104 mi). Apogee: 188 km (116 mi). Inclination: 97.00 deg. Period: 88.10 min. COSPAR: 1987-065A. USAF Sat Cat: 18259. Duration: 9.00 days. Decay Date: 1987-08-10. Considered by some observors as possible spite test of Uragan space interceptor boilerplate mass model, just prior to project cancellation.
  Officially: Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space. References: 1, 2, 5, 6.

• Cosmos 1873 Nation: USSR. Payload: Uragan boilerplate or Orlets-2 Mass Model. Mass: 15,000 kg (33,000 lb). Class: Manned. Type: Spaceplane. Spacecraft: Uragan Space Interceptor. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 175 km (108 mi). Apogee: 241 km (149 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 88.70 min. COSPAR: 1987-071A. USAF Sat Cat: 18318. Duration: 16.00 days. Decay Date: 1987-09-14. Considered by some observors as possible spite test of Uragan space interceptor boilerplate mass model, just prior to project cancellation.
  Officially: Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space. References: 1, 2, 5, 6.

• Uragan spaceplane allegedly cancelled Nation: USSR. Spacecraft: Uragan Space Interceptor. Uragan was said to have been cancelled before the first flight of the Buran shuttle. Possibly the cancellation of US Shuttle polar orbit military missions from Vandenberg after the Challenger explosion eliminated the space interceptor's mission. Or perhaps it never existed and was merely the subject of a very successful disinformation campaign. Adding even more confusion is that it is now known that at least two spaceplanes - Chelomei's LKS, for launch on Proton, and Molniya's OK-M, for launch on Zenit, were being designed concurrently with Buran. And the official history of the MiG OKB, states cryptically that after completion of the 105-11 flight tests development of the spaceplane continued....

• Cosmos 1943 Nation: USSR. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 7. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 837 km (520 mi). Apogee: 851 km (528 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 101.80 min. COSPAR: 1988-039A. USAF Sat Cat: 19119. References: 1, 2, 5, 6.

• Cosmos 1980 Nation: USSR. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 8. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 841 km (522 mi). Apogee: 849 km (527 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 101.80 min. COSPAR: 1988-102A. USAF Sat Cat: 19649. References: 1, 2, 5, 6.

• Cosmos 2082 Nation: USSR. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 9. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 838 km (520 mi). Apogee: 857 km (532 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 101.90 min. COSPAR: 1990-046A. USAF Sat Cat: 20624. References: 1, 2, 5, 6.

• Tselina-2 Nation: USSR. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 10. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: UNKS. COSPAR: F901004A. References: 5.

• Tselina-2 Nation: USSR. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 11. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: UNKS. COSPAR: F910830A. References: 5.

• Tselina-2 Nation: Russia. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 12. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: UNKS. COSPAR: F920205A. References: 5.

• Cosmos 2219 Nation: Russia. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 13. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 845 km (525 mi). Apogee: 854 km (530 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 101.90 min. COSPAR: 1992-076A. USAF Sat Cat: 22219. References: 1, 2, 5, 6.

• Cosmos 2227 Nation: Russia. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 14. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 845 km (525 mi). Apogee: 855 km (531 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 101.90 min. COSPAR: 1992-093A. USAF Sat Cat: 22284. References: 1, 2, 5, 6.

• Cosmos 2237 Nation: Russia. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 15. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 847 km (526 mi). Apogee: 855 km (531 mi). Inclination: 70.90 deg. Period: 102.00 min. COSPAR: 1993-016A. USAF Sat Cat: 22565. References: 1, 2, 5, 6.

• Cosmos 2263 Nation: Russia. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 16. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 845 km (525 mi). Apogee: 857 km (532 mi). Inclination: 70.90 deg. Period: 102.00 min. COSPAR: 1993-059A. USAF Sat Cat: 22802. References: 1, 2, 5, 6.

• Cosmos 2278 Nation: Russia. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 17. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 846 km (525 mi). Apogee: 857 km (532 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 102.00 min. COSPAR: 1994-023A. USAF Sat Cat: 23087. References: 1, 2, 5, 6, 276.

• Cosmos 2290 Nation: Russia. Program: Orlets. Payload: Orlets-2 no. 1. Mass: 13,000 kg (28,000 lb). Class: Surveillance. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Orlets-2. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 181 km (112 mi). Apogee: 392 km (243 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 90.25 min. COSPAR: 1994-053A. USAF Sat Cat: 23218. Decay Date: 1995-04-04. Only flight of Orlets-2 long-duration military reconnaissance satellite with 22 film-return capsules. References: 2, 5, 6.

• Resurs-O1 No. 3 Nation: Russia. Program: Resurs. Payload: Resurs-O1 No. 3. Mass: 1,900 kg (4,100 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Landsat. Spacecraft: Resurs-O1. Agency: RKA. Perigee: 660 km (410 mi). Apogee: 663 km (411 mi). Inclination: 98.03 deg. Period: 97.98 min. COSPAR: 1994-074A. USAF Sat Cat: 23342. Studied natural resources. It carried the German Safir-R1 communications experiment as a secondary attached payload. Expected life 3 to 5 years. The spacecraft mass of 1,907 kg was slightly higher than earlier models. The principal Earth observation sensors were MSU-SK and MSU-E instruments along with an experimental PVM-E local vertical sensor .References: 2, 5, 6, 113.

• Cosmos 2297 Nation: Russia. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 18. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 845 km (525 mi). Apogee: 857 km (532 mi). Inclination: 71.01 deg. Period: 101.96 min. COSPAR: 1994-077A. USAF Sat Cat: 23404. References: 2, 5, 6.

• Cosmos 2322 Nation: Russia. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 19. Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 847 km (526 mi). Apogee: 854 km (530 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 102.00 min. COSPAR: 1995-058A. USAF Sat Cat: 23704. References: 2, 5, 6.

• Cosmos 2333 Nation: Russia. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 20. Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 849 km (527 mi). Apogee: 852 km (529 mi). Inclination: 70.90 deg. Period: 101.90 min. COSPAR: 1996-051A. USAF Sat Cat: 24297. New heavy ELINT class. References: 4.

• Heavy ELINT Nation: Russia. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 21. Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: VKS. COSPAR: F970520A. References: 4.

• Resurs-O1 No. 4 Nation: Russia. Program: Resurs. Payload: Resurs-O1 No. 4. Class: Earth. Type: Landsat. Spacecraft: Resurs-O1. Agency: RKA. Manufacturer: VNII Elektromekhaniki. Perigee: 815 km (506 mi). Apogee: 818 km (508 mi). Inclination: 98.80 deg. Period: 101.20 min. COSPAR: 1998-043A. USAF Sat Cat: 25394. In addition to its remote sensing equipment, the satellite carried the Belgian LLMS (Little LEO Messaging System) communications payload for the IRIS system. The launch was critical in restoring confidence in the Zenit vehicle prior to planned commercial launches of Globalstar satellites from Baikonur and the first Sea Launch flights using a three-stage Zenit from a California-based floating launch platform. Expected life 3 to 5 years.

• Fasat-Bravo Nation: Chile. Program: Fasat. Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Amateur Radio. Spacecraft: MicroSat-70. Agency: FACh. Manufacturer: Surrey. Perigee: 815 km (506 mi). Apogee: 820 km (500 mi). Inclination: 98.80 deg. Period: 101.30 min. COSPAR: 1998-043B. USAF Sat Cat: 25395. Customer: Chilean Air Force (FACH). Chile's second satellite carrying store and forward and Earth observation payloads, replacing those lost on FASat-Alpha. Still operational as of 2000. Additional Details: Fasat-Bravo(8052).

• TMSAT Nation: Thailand. Program: TMSAT. Payload: Thai-Paht. Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Amateur Radio. Spacecraft: MicroSat-70. Agency: FACh. Manufacturer: Surrey. Perigee: 816 km (507 mi). Apogee: 819 km (508 mi). Inclination: 98.80 deg. Period: 101.20 min. COSPAR: 1998-043C. USAF Sat Cat: 25396. Customer: Thailand (Thai Microsatellite Company and MUT). Thailand's first microsatellite built through a technology transfer programme with Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. Carried store and forward and Earth observation payloads. Still operational as of 2000.Additional Details: TMSAT(8053).

• Gurwin Techsat 1B Nation: Israel. Mass: 50 kg (110 lb). Class: Technology. Spacecraft: Gurwin. Agency: Technion. Manufacturer: Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa. Perigee: 817 km (507 mi). Apogee: 819 km (508 mi). Inclination: 98.80 deg. Period: 101.30 min. COSPAR: 1998-043D. USAF Sat Cat: 25397. Built by Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. Replaced earlier Russian-launched Techsat which failed to orbit in 1995.

• WESTPAC Nation: Australia. Mass: 24 kg (52 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Geodetic. Spacecraft: GFZ-1. Agency: WPLTN. Manufacturer: RKA/EOS. Perigee: 815 km (506 mi). Apogee: 819 km (508 mi). Inclination: 98.80 deg. Period: 101.20 min. COSPAR: 1998-043E. USAF Sat Cat: 25398. Formerly known as WPLTN-1, this geodesy satellite was a copy of Potsdam's GFZ-1 satellite, a sphere covered with laser retroreflectors, with a different `Fizeau' corner cube design. It serves as a target for the Western Pacific Laser Tracking Network (WPLTN) and is a joint project of Electro Optic Systems of Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia, and the Russian Space Agency. Diameter is 0.24m.

• SAFIR-2 Nation: Germany. Mass: 60 kg (132 lb). Class: Communications. Type: Store-dump. Spacecraft: Safir. Agency: DLR. Manufacturer: OHB System GmbH, Bremen. Perigee: 815 km (506 mi). Apogee: 819 km (508 mi). Inclination: 98.80 deg. Period: 101.20 min. COSPAR: 1998-043F. USAF Sat Cat: 25399. Relay satellite built by OHB System of Bremen.

• Cosmos 2360 Nation: Russia. Program: Tselina. Payload: Tselina-2 no. 22. Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MO RF. Manufacturer: KB Yuzhnoe, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine. Perigee: 847 km (526 mi). Apogee: 855 km (531 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 102.00 min. COSPAR: 1998-045A. USAF Sat Cat: 25406.

• Globalstar FM5 Nation: USA. Payload: Globalstar FM5. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Globalstar. Agency: Globalstar Comms Corp., San Jose. Manufacturer: Loral/Alenia. COSPAR: F980909A. Fell in Siberia. References: 279.

• Globalstar FM7 Nation: USA. Payload: Globalstar FM7. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Globalstar. Agency: Globalstar Comms Corp., San Jose. Manufacturer: Loral/Alenia. COSPAR: F980909B. References: 279.

• Globalstar FM9 Nation: USA. Payload: Globalstar FM9. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Globalstar. Agency: Globalstar Comms Corp., San Jose. Manufacturer: Loral/Alenia. COSPAR: F980909C. References: 279.

• Globalstar FM10 Nation: USA. Payload: Globalstar FM10. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Globalstar. Agency: Globalstar Comms Corp., San Jose. Manufacturer: Loral/Alenia. COSPAR: F980909D. References: 279.

• Globalstar FM11 Nation: USA. Payload: Globalstar FM11. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Globalstar. Agency: Globalstar Comms Corp., San Jose. Manufacturer: Loral/Alenia. COSPAR: F980909E. References: 279.

• Globalstar FM12 Nation: USA. Payload: Globalstar FM12. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Globalstar. Agency: Globalstar Comms Corp., San Jose. Manufacturer: Loral/Alenia. COSPAR: F980909F. References: 279.

• Globalstar FM13 Nation: USA. Payload: Globalstar FM13. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Globalstar. Agency: Globalstar Comms Corp., San Jose. Manufacturer: Loral/Alenia. COSPAR: F980909G. References: 279.

• Globalstar FM16 Nation: USA. Payload: Globalstar FM16. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Globalstar. Agency: Globalstar Comms Corp., San Jose. Manufacturer: Loral/Alenia. COSPAR: F980909H. References: 279.

• Globalstar FM17 Nation: USA. Payload: Globalstar FM17. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Globalstar. Agency: Globalstar Comms Corp., San Jose. Manufacturer: Loral/Alenia. COSPAR: F980909I. References: 279.

• Globalstar FM18 Nation: USA. Payload: Globalstar FM18. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Globalstar. Agency: Globalstar Comms Corp., San Jose. Manufacturer: Loral/Alenia. COSPAR: F980909J. References: 279.

• Globalstar FM20 Nation: USA. Payload: Globalstar FM20. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Globalstar. Agency: Globalstar Comms Corp., San Jose. Manufacturer: Loral/Alenia. COSPAR: F980909K. References: 279.

• Globalstar FM21 Nation: USA. Payload: Globalstar FM21. Mass: 222 kg (489 lb). Class: Communications. Spacecraft: Globalstar. Agency: Globalstar Comms Corp., San Jose. Manufacturer: Loral/Alenia. COSPAR: F980909L. References: 279.

• Okean-O Nation: Russia. Program: Okean. Payload: Okean-O no. 1. Mass: 4,360 kg (9,610 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Landsat. Spacecraft: Okean-O. Agency: RAKA. Manufacturer: KB Yuzhnoe (Pivdenne?), Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine. Perigee: 660 km (410 mi). Apogee: 663 km (411 mi). Inclination: 98.00 deg. COSPAR: 1999-039A. USAF Sat Cat: 25860. First of a new generation of larger Okean oceanographic satellites, carried a side-looking radar (RSL-BO), and a set of visible and infrared scanners and radiometers. It is built by the Ukrainian Yuzhnoye company and is a joint project of the Russian Aviation/Space Agency (RAKA) and the Ukrainian National Space Agency (NKAU).

• Cosmos 2369 Nation: Russia. Mass: 3,200 kg (7,000 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: MO RF. Manufacturer: KB Yuzhnoe, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine. Perigee: 849 km (528 mi). Apogee: 860 km (534 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 101.95 min. COSPAR: 2000-006A. USAF Sat Cat: 26069. ELINT satellite. References: 4, 552, 554.

• Cosmos 2372 Nation: Russia. Mass: 12,000 kg (26,000 lb). Class: Surveillance. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Orlets-2. Agency: MO RF. Manufacturer: TsSKB-Progress, Samara. Perigee: 211 km (131 mi). Apogee: 343 km (213 mi). Inclination: 64.78 deg. Period: 89.97 min. COSPAR: 2000-056A. USAF Sat Cat: 26538. Duration: 269.00 days. Decay Date: 2001-04-20. Reported code name Yenisey. It is speculated that this is an improved version of the Orlets satellite launched as Cosmos 2290 in 1994. Re-entered on Apr 20, 2001 after a 7 month mission. References: 4, 552, 554.

• Meteor-3M Nation: Russia. Payload: Meteor 3M-N1. Mass: 2,500 kg (5,500 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Weather. Spacecraft: Meteor-3M. Agency: Rosaviakosmos (Russia). Manufacturer: VNIIEM. Perigee: 996 km (618 mi). Apogee: 1,015 km (630 mi). Inclination: 99.70 deg. COSPAR: 2001-056A. USAF Sat Cat: 27001. Meteorology satellite. Launch postponed from late 2000, then delayed from November30. The Meteor-3M weather satellite carried visible and IR sensors as well as NASA's SAGE III instrument which studied aerosols and the ozone layer. This was the first launched of a modernised version of the spacecraft. Launch be Zenit launch vehicle from Baikonur rather than Tsyklon 3 from Plesetsk allowed the spacecraft to be 350 kg heavier, carrying additional sensors and various piggy-back payloads.References: 4, 296, 552, 554.

• Kompas Nation: Russia. Mass: 80 kg (176 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Seismology. Spacecraft: Kompas. Agency: Rosaviakosmos (Russia). Manufacturer: Makeyev. Perigee: 996 km (618 mi). Apogee: 1,015 km (630 mi). Inclination: 99.70 deg. COSPAR: 2001-056B. USAF Sat Cat: 27002. The Russian Kompas satellite, built by Makeyev for the IZMIRAN geophysics institute, was an 80 kg satellite with a magnetometer and other sensors designed to attempt prediction of earthquakes. The satellite was originally built for use on the Shtil rocket.References: 4, 296, 552, 554.

• Badr B Nation: Pakistan. Mass: 70 kg (154 lb). Class: Surveillance. Type: Military. Spacecraft: Badr. Agency: Rosaviakosmos (Russia). Manufacturer: SIL. Perigee: 996 km (618 mi). Apogee: 1,015 km (630 mi). Inclination: 99.70 deg. COSPAR: 2001-056C. USAF Sat Cat: 27003. Badr B was Pakistan's second satellite. Built in collaboration with the English company SIL, it had a mass of 70 kg and carried an Earth imager. References: 4, 296, 552, 554.

• Maroc-Tubsat Nation: Morocco. Mass: 45 kg (99 lb). Class: Technology. Spacecraft: Tubsat. Agency: Rosaviakosmos (Russia). Manufacturer: Technical University of Berlin. Perigee: 996 km (618 mi). Apogee: 1,015 km (630 mi). Inclination: 99.70 deg. COSPAR: 2001-056D. USAF Sat Cat: 27004. Maroc-Tubsat was built by the Technical University of Berlin for the Centre Royal de Teledetection Spatiale, Morocco, and had a mass of 47 kg. It carried an imager and a store-forward communications test payload. The satellite measured 32x34x36,2 cm and was still in operation as of 2003.References: 4, 296, 552, 554.

• Reflektor Nation: Russia. Mass: 8.00 kg (17.60 lb). Class: Technology. Spacecraft: Reflektor. Agency: Rosaviakosmos (Russia). Manufacturer: NII KP. Perigee: 996 km (618 mi). Apogee: 1,015 km (630 mi). Inclination: 99.70 deg. COSPAR: 2001-056E. USAF Sat Cat: 27005. The 8 kg Reflektor was built by NII KP in Russia for space debris studies in a joint experiment with the Air Force Research Lab. The satellite consisted of of four triangular fins on a square base plus a deployable boom, with an array of laser retroreflectors. The satellite was 1.4 m long and 0.5 m wide but only 6 kg in mass. It will be used to calibrate laser imaging systems and other optical sensors.References: 4, 296, 552, 554.

• Cosmos 2406 Nation: Russia. Mass: 3,200 kg (7,000 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: VKA. Manufacturer: NPO Yuzhnoye. Perigee: 846 km (525 mi). Apogee: 866 km (538 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 102.10 min. COSPAR: 2004-021A. USAF Sat Cat: 28352. Delayed from February 17 and 18; March 17 and 31; April 6, 25 and 26.

• Cosmos 2428 Nation: Russia. Mass: 3,200 kg (7,000 lb). Class: Sigint. Spacecraft: Tselina-2. Agency: VKS. Manufacturer: Yuzhnoye. Perigee: 846 km (525 mi). Apogee: 857 km (532 mi). Inclination: 71.00 deg. Period: 102.00 min. COSPAR: 2007-029A. USAF Sat Cat: 31792. Signals intelligence satellite. First launch in three years, and first with the improved version of the Zenit-2 launch vehicle using components developed for the Zenit-3SL.

• McDowell, Jonathan, Jonathan's Space Home Page, Harvard University, 1997-present. Jonathan McDowell's complete on-line listing of all objects orbited and over 20,000 rocket launches Accessed at: http://www.planet4589.org/jsr.html.

• Isakowitz, Steven J,, International Reference to Space Launch Systems Second Edition, AIAA, Washington DC, 1991 (succeeded by 2000 edition). ISBN: 1563473534. Superseded by the later editions. More at amazon.com...

• Wilson, Andrew, editor,, Jane's/Interavia Space Directory, Jane's Information Group, Coulsdon, Surrey, 1992 et al. ISBN: 0710618107. The most comprehensive source of information for current space projects. Too expensive for human beings and most libraries. More at amazon.com...

• Isakowitz, Steven J, Hopkins, Joshua B, and Hopkins, Joseph P, International Reference to Space Launch Systems, AIAA, Washington DC, 2004. ISBN: 156347591X. The best reference on launch vehicles ever produced. More at amazon.com...