Single launch complex consisting of 2 launch pads.

• 1977 July 23 21:15 - Raduga 3 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 291-01 Apogee: 35,853 km (22,277 mi). Statsionar-2. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Indian Ocean at 35 deg E in 1977-1980 As of 30 August 2001 located at 44.45 deg E drifting at 0.191 deg W per day. As of 2007 Feb 27 located at 49.63E drifting at 0.221E degrees per day.

• 1977 September 20 17:28 - Ekran 2 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 291-02 Apogee: 35,938 km (22,330 mi). Statsionar T. Transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to the network of public receiving units located in population centres in Siberia and the Far North. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Indian Ocean at 99 deg E in 1977-1978 As of 5 September 2001 located at 65.77 deg E drifting at 0.168 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 79.61E drifting at 0.200W degrees per day.

• 1978 May 27 01:25 - Ekran s/n 13L Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Stage 1 - vehicle failed at launch.. Proton-K/DM 294-02 Failed launch of communications satellite.

• 1978 July 18 21:59 - Raduga 4 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 292-02 Apogee: 35,854 km (22,278 mi). Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Atlantic Ocean at 35 deg E in 1978-1981 As of 1 September 2001 located at 42.47 deg E drifting at 0.129 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 108.35E drifting at 0.106E degrees per day.

• 1978 August 17 20:02 - Ekran s/n 15L Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Stage 1 - vehicle failed at launch.. Proton-K/DM 297-02

• 1978 October 17 16:04 - Ekran s/n 14L Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Second stage explosion.. Proton-K/DM 298-01

• 1978 December 19 12:15 - Gorizont 1 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Block DM malfunction, wrong orbit.. Proton-K/DM 295-02 Apogee: 49,371 km (30,677 mi). Did not achieve geostationary orbit due to malfunction of Block D. Operation of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Indian Ocean at 53 deg E in 1979-1980 As of 29 August 2001 located at 75.87 deg E drifting at 0.132 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 57.49E drifting at 0.119E degrees per day.

• 1979 February 21 07:49 - Ekran 3 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 294-01 Apogee: 35,919 km (22,318 mi). Transmission of color and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit over the Indian Ocean at 99 deg E in 1979-1981 As of 3 September 2001 located at 51.81 deg E drifting at 0.088 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 98.64E drifting at 0.060E degrees per day.

• 1979 April 25 03:44 - Raduga 5 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 298-02 Apogee: 35,802 km (22,246 mi). Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1979-1982 As of 29 August 2001 located at 84.16 deg E drifting at 0.043 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 65.45E drifting at 0.034E degrees per day.

• 1979 July 5 23:19 - Gorizont 2 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 299-01 Apogee: 35,782 km (22,233 mi). Stationed at 14 deg W. Statsionar 4. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 14 deg W in 1979-1981; 90 deg E in 1981-1983 As of 26 August 2001 located at 59.72 deg E drifting at 0.012 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 8 located at 84.05E drifting at 0.107W degrees per day.

• 1979 October 3 17:12 - Ekran 4 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 302-02 Apogee: 35,827 km (22,261 mi). Transmission of color and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1979-1981 As of 4 September 2001 located at 52.52 deg E drifting at 0.007 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 4 located at 96.71E drifting at 0.048W degrees per day.

• 1979 December 28 11:51 - Gorizont 3 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 303-01 Apogee: 35,831 km (22,264 mi). Stationed at 53 deg E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 53 deg E in 1980-1984; 40 deg E in 1984-1989 As of 30 August 2001 located at 47.84 deg E drifting at 0.163 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 109.81E drifting at 0.002E degrees per day.

• 1980 February 20 08:05 - Raduga 6 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 297-01 Apogee: 35,816 km (22,254 mi). Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 35 deg E in 1980-1982; 45 deg E in 1982-1986 As of 1 September 2001 located at 41.36 deg E drifting at 0.001 deg W per day. As of 2007 Feb 27 located at 101.46E drifting at 0.146E degrees per day.

• 1980 June 14 00:49 - Gorizont 4 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 303-02 Apogee: 36,269 km (22,536 mi). Stationed at 14 deg W. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 14 deg W in 1980-1984; 11 deg W in 1984-1985; 14 deg W in 1985; 11 deg W in 1985-1988 As of 3 September 2001 located at 106.01 deg W drifting at 5.930 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 145.19W drifting at 5.924W degrees per day.

• 1980 July 14 22:35 - Ekran 5 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 301-01 Apogee: 35,834 km (22,266 mi). Transmission of color and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1980 Last known longitude (14 March 1994) 95.12 deg E drifting at 0.122 deg W per day.

• 1980 October 5 17:10 - Raduga 7 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 300-01 Apogee: 35,805 km (22,248 mi). Radio, telegraph, TV. Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1980-1981; 25 deg W in 1982-1986 As of 30 August 2001 located at 103.91 deg W drifting at 0.397 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 3 located at 30.06W drifting at 0.092W degrees per day.

• 1980 December 26 11:49 - Ekran 6 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 304-01 Apogee: 35,801 km (22,245 mi). Transmission of color and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1981 As of 3 September 2001 located at 96.55 deg E drifting at 0.071 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 2 located at 55.67E drifting at 0.097E degrees per day.

• 1981 March 18 04:40 - Raduga 8 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 306-01 Apogee: 36,115 km (22,440 mi). Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. As of 3 September 2001 located at 8.37 deg E drifting at 0.322 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 69.95E drifting at 0.520E degrees per day.

• 1981 April 25 02:01 - Cosmos 1267 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K. Proton-K 299-02 Apogee: 259 km (160 mi). TKS space station ferry. Flown unmanned to the Salyut 6 space station after the Almaz military station program was cancelled. Capsule recovered 24 May 1981. Docked with Salyut 6 on June 19 at 10:52 AM MT after 57 days autonomous flight. Deorbited and destroyed with Salyut July 29, 1982.

• 1981 June 25 23:55 - Ekran 7 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 305-01 Apogee: 35,819 km (22,256 mi). Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1981-1982 As of 1 September 2001 located at 78.87 deg E drifting at 0.201 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 66.59E drifting at 0.197W degrees per day.

• 1981 July 30 21:38 - Raduga 9 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 301-02 Apogee: 35,828 km (22,262 mi). Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 35 deg E in 1981-1986 As of 30 August 2001 located at 112.14 deg E drifting at 0.090 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 76.83E drifting at 0.307W degrees per day.

• 1981 October 9 16:59 - Raduga 10 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 310-01 Apogee: 35,820 km (22,250 mi). Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1981-1987 As of 5 September 2001 located at 76.66 deg E drifting at 0.069 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 65.57E drifting at 0.042W degrees per day.

• 1981 October 30 06:04 - Venera 13 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S824M. Proton-K/D-1 311-01 Venera 13 and 14 were identical spacecraft built to take advantage of the 1981 Venus launch opportunity and launched 5 days apart. After launch and a four month cruise to Venus, the descent vehicle separated and plunged into the Venus atmosphere on 1 March 1982. As it flew by Venus the bus acted as a data relay for the brief life of the descent vehicle, and then continued on into a heliocentric orbit. After the descent vehicle braked to subsonic speed a parachute was deployed. At an altitude of 47 km the parachute was released and simple airbraking was used the rest of the way to the surface. Venera 13 landed about 950 km northeast of Venera 14 at 7 deg 30 min S, 303 E, just east of the eastern extension of an elevated region known as Phoebe Regio. The area was composed of bedrock outcrops surrounded by dark, fine-grained soil. After landing an imaging panorama was started and a mechanical drilling arm reached to the surface and obtained a sample, which was deposited in a hermetically sealed chamber, maintained at 30 degrees C and a pressure of about .05 atmospheres. The composition of the sample, as determined by the X-ray flourescence spectrometer, put it in the class of weakly differentiated melanocratic alkaline gabbroids. The lander survived for 127 minutes (the planned design life was 32 minutes) in an environment with a temperature of 457 degrees C and a pressure of 84 Earth atmospheres. The bus carried instruments built by Austrian and French specialists, as well as Soviet scientific equipment.

• 1981 November 4 05:31 - Venera 14 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S824M. Proton-K/D-1 311-02 Venera 13 and 14 were identical spacecraft built to take advantage of the 1981 Venus launch opportunity and launched 5 days apart. After launch and a four month cruise to Venus, the descent vehicle separated and plunged into the Venus atmosphere on 5 March 1982. As it flew by Venus the bus acted as a data relay for the brief life of the descent vehicle, and then continued on into a heliocentric orbit. The parachute of the descent vehicle opened after the lander reached subsonic speed. At an altitude of about 50 km the parachute was released and simple airbraking was used the rest of the way to the surface. Venera 14 landed about 950 km southwest of Venera 13 near the eastern flank of Phoebe Regio at 13 deg 15 min S by 310 E on a basaltic plain. After landing an imaging panorama was started It has been reported that the surface analysis arm accidentally landed on one of the ejected camera covers and therefore didn't send back any data on the Venusian soil. This is visible in photographs sent back. On the other hand, the official account very specifically states that the mechanical drilling arm obtained a sample, which was deposited in a hermetically sealed chamber, maintained at 30 degrees C and a pressure of about .05 atmospheres. The composition of the sample was determined by the X-ray flourescence spectrometer, showing it to be similar to oceanic tholeiitic basalts. The lander survived for 57 minutes (the planned design life was 32 minutes) in an environment with a temperature of 465 degrees C and a pressure of 94 Earth atmospheres.

• 1982 February 5 09:12 - Ekran 8 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 308-01 Apogee: 36,010 km (22,370 mi). Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1982-1983 As of 28 August 2001 located at 30.39 deg W drifting at 1.165 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 85.74E drifting at 1.235W degrees per day.

• 1982 March 15 04:39 - Gorizont 5 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 305-02 Apogee: 36,427 km (22,634 mi). Stationed at 53 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 53 deg E in 1982-1986; 96 deg E in 1986-1989 As of 28 August 2001 located at 156.27 deg E drifting at 6.267 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 91.82E drifting at 6.281W degrees per day.

• 1982 April 19 19:45 - Salyut 7 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K. Proton-K 306-02 Apogee: 284 km (176 mi). Second Soviet replenishable long-duration ‘civilian’ space station. Objectives: Continuation of scientific research on board manned space complexes in the interests of science and the Soviet national economy; testing of advanced systems and apparatus for orbital stations. Continuation of the scientific research in progress on board manned space complexes in the interests of science and the national economy; testing of advanced systems and apparatus for orbital stations. Although of the same design as Salyut 6, technical breakdowns throughout its life made Salyut 7 a much less productive station. Replaced finally by Mir. Two different TKS resupply craft, originally designed for the Almaz military station, docked with Salyut 7 to provide a larger complex. With the cancellation of Almaz, a large proportion of the experiments carried out on board had military objectives. As of January 1990 out of fuel, unable to manoeuvre, uncontrolled re-entry expected in three to four years. Re-entered in 1991 with 70 kg fuel remaining over Argentina. Controllers attempted to control impact point (set for Atlantic Ocean) by setting Salyut 7/Kosmos 1686 assembly into a tumble. This however failed and Salyut 7 re-entered February 7, 1991 04:00 GMT. Many fragments fell on the town of Capitan Bermudez, 25 km from Rosario and 400 km from Buenos Aires, Argentina. At 1 am local time the sky was lit up with hundreds of incandescent meteors travelling from Southwest to Northeast. At dawn the inhabitants discovered numerous metal fragments, which seemed to have fallen in distinct groups at various locations in the city. Luckily no one was hurt in the metallic shower.

• 1982 May 17 23:50 - Cosmos 1366 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 310-02 Apogee: 35,805 km (22,248 mi). Stationed at 80 deg E. Investigation of outer space; experiments in relaying telegraph and telephone information in the centimetre wavelength range. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1982-1987 As of 4 September 2001 located at 81.31 deg E drifting at 0.033 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 68.65E drifting at 0.023E degrees per day.

• 1982 July 22 22:11 - Ekran s/n 23L Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Stage 1 - vehicle failed at launch.. Proton-K/DM 307-02

• 1982 September 16 18:31 - Ekran 9 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 309-01 Apogee: 35,877 km (22,292 mi). Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1982-1983 As of 3 September 2001 located at 99.83 deg E drifting at 0.132 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 45.75E drifting at 0.063E degrees per day.

• 1982 October 12 14:57 - Cosmos 1413 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 315-01 Apogee: 19,076 km (11,853 mi). Glonass test flight. Testing of the components and equipment of the space navigation system established in order to locate the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and its merchant and fishing vessels. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.

• 1982 October 20 16:26 - Gorizont 6 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 312-01 Apogee: 35,814 km (22,253 mi). Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 90 deg E in 1982-1984; 140 deg E in 1984-1988; 170 deg W in 1988-1989 As of 31 August 2001 located at 45.17 deg W drifting at 0.179 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 146.19W drifting at 0.287W degrees per day.

• 1982 November 26 14:13 - Raduga 11 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 313-01 Apogee: 36,702 km (22,805 mi). Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 35 deg E in 1982-1989 As of 3 September 2001 located at 70.20 deg W drifting at 9.239 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 51.72E drifting at 9.241W degrees per day.

• 1982 December 24 12:00 - Raduga s/n 22L Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Stage 1 - vehicle failed at launch.. Proton-K/DM 314-01

• 1983 March 2 09:37 - Cosmos 1443 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K. Proton-K 309-02 Apogee: 261 km (162 mi). TKS manned ferry spacecraft from the cancelled Almaz OPS-4 mission. Flown unmanned to the Salyut 7 space station. Docked with Salyut 7 on 4 March 1983. Separated from Salyut 7 on 14 August. The VA re-entry capsule separated and the space station deorbited itself on September 19, 1983 at 0:28 GMT. The VA capsule continued in space for four more days, demonstrating autonomous flight, before successfully re-entering on 23 August 1983. Returned 350 kg of material from the station.

• 1983 March 12 14:00 - Ekran 10 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 304-02 Apogee: 37,453 km (23,272 mi). Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1983-1984 As of 5 September 2001 located at 6.05 deg E drifting at 18.878 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 154.32W drifting at 18.879W degrees per day.

• 1983 March 23 12:45 - Astron Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S824M. Proton-K/D-1 307-01 Apogee: 175,948 km (109,328 mi). Astrophysics. Electrophysical research of galactic and extragalactic sources of ultraviolet ray and X-ray emission. The scientific apparatus was built jointly by scientists and specialists from the USSR and France.

• 1983 April 8 04:45 - Raduga 12 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 315-02 Apogee: 35,789 km (22,238 mi). Provision of uninterrupted round the clock telephone and telegraph radiocommunication in the USSR and simultaneous transmission of colour and black-and-white USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1983-1984 As of 4 September 2001 located at 65.56 deg E drifting at 0.028 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 82.54E drifting at 0.059W degrees per day.

• 1983 June 2 02:38 - Venera 15 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S824M. Proton-K/D-1 321-01 Apogee: 65,000 km (40,000 mi). Venera 15 was part of a two spacecraft mission (along with Venera 16) designed to use side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus. The two spacecraft were inserted into Venus orbit a day apart with their orbital planes shifted by an angle of approximately 4 degrees relative to one another. This made it possible to reimage an area if necessary. Each spacecraft was in a nearly polar orbit with a periapsis at 62 N latitude. Together, the two spacecraft imaged the area from the north pole down to about 30 degrees N latitude over the 8 months of mapping operations. Data is for Venus orbit.

• 1983 June 7 02:32 - Venera 16 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S824M. Proton-K/D-1 321-02 Venus radar mapper; entered Venus orbit 10/14/83. Venera 16 was part of a two spacecraft mission (along with Venera 15) designed to use side-looking radar mappers to study the surface properties of Venus. The two spacecraft were inserted into Venus orbit a day apart with their orbital planes shifted by an angle of approximately 4 degrees relative to one another. This made it possible to reimage an area if necessary. Each spacecraft was in a nearly polar orbit with a periapsis at 62 N latitude. Together, the two spacecraft imaged the area from the north pole down to about 30 degrees N latitude over the 8 months of mapping operations.

• 1983 June 30 23:56 - Gorizont 7 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 314-02 Apogee: 36,374 km (22,601 mi). Stationed at 14 deg W. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 14 deg W in 1983-1986; 16 deg W in 1986-1987; 11 deg W in 1987-1989 As of 3 September 2001 located at 105.97 deg E drifting at 6.939 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 169.25W drifting at 6.932W degrees per day.

• 1983 August 10 18:24 - Cosmos 1490 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 317-01 Apogee: 19,160 km (11,900 mi). Glonass test flight. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.

• 1983 August 25 20:02 - Raduga 13 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 316-02 Apogee: 36,447 km (22,647 mi). Operation of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 45 deg E in 1983-1987 As of 28 August 2001 located at 174.92 deg W drifting at 7.555 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 42.12E drifting at 7.563W degrees per day.

• 1983 September 29 17:37 - Ekran 11 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 318-01 Apogee: 35,815 km (22,254 mi). Launch date suspect Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1983-1984 As of 28 August 2001 located at 73.31 deg E drifting at 0.215 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 73.35E drifting at 0.222W degrees per day.

• 1983 November 30 13:51 - Gorizont 8 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 308-02 Apogee: 36,462 km (22,656 mi). Stationed at 90 deg E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 90 deg E in 1983-1987; 140 deg E in 1987-1988 As of 2 September 2001 located at 3.86 deg W drifting at 7.211 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 143.68W drifting at 7.218W degrees per day.

• 1983 December 29 00:52 - Cosmos 1519 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 320-02 Apogee: 19,150 km (11,890 mi). Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet navy and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single carrier rocket.

• 1984 February 15 08:46 - Raduga 14 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 318-02 Apogee: 35,817 km (22,255 mi). Stationed at 84 deg. E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1984-1987 As of 29 August 2001 located at 83.95 deg E drifting at 0.059 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 64.01E drifting at 0.027E degrees per day.

• 1984 March 2 03:54 - Cosmos 1540 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 316-01 Apogee: 35,807 km (22,249 mi). Stationed at 79 deg E. Investigation of outer space; experiments in relaying telegraph and telephone information in the centimetre wavelength range. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1984-1988 As of 28 August 2001 located at 75.35 deg E drifting at 0.041 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 69.92E drifting at 0.020W degrees per day.

• 1984 March 16 14:00 - Ekran 12 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 322-01 Apogee: 37,048 km (23,020 mi). Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1984-1986 As of 4 September 2001 located at 148.57 deg W drifting at 15.168 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 82.29W drifting at 15.169W degrees per day.

• 1984 March 29 05:53 - Cosmos 1546 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 319-02 Apogee: 35,856 km (22,279 mi). Geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. Stationed at 24 deg W in 1984-1985; 80 deg E in 1986 As of 5 September 2001 located at 72.67 deg E drifting at 0.068 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 2 located at 81.39E drifting at 0.003E degrees per day.

• 1984 April 22 04:21 - Gorizont 9 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 312-02 Apogee: 35,805 km (22,248 mi). Stationed at 53 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 53 deg E in 1984-1987 As of 3 September 2001 located at 55.62 deg E drifting at 0.094 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 2 located at 96.90E drifting at 0.028E degrees per day.

• 1984 May 19 15:11 - Cosmos 1554 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 323-02 Apogee: 19,159 km (11,904 mi). Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.

• 1984 June 22 00:20 - Raduga 15 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 319-01 Apogee: 35,782 km (22,233 mi). Stationed at 128 deg. E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 128 deg E in 1984-1988 As of 4 September 2001 located at 29.81 deg E drifting at 0.199 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 8 located at 18.52E drifting at 0.067E degrees per day.

• 1984 August 1 21:37 - Gorizont 10 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 324-01 Apogee: 35,810 km (22,250 mi). Stationed at 80 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1984-1989; 170 deg W in 1989-1990 As of 5 September 2001 located at 157.76 deg W drifting at 0.193 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 8 located at 46.55W drifting at 0.187W degrees per day.

• 1984 August 24 19:50 - Ekran 13 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 324-02 Apogee: 37,087 km (23,044 mi). Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1984-1987 As of 2 September 2001 located at 163.33 deg W drifting at 15.302 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 35.81W drifting at 15.302W degrees per day.

• 1984 September 4 15:49 - Cosmos 1593 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 320-01 Apogee: 19,170 km (11,910 mi). Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.

• 1984 September 28 14:00 - Cosmos 1603 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 327-02 Apogee: 863 km (536 mi). First launch of new Tselina-2 ELINT satellite.

• 1984 December 15 09:16 - Vega 1 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S824M. Proton-K/D-1 329-01 Investigations of the planet Venus and Halley's Comet. The APV-V plasma antenna did not deploy until the first mid-course correction burn. Deployed lander and balloon at Venus on June 19 1985. Rendezvoused with comet Halley on March 6, 1986. Fitted with scientific apparatus and equipment built in the USSR, Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, German Democratic Republic, Poland, France, Federal Republic of Germany and C zechoslovakia.

• 1984 December 21 09:13 - Vega 2 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S824M. Proton-K/D-1 325-02 Investigations of the planet Venus and Halley's Comet. The APV-V plasma antenna did not deploy until the first mid-course correction burn. Deployed lander and balloon at Venus on June 14, 1985. The surface experiments of the lander failed to send back data because they were inadvertently switched on at an altitude of 20 km. Apparently high winds activated a G-force sensor that was to automatically switch on the surface package after the jolt of touchdown. The bus continued in heliocentric orbit and rendezvoused with comet Halley on March 9, 1986. The images of the comet were nearly lost when a television sensor failed shortly before the flyby. A back-up sensor was activated just in time. Fitted with scientific apparatus and equipment built in the USSR, Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, German Democratic Republic, Poland, France, Federal Republic of Germany and C zechoslovakia.

• 1985 January 18 10:25 - Gorizont 11 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 326-02 Apogee: 35,803 km (22,246 mi). Stationed at 140 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 140 deg E in 1985-1987; 53 deg E in 1987-1989; 11 deg W in 1989-1991 As of 5 September 2001 located at 22.94 deg W drifting at 0.085 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 14.60W drifting at 0.040W degrees per day.

• 1985 February 21 07:57 - Cosmos 1629 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 327-01 Apogee: 35,773 km (22,228 mi). Geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 35 deg E in 1985; 24 deg W in 1985-1986 As of 5 September 2001 located at 151.95 deg W drifting at 0.251 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 3 located at 24.42W drifting at 0.038E degrees per day.

• 1985 March 22 05:00 - Ekran 14 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 328-01 Apogee: 37,457 km (23,274 mi). Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1985-1987 As of 5 September 2001 located at 178.66 deg E drifting at 19.729 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 122.42E drifting at 19.716W degrees per day.

• 1985 May 17 22:28 - Cosmos 1650 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 330-02 Apogee: 19,177 km (11,916 mi). Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.

• 1985 May 30 14:59 - Cosmos 1656 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 313-02 Apogee: 852 km (529 mi).

• 1985 August 8 21:01 - Raduga 16 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 317-02 Apogee: 35,818 km (22,256 mi). Stationed at 45 deg. E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 45 deg E in 1985-1987; 170 deg W in 1987-1988 As of 1 September 2001 located at 34.20 deg W drifting at 0.087 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 161.95W drifting at 0.182W degrees per day.

• 1985 September 27 08:41 - Cosmos 1686 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K. Proton-K 331-01 Apogee: 284 km (176 mi). Modification of cancelled TKS manned ferry; docked with Salyut 7. All landing systems were removed from the VA re-entry capsule and replaced with military optical sensor experiments (infrared telescope and Ozon spectrometer). Burned up in the atmosphere and together with the Salyut 7 station over Argentina on February 7, 1991 04:00 GMT. Re-entered with unused 3 m diameter recoverable capsule of 2-3,000 kg mass, solid rocket motors, and cesium sensors.
  
  Maneuver Summary:
  172 km X 302 km orbit to 284 km X 319 km orbit. Delta V: 36 m/s
  281 km X 315 km orbit to 290 km X 336 km orbit. Delta V: 8 m/s
  290 km X 336 km orbit to 335 km X 352 km orbit. Delta V: 16 m/s
  Maneuvers after docking with Salyut 7:
  336 km X 353 km orbit to 338 km X 358 km orbit. Delta V: 1 m/s
  338 km X 358 km orbit to 358 km X 359 km orbit. Delta V: 5 m/s
  331 km X 333 km orbit to 333 km X 385 km orbit. Delta V: 14 m/s
  333 km X 385 km orbit to 332 km X 468 km orbit. Delta V: 23 m/s
  332 km X 468 km orbit to 466 km X 468 km orbit. Delta V: 37 m/s
  466 km X 468 km orbit to 470 km X 475 km orbit. Delta V: 2 m/s
  470 km X 475 km orbit to 475 km X 475 km orbit. Delta V: 1 m/s
  Total Delta V: 143 m/s
  Officially: Testing the equipment, assemblies and design components of a satellite in various modes of flight, including joint flight with the Salyut-7 station.

• 1985 October 25 15:45 - Cosmos 1700 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 332-02 Apogee: 35,794 km (22,241 mi). Stationed at 95 deg E. Experimental retransmission of telephone and telegraph data in the centimetre band. First launch in Altair/SR system for communication with Mir space station and other orbital spacecraft. First tests with Mir were conducted on 29 March 1986 using Mir’s large aft antenna communicating with Cosmos 1700 stationed in geosynchronous orbit at 95 degrees East. In September 1986 Cosmos 1700 ceased operating and drifted off its geosynchronous orbit position. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 95 deg E in 1985-1986 As of 4 September 2001 located at 85.03 deg E drifting at 0.142 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 76.37E drifting at 0.157E degrees per day.

• 1985 November 15 14:29 - Raduga 17 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 326-01 Apogee: 35,873 km (22,290 mi). Stationed at 49 deg. E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 35 deg E in 1985-1988; 69 deg E in 1988-1990; 85 deg E in 1990-1991; 49 deg E in 1991-1992 As of 5 September 2001 located at 174.18 deg W drifting at 0.357 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 98.19E drifting at 0.512W degrees per day.

• 1985 December 24 21:43 - Cosmos 1710 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 334-02 Apogee: 19,146 km (11,896 mi). Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.

• 1986 January 17 10:20 - Raduga 18 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 331-02 Apogee: 36,493 km (22,675 mi). Stationed at 335 deg. E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 25 deg W in 1986-1989; 170 deg W in 1989-1991 As of 28 August 2001 located at 163.25 deg W drifting at 5.255 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 22.49E drifting at 5.257W degrees per day.

• 1986 February 19 21:28 - Mir Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K. Proton-K 337-01 Apogee: 395 km (245 mi). The core module of Russia's new space station was placed in an initial orbit of 172 x 301 km. It was established in its operational orbit on 6 March. It passed just 10 km from Salyut 7 on 8 March. First use of the geosynchronous Luch relay sattelite for communications with the station was on 29 March. Equipment launched with the core module included:

  • Splav-2 crystal growth facility
  • Zona zone melt facility
  • Kashtan electrophoresis unit
  • Bulgarian Rozhen photometer
  • Spektr-256 and MKS-M spectrometers
  • Pion-M multipurpose physics unit (41 kg)
  • Biryuza semiconductor materials unit
  • -Ruchei electrophoresis installation
  • Yantar metal coating equipment
  • Mariye magnetic spectrometer
  • Korund furnace (136 kg)

  Total costs of Mir from February 1986 through return of Soyuz TM-9 in April 1989 were given as 1.471 billion rubles. This sum ncluded Mir, Kvant, all Soyuz and Progress spacecraft, and 2 new modules. As of April 1989 50% of the scientific equipment was inoperable and the interior was cramped due to lack of extension modules. Electric power supply problems were first reported in April 1989 (batteries would not hold charge from panels). Mass 27,300 kg as of January 1990. Complex mass with Kvant-2 65,790 kg; with Kristall, Soyuz TM, and Progress M, 89,990 kg.

• 1986 April 4 03:45 - Cosmos 1738 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 302-01 Apogee: 35,847 km (22,274 mi). Stationed at 13.5 deg W. Continuation of the investigation of outer space; experimental retransmission of telephone and telegraph data in the centimetre band. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 14 deg W in 1986-1989 As of 3 September 2001 located at 0.26 deg W drifting at 0.077 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 55.28W drifting at 0.287W degrees per day.

• 1986 May 24 01:42 - Ekran 15 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 333-01 Apogee: 36,905 km (22,931 mi). Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1986-1988 As of 5 September 2001 located at 80.69 deg W drifting at 13.420 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 63.41W drifting at 13.419W degrees per day.

• 1986 June 10 00:49 - Gorizont 12 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 322-02 Apogee: 35,794 km (22,241 mi). Stationed at 345 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 14 deg W in 1986-1989; 40 deg E in 1989-1990 As of 28 August 2001 located at 84.75 deg E drifting at 0.265 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 45.79E drifting at 0.142E degrees per day.

• 1986 September 16 11:38 - Cosmos 1778 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 336-01 Apogee: 19,138 km (11,891 mi). Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.

• 1986 October 25 15:43 - Raduga 19 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 335-02 Apogee: 36,353 km (22,588 mi). Stationed at 36 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 45 deg E in 1986-1991; 34 deg E in 1991-1993. Raduga 19 performed an end-of-life maneuver in September, 1993. As of 28 August 2001 located at 160.57 deg E drifting at 6.520 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 57.63W drifting at 6.529W degrees per day.

• 1986 November 18 14:08 - Gorizont 13 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 334-01 Apogee: 36,863 km (22,905 mi). Stationed at 90 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 90 deg E in 1986-1991 As of 5 September 2001 located at 132.70 deg W drifting at 12.791 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 94.81E drifting at 12.778W degrees per day.

• 1986 November 29 08:00 - Almaz-T s/n 303 Failure Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K. Second stage explosion.. Proton-K 338-01 In the second half of 1986 the first Almaz-T s/n 303 was readied for launch. General V V Favorskiy ordered it to be completed and launched with a full-up lab module in place of trials equipment. Unfortunately did not reach orbit.

• 1987 January 30 09:19 - Cosmos 1817 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Block DM-2 ignition failure, remained in LEO.. Proton-K/DM-2 341-01 Apogee: 208 km (129 mi). Geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. Launch vehicle failure; left in unusable orbit. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

• 1987 March 19 03:54 - Raduga 20 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 323-01 Apogee: 37,159 km (23,089 mi). Stationed at 85 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 85 deg E in 1987-1991 As of 30 August 2001 located at 6.40 deg W drifting at 15.515 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 6.61W drifting at 15.520W degrees per day.

• 1987 March 31 00:16 - Kvant 1 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K. Proton-K 336-02 Apogee: 393 km (244 mi). MIR module; high energy observatory. Docked with Mir. Rendezvous with Mir 5 April; soft dock 9 April; EVA on 11 April to remove fabric strip from docking apparatus and hard dock; jettisoned service module on 12 April at 22:18
  
  Maneuver Summary:
  168 km X 278 km orbit to 172 km X 300 km orbit. Delta V: 7 m/s
  169 km X 296 km orbit to 172 km X 314 km orbit. Delta V: 5 m/s
  170 km X 313 km orbit to 297 km X 345 km orbit. Delta V: 46 m/s
  298 km X 344 km orbit to 345 km X 364 km orbit. Delta V: 18 m/s
  Service Module only, after undocking with Mir:
  345 km X 364 km orbit to 341 km X 363 km orbit. Delta V: 1 m/s
  340 km X 361 km orbit to 383 km X 406 km orbit. Delta V: 24 m/s
  Total Delta V: 101 m/s
  Officially: Extra-atmospheric astronomic research and resolution of a number of problems with scientific and economic applications.

• 1987 April 24 12:42 - Cosmos 1838 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Block DM-2 failure, remained in LEO.. Proton-K/DM-2 335-01 Apogee: 10,401 km (6,462 mi). Glonass; upper stage failure; unusable orbit. Fourth stage failure

• 1987 May 11 14:45 - Gorizont 14 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 338-02 Apogee: 36,658 km (22,778 mi). Stationed at 140 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 140 deg E in 1987-1989; 103 deg E in 1989-1992 As of 28 August 2001 located at 132.07 deg W drifting at 9.420 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 61.02W drifting at 9.418W degrees per day.

• 1987 July 25 09:00 - Cosmos 1870 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K. Proton-K 347-01 Apogee: 278 km (172 mi). First flight of Almaz radars imaging satellite taken out of mothballs after death of Ustinov. At the beginning of 1987 it was decided not to man the Almaz-T, instead operate it in a fully automatic mode. Thus the final Almaz cosmonaut training group was disbanded. Cosmos 1870 conducted remote sensing of the earth's surface, oceans and seas in the interests of various branches of science and the economy. Its side-looking radar had a 20-25 m ground resolution and functioned throughout its two year service life.

• 1987 September 3 19:26 - Ekran 16 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 337-02 Apogee: 36,895 km (22,925 mi). Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1987-1989 As of 31 August 2001 located at 146.34 deg W drifting at 13.641 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 69.25E drifting at 13.645W degrees per day.

• 1987 September 16 02:53 - Cosmos 1883 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 339-02 Apogee: 19,141 km (11,893 mi). Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.

• 1987 October 1 17:09 - Cosmos 1888 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 328-02 Apogee: 35,804 km (22,247 mi). Stationed at 80 deg E; later moved to 13.5 deg W. Communications experiments. Investigation of outer space; relaying of telephone and telegraph information. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1987-1990; 14 deg W in 1990-1994 As of 3 September 2001 located at 1.75 deg E drifting at 0.093 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 68.17W drifting at 0.344W degrees per day.

• 1987 October 28 15:15 - Cosmos 1894 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 325-01 Apogee: 35,802 km (22,246 mi). Geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 24 deg W in 1987-1991 As of 5 September 2001 located at 165.32 deg W drifting at 0.190 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 85.03W drifting at 0.375E degrees per day.

• 1987 November 26 13:28 - Cosmos 1897 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 330-01 Apogee: 35,790 km (22,230 mi). Stationed at 95 deg E. Relaying of telephone and telegraph information. Second launch in Altair/SR system for communication with Mir space station and other orbital spacecraft. In late July 1988 Cosmos 1897 was moved from its station at 95 degrees East to 12 degrees East to support the Buran shuttle test flight of November 14, 1988. During February 1987 the satellite was moved back to its original position at 95 degrees East. The satellite drifted to 90 degrees East by March 1991. By late April it was maneuvered it back to 95 degrees East, but by the end of 1991 it had drifted to 77 degrees East and was considered inoperative. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 95 deg E in 1987-1988; 12 deg E in 1988-1989; 95 deg E in 1989-1992 As of 5 September 2001 located at 62.12 deg E drifting at 0.168 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 94.48E drifting at 0.087E degrees per day.

• 1987 December 10 11:30 - Raduga 21 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 343-01 Apogee: 35,793 km (22,240 mi). Stationed at 128 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 128 deg E in 1987-1991; 170 deg W in 1991-1997 As of 3 September 2001 located at 140.92 deg W drifting at 0.213 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 154.31W drifting at 0.091W degrees per day.

• 1987 December 27 11:25 - Ekran 17 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 345-01 Apogee: 37,239 km (23,139 mi). Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmitting USSR Central Television programmes to a network of communal receivers. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1988-1992 As of 5 September 2001 located at 125.85 deg W drifting at 15.807 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 124.58E drifting at 15.805W degrees per day.

• 1988 January 18 09:58 - Gorizont s/n 25L Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Third stage malfunction.. Proton-K/DM-2 341-02

• 1988 February 17 00:23 - Cosmos 1917 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Block DM-2 failure, remained in LEO.. Proton-K/DM-2 346-02 Apogee: 152 km (94 mi). Triple Glonass launch; three satellites (Cosmos 1917, 1918, 1919) failed to separate. A Proton carrier rocket was put into staging orbit to test components, also apparatus for a space navigation system. The satellites were not put into their designed orbit owing to a malfunction in the separation assembly controls.

• 1988 March 31 04:18 - Gorizont 15 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 343-02 Apogee: 36,630 km (22,760 mi). Stationed at 346 deg E. Radio telephone and telegraph communications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 14 deg W in 1988-1991; 11 deg W in 1991-1992 As of 31 August 2001 located at 29.28 deg W drifting at 8.804 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 152.02W drifting at 8.807W degrees per day.

• 1988 April 26 03:15 - Cosmos 1940 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 332-01 Apogee: 35,764 km (22,222 mi). Given on Western lists as a geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. However not listed as such in Russian lists, and officially ...'conducted atmospheric, ocean studies. Investigation of the seas and oceans and the processes occurring in the earth's atmosphere'. So may have carried test instruments for second generation SPRN or had other purposes. Stationed initially at 12 deg E; Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 24 deg W in 1988 As of 1 September 2001 located at 49.66 deg W drifting at 1.409 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 70.52W drifting at 1.424E degrees per day.

• 1988 May 6 02:47 - Ekran 18 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 349-01 Apogee: 37,337 km (23,200 mi). Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1988-1990 As of 2 September 2001 located at 7.21 deg E drifting at 18.450 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 80.93W drifting at 18.443W degrees per day.

• 1988 May 21 17:57 - Cosmos 1946 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 348-01 Apogee: 19,149 km (11,898 mi). Glonass. Testing of components and systems for a space-based navigation system being constructed to track Soviet civil aircraft and naval and fishing vessels.

• 1988 July 7 17:38 - Phobos 1 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S824F. Proton-K/D-2/11S824F 356-02 Apogee: 130,504 km (81,091 mi). Second of two missions to Mars' moon Phobos; carried 2 landers; planned to enter Mars orbit. Phobos 1 operated nominally until an expected communications session on 2 September 1988 failed to occur. The failure of controllers to regain contact with the spacecraft was traced to an error in the software uploaded on 29/30 August which had deactivated the attitude thrusters. This resulted in a loss of lock on the Sun, resulting in the spacecraft orienting the solar arrays away from the Sun, thus depleting the batteries. Left in solar Orbit (Heliocentric).

• 1988 July 12 17:01 - Phobos 2 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S824F. Proton-K/D-2/11S824F 356-01 Apogee: 79,750 km (49,550 mi). First of two Mars missions to Mars' moon Phobos; carried two landers; entered Mars orbit 1/29/89; failed 3/27/89; extremely limited science data. Phobos 2 operated nominally throughout its cruise and Mars orbital insertion phases, gathering data on the Sun, interplanetary medium, Mars, and Phobos. Shortly before the final phase of the mission, during which the spacecraft was to approach within 50 m of Phobos' surface and release two landers, one a mobile 'hopper', the other a stationary platform, contact with Phobos 2 was lost. The mission ended when the spacecraft signal failed to be successfully reacquired on 27 March 1989. The cause of the failure was determined to be a malfunction of the on-board computer.

• 1988 August 1 21:04 - Cosmos 1961 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 351-01 Apogee: 35,796 km (22,242 mi). Stationed at 13.5 deg W; later moved to 80 deg E. Investigation of outer space and relay of telegraph and telephone messages. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 14 deg W in 1988-1992; 80 deg E in 1992-1993. In September, 1993, Cosmos 1961 began drifting off station after a mission of five years had apparently been terminated. As of 4 September 2001 located at 80.01 deg E drifting at 0.015 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 74.58E drifting at 0.039E degrees per day.

• 1988 August 18 19:52 - Gorizont 16 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 333-02 Apogee: 35,919 km (22,318 mi). Stationed at 80 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1988-1992 As of 28 August 2001 located at 176.78 deg W drifting at 1.036 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 8 located at 169.61W drifting at 1.046W degrees per day.

• 1988 September 16 02:00 - Cosmos 1970 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 349-02 Apogee: 19,150 km (11,890 mi). Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.

• 1988 October 20 15:43 - Raduga 22 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 339-01 Apogee: 35,798 km (22,243 mi). Stationed at 35 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 34 deg E in 1988-1992; 12 deg E in 1992-1998 As of 3 September 2001 located at 8.88 deg E drifting at 0.001 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 67.55E drifting at 0.412W degrees per day.

• 1988 December 10 11:54 - Ekran 19 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 329-02 Apogee: 36,980 km (22,970 mi). Stationed at 99 deg E. Transmission of Central Television programmes to a network of receivers for collective use. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 99 deg E in 1988-1996 As of 28 August 2001 located at 156.78 deg W drifting at 13.031 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 173.37E drifting at 13.036W degrees per day.

• 1989 January 10 02:05 - Cosmos 1987 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 350-02 Apogee: 19,141 km (11,893 mi). Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.

• 1989 January 26 09:16 - Gorizont 17 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 351-02 Apogee: 36,224 km (22,508 mi). Stationed at 53 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. The Rimsat network was initiated when Gorizont 17 was leased to the corporation and transferred from 53 degrees E (where it was then a backup to Gorizont 27) to 134 degrees E during late-June and July, 1993. At the close of 1994, Gorizont 17 was still on station but nearing the end of its operational life after six years. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 53 deg E in 1989-1993; 134 deg E in 1993-1995; 34 deg E in 1995-1997 As of 30 August 2001 located at 22.84 deg W drifting at 4.340 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 147.41W drifting at 4.350W degrees per day.

• 1989 April 14 04:08 - Raduga 23 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 359-02 Apogee: 35,789 km (22,238 mi). Stationed at 336 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 25 deg W in 1989-1995; 44 deg E in 1995-1996 As of 4 September 2001 located at 53.34 deg E drifting at 0.294 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 28.48E drifting at 0.016E degrees per day.

• 1989 May 31 08:31 - Cosmos 2022 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 352-02 Apogee: 19,141 km (11,893 mi). Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.

• 1989 June 21 23:35 - Raduga 1-1 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 355-02 Apogee: 36,313 km (22,563 mi). Stationed at 49 deg E; first launch of alternate Raduga design. Maintenance of telephone and telegraph radio communications. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 49 deg E in 1989-1992; 70 deg E in 1992-1996 As of 2 September 2001 located at 18.58 deg E drifting at 5.633 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 167.42W drifting at 5.632W degrees per day.

• 1989 July 5 22:45 - Gorizont 18 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 340-02 Apogee: 36,165 km (22,471 mi). Stationed at 140 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph radiocommunications and television broadcasting. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 140 deg E in 1989-1996 As of 5 September 2001 located at 100.49 deg E drifting at 3.169 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 90.76W drifting at 3.156W degrees per day.

• 1989 September 28 17:05 - Gorizont 19 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 346-01 Apogee: 35,827 km (22,261 mi). Stationed at 97.5 deg E. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio-communications system and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 97 deg E in 1989-1996; 34 deg E in 1996-1998 As of 4 September 2001 located at 105.39 deg E drifting at 0.168 deg E per day. As of 2007 Feb 28 located at 84.84E drifting at 0.295W degrees per day.

• 1989 November 26 13:01 - Kvant 2 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K. Proton-K 354-01 Apogee: 397 km (246 mi). Mir expansion module. Scheduled docking 2 December delayed due to failure of solar panel to extend and failure of automatic rendezvous system. Faults corrected by ground control and docked with Mir December 6, 1989 at 12:21 GMT. Transferred to lateral port December 8.
  Officially: Delivery to the Mir orbital station of additional equipment and apparatus for the purpose of expanding the research and experiments conducted in the interests of science and the national economy.

• 1989 December 1 20:20 - Granat Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S824M. Proton-K/D-1 352-01 Apogee: 149,862 km (93,119 mi). X-, gamma-ray observatory; Danish, French, Bulgarian payloads. Granat orbital observatory. Conduct of studies of X-ray and soft gamma ray radiation sources in space by the USSR jointly with France, Denmark and Bulgaria.

• 1989 December 27 11:10 - Cosmos 2054 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 347-02 Apogee: 35,822 km (22,258 mi). Stationed at 346 deg E. Relaying of telegraph and telephone information. The third Altair/SR geosynchronous satellite for communication with Mir space station and other orbital spacecraft. Combined with Cosmos 1897, it permitted Mir to maintain contact with Mission Control in Moscow 70% of the time. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 16 deg W in 1990-1997 As of 30 August 2001 located at 21.03 deg W drifting at 0.023 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 68.57W drifting at 0.338W degrees per day.

• 1990 May 19 08:32 - Cosmos 2079 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 350-01 Apogee: 19,195 km (11,927 mi). Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet.

• 1990 May 31 10:33 - Kristall Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K. Proton-K 360-01 Apogee: 397 km (246 mi). Mir module; materials processing laboratory. Docked with Mir. Kristall: Mass: 19,500 kg. Mass on docking 17,200 kg. Length: 11. 9 m or 13. 73 m?. Solar array span 36 m. Diameter: 4. 35 m. Payload: 7,000 kg. Two compartments. Instrument-Payload Compartment contains food containers, and industrial processing units Krater 3, Optizon 1, Zona 02, and Zona 03. 0. 8 m hatch leads to Junction-Docking compartment. This contains spherical universal docker with two APAS-89 androgynous docking units. These will be used to dock with Buran shuttle and 1,000 kg X-ray telescope to be delivered by Buran in 1991. Third opening houses earth observation cameras.
  Launch originally planned for 30 March 1990. Delayed to April 18, then further delayed due to computer chip problems.
  Launched 31 May 1990 12:33 GMT. Docking scheduled June 6 at 12:36 but delayed due to problem with one of Kristall's orientation engines. Docking successful 10 June at 12:47. On June 11 moved to side port. Work within module began 15 June.
  Spektr: Late 1991 launch. Remote sensing work. Occupies port opposite Kvant 2. Before this occurs Kristall solar arrays will be relocated to Kvant.
  Officially: Specialized module. Experimental-industrial production of semi-conducting materials; refinement of biologically active substances for the production of new medicinal preparations. Cultivation of crystals of different albumine compositions and hybridizatio n of cells. Conduct of astrophysical and technical experiments.

• 1990 June 20 23:36 - Gorizont 20 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S86. Proton-K/DM 342-02 Apogee: 35,801 km (22,245 mi). Stationed at 90 deg E. Provision of telephone and telegraph communications and transmission of television programmes, continuation of work in the context of the 'Intercosmos' programme for the development of new frequency ranges and the creation of long-range systems of space c ommunications jointly with the Byelorussian SSR, GDR, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 90 deg E in 1990; 14 deg W in 1990-1995; 26 deg E in 1995-1998; 96 deg E in 1998-1999 As of 4 September 2001 located at 77.53 deg E drifting at 0.186 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 8 located at 83.10E drifting at 0.160E degrees per day.

• 1990 July 18 21:46 - Cosmos 2085 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 340-01 Apogee: 35,790 km (22,230 mi). Stationed at 80 deg E. Relaying of telegraph and telephone information. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1990-1994 As of 29 August 2001 located at 71.92 deg E drifting at 0.041 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 79.57E drifting at 0.022W degrees per day.

• 1990 August 9 20:18 - Ekran-M s/n 14L Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Third stage failure.. Proton-K/DM-2 345-02

• 1990 November 23 13:22 - Gorizont 22 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 348-02 Apogee: 35,794 km (22,241 mi). Stationed at 40 deg E. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio-communications system and transmission of television programmes. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 40 deg E in 1990-1996; 140 deg E in 1996-1999 As of 31 August 2001 located at 45.22 deg E drifting at 0.368 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 85.49E drifting at 0.416E degrees per day.

• 1990 December 8 02:43 - Cosmos 2109 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 366-02 Apogee: 19,271 km (11,974 mi). Glonass. Testing components and apparatus from the space navigation system being set up to determine the position of Soviet civil aircraft and vessels in the Soviet merchant marine and fishing fleet. Three satellites launched by a single rocket.

• 1990 December 27 11:08 - Raduga 1-2 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 342-01 Apogee: 35,798 km (22,243 mi). Stationed at 49 deg E; second launch of alternate Raduga design. Further expansion of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio-communications system in the territory of the USSR. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 49 deg E in 1991-1996 As of 27 August 2001 located at 93.45 deg E drifting at 0.139 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 51.16E drifting at 0.090W degrees per day.

• 1991 February 14 08:31 - Cosmos 2133 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 344-02 Apogee: 35,795 km (22,241 mi). Geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. First launch of improved second generation version. Declared purpose: 'Investigation of outer space and of processes occurring in the Earth's atmosphere'. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1991; 24 deg W in 1992-1993; 80 deg E in 1993-1995 As of 2 September 2001 located at 80.48 deg E drifting at 0.009 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 74.02E drifting at 0.040E degrees per day.

• 1991 March 31 15:12 - Almaz 1 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K. Proton-K 365-01 Apogee: 351 km (218 mi). Second flight of Almaz radar imaging satellite. Surveyed the territory of the Soviet Union and of other countries for purposes of geology, cartography, oceanology, ecology and agriculture, and studied the ice situation at high latitudes. Launched eight months after its target date into an initial operational orbit of approximately 270 km with an inclination of 72.7 degrees, slightly higher than the 71.9 degrees inclination of Cosmos 1870. Unfortunately, the failure of one of the SAR antennas to deploy fully rendered that side inoperable. Returned images of 10 to 15 meter resolution through 17 October 1992. Its radiometer provided images of 10 to 30 km radiometer resolution over a 600 km swath. Its engines completed 760,000 firings during its 18 month service life.

• 1991 April 4 10:47 - Cosmos 2139 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 354-02 Apogee: 19,160 km (11,900 mi). Glonass. Testing of components and apparatus of the Glonass global space navigation system being set up to determine the position of the Soviet Union's civil aircraft and vessels in its merchant marine and fishing fleet.

• 1991 July 1 21:53 - Gorizont 23 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 373-01 Apogee: 36,188 km (22,486 mi). Stationed at 103 deg E. Maintenance of telephone and telegraph radio communications and transmission of television broadcasts. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 103 deg E in 1991-1992 As of 5 September 2001 located at 159.68 deg E drifting at 4.917 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 0.82W drifting at 4.909W degrees per day.

• 1991 October 23 15:25 - Gorizont 24 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 362-02 Apogee: 36,394 km (22,614 mi). Stationed at 80 deg E. Maintenance of telephone and telegraph radio communications and transmission of television broadcasts. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1991-1998 As of 28 August 2001 located at 158.79 deg E drifting at 6.583 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 172.52W drifting at 6.586W degrees per day.

• 1992 December 17 12:45 - Cosmos 2224 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 357-02 Apogee: 35,806 km (22,248 mi). Geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. Stationed at 12 deg E. Declared purpose: 'Investigation of outer space and of processes occurring in the Earth's atmosphere. Prognoz series'. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 12 deg E in 1993; 24 deg W in 1994; 12 deg E in 1994-1999 As of 4 September 2001 located at 53.14 deg E drifting at 0.397 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 8 located at 142.40E drifting at 0.029E degrees per day.

• 1994 September 21 17:53 - Cosmos 2291 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 381-02 Apogee: 35,829 km (22,263 mi). Cosmos 2291 quickly moved to 80 degrees E, joining Cosmos 2085 as a replacement for Cosmos1961. Thus, at the end of 1994 the Potok constellation had been restored to its normal 4·sateellite complement: Cosmos 2085 and 2291 at 80 degrees E and Cosmos 1888 and 2172 at 13.5 degrees W. Cosmos 2291 continued at 80 deg E in 1994-1995; then it was moved to 14 deg W in 1995-1999 As of 6 September 2001 located at 62.64 deg W drifting at 0.324 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 112.35W drifting at 0.417W degrees per day.

• 1994 October 13 16:19 - Ekspress Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861-01. Proton-K/DM-2M 377-02 Apogee: 35,935 km (22,328 mi). First launch of new Ekspress communications satellite. Replaces Gorizont series. Ekspress 1 reached its checkout location of 70 degrees E at the end of October 1994 and was moved to its operational position at 14 degrees W shortly after the start of 1995. Stationed at 14.00W in 1995-2001. As of 2007 March 10 located at 95.05E drifting at 1.636W degrees per day.

• 1994 November 20 00:39 - Cosmos 2294 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 371-01 Apogee: 19,203 km (11,932 mi). Glonass navigation satellite.

• 1995 March 7 09:23 - Cosmos 2307 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 370-02 Apogee: 19,149 km (11,898 mi). Glonass navigation satellite.

• 1995 July 24 15:52 - Cosmos 2316 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 374-01 Apogee: 19,167 km (11,909 mi). Glonass navigation spacecraft. Constellation 2. Put into service 26 August 1995.

• 1995 August 30 19:33 - Cosmos 2319 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 369-02 Apogee: 35,837 km (22,268 mi). Stationed at 80 deg E. Relaying of telegraph and telephone information. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1995-1999 As of 31 August 2001 located at 16.12 deg W drifting at 0.037 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 5 located at 17.95W drifting at 0.052W degrees per day.

• 1995 November 17 14:25 - Gals-2 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 384-01 Apogee: 35,788 km (22,237 mi). Three transponders for direct broadcast television. Stationed at 70 deg E. Used SPT-100 plasma engine. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 71 deg E in 1995-1996; 36 deg E in 1996-1999 As of 5 September 2001 located at 36.88 deg E drifting at 0.031 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 62.06E drifting at 1.427W degrees per day.

• 1995 December 14 06:10 - Cosmos 2323 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 378-01 Apogee: 19,165 km (11,908 mi). Glonass navigation satellite. Constellation 2. Put into service 18 January 1996.

• 1996 January 25 09:56 - Gorizont 31 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 374-02 Apogee: 35,801 km (22,245 mi). Stationed at 39.8E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 40 deg E in 1996-1999 As of 5 September 2001 located at 40.11 deg E drifting at 0.042 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 74.36E drifting at 1.416W degrees per day.

• 1996 February 19 08:19 - Raduga s/n 44L Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. No second Block DM-2 ignition (blocked LOX valve). Block DM-2 propellant automatically jettisoned.. Proton-K/DM-2 383-02 Apogee: 36,582 km (22,730 mi). Secret military name for Raduga program is Gran'.

• 1996 May 25 02:05 - Gorizont 32 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 379-01 Apogee: 35,801 km (22,245 mi). Stationed at 53.2E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 53 deg E in 1996-1999 As of 5 September 2001 located at 53.25 deg E drifting at 0.005 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 14.58W drifting at 0.023W degrees per day.

• 1996 September 26 17:50 - Ekspress No. 12 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861-01. Proton-K/DM-2M 379-02 Apogee: 35,809 km (22,250 mi). Stationed at 80.0 deg E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1996-1999 As of 5 September 2001 located at 103.84 deg E drifting at 0.012 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 82.98E drifting at 0.225W degrees per day.

• 1996 November 16 20:48 - Mars-96 (Mars 8) Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S824F. No second Block D-2 ignition.. Proton-K/D-2/11S824F 392-02 Apogee: 340 km (210 mi). The Mars 96 spacecraft was launched into Earth orbit, but failed to achieve insertion into Mars cruise trajectory and re-entered the Earth's atmosphere at about 00:45 to 01:30 GMT on 17 November 1996 and crashed within a presumed 320 km by 80 km area which includes parts of the Pacific Ocean, Chile, and Bolivia. The Russian Mars 96 mission was designed to send an orbiter, two small autonomous stations, and two surface penetrators to Mars.

• 1997 June 6 16:56 - Cosmos 2344 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 17S40. Proton-K/17S40 380-01 Apogee: 2,739 km (1,701 mi). First launch in a new series of electro-optical military reconnaisance satellites.

• 1997 August 14 20:49 - Cosmos 2345 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 381-01 Apogee: 36,504 km (22,682 mi). Geosynchronous ballistic missile early warning satellite. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 23 deg W in 1997-1999 As of 4 September 2001 located at 142.44 deg E drifting at 0.028 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 66.03W drifting at 0.329E degrees per day.

• 1997 November 12 17:00 - Kupon Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861-01. Proton-K/DM-2M 382-01 Apogee: 35,792 km (22,240 mi). Geosynchronous. Kupon is the first communications satellite for the Russian banking system, and the first commercial communications satellite sold by the Lavochkin, who have in the past been more commonly associated with planetary probes and early warning satellites. Kupon, owned by the Russian Federation Central Bank (and possibly Global Information Systems of Moscow), relays financial data for the Bankir network. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 55 deg E in 1997-1998 As of 1 September 2001 located at 86.25 deg E drifting at 0.142 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 78.29E drifting at 0.156E degrees per day.

• 1998 April 29 04:36 - Cosmos 2350 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 384-02 Apogee: 35,793 km (22,240 mi). Geostationary at 73.0 degrees E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 1998 As of 3 September 2001 located at 72.67 deg E drifting at 0.041 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 70.07E drifting at 0.036W degrees per day.

• 1998 December 30 - Cosmos 2362 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 385-02 Apogee: 19,134 km (11,889 mi).

• 1999 October 27 16:16 - Ekspress-A1 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Failed early in second-stage burn.. Proton-K/DM-2 386-02 Communications satellite; failed to reach orbit.

• 2000 March 12 04:07 - Ekspress 6A Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861-01. Proton-K/DM-2M 399-01 Apogee: 35,798 km (22,243 mi). GO Kosmicheskaya Svyaz geosynchronous communications satellite, to be assigned to the Ekspress 6A slot at 80E. Replaced the first Ekspress A, lost in a launch failure in 1999. Russian satellite bus with a ommunications payload from Alcatel France. Stationed at 80 deg E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 2000. As of 5 September 2001 located at 80.02 deg E drifting at 0.008 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 102.77E drifting at 0.018W degrees per day.

• 2000 April 17 21:06 - Sesat Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861-01. Proton-K/DM-2M 397-01 Apogee: 35,800 km (22,200 mi). Sesat (Siberia-Europe Satellite) used an MSS-2500-GSO (Gals/Ekspress) satellite bus built by NPO PM of Krasnoyarsk, with an Alcatel Espace France payload of 18 Ku-band transponders. The satellite had 8 Fakel SPD-100 plasma thrusters for stationkeeping. Eutelsat operated their Hot Bird fleet of European television broadcast satellites since the 1980's, but the venture into broadcasting to Siberia represented a new step for them. Stationed at 36 deg E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 39 deg E in 2000. As of 4 September 2001 located at 35.97 deg E drifting at 0.005 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 35.92E drifting at 0.004E degrees per day.

• 2000 June 24 00:28 - Ekspress A No. 3 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861-01. Proton-K/DM-2M 394-02 Apogee: 35,795 km (22,241 mi). Launch delayed from June 23. Geosynchronous communications satellite. Stationed at 11 deg W. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 11 deg W in 2000. As of 5 September 2001 located at 10.99 deg W drifting at 0.005 deg W per day. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 11.00W drifting at 0.005E degrees per day.

• 2000 July 4 23:44 - Cosmos 2371 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861. Proton-K/DM-2 389-02 Apogee: 35,802 km (22,246 mi). Second flight using RD-0210 Phase 2 engines. Geizer military communications satellite. The Blok DM upper stage inserted the Geizer into geosynchronous orbit at 06:20 GMT on July 5. Stationed at 80 deg E. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 2000. As of 6 September 2001 located at 79.81 deg E drifting at 0.014 deg E per day. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 79.73E drifting at 0.022W degrees per day.

• 2003 December 28 23:00 - Ekspress AM-22 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861-01. Proton-K 410-04 / Blok DM-2M 13L Apogee: 35,864 km (22,284 mi). The Ekspress AM-22 communications satellite was built by NPO PM and Alcatel Space for GPKS, the Russian Space Communications Company. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 52.99E drifting at 0.005W degrees per day.

• 2004 October 14 21:23 - AMC- 15 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82M. Apogee: 35,790 km (22,230 mi). Communications satellite for SES Americom, equipped with Ku-band and Ka-band transponders. The Briz-M upper stage made three burns, then released the satellite on October 15 at 03:58 GMT into a 7132 x 35780 km x 18.6 deg orbit. AMC-15's on-board engine would be used to maneuver the spacecraft into its final geostationary orbit. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 105.02W drifting at 0.003W degrees per day.

• 2004 December 26 13:53 - Cosmos 2411 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861-01. Proton K s/n 410-09 / 11S861 s/n 104L Apogee: 19,149 km (11,898 mi). Three Russian navigation satellites orbited in a single launch. Two of the satellites (s/n 796 and 797) were standard Uragan satellites, while s/n 712 had an uprated Glonass-M payload. This was the fifth end-of-year replenishment launch since 2000.

• 2005 June 24 19:41 - Express AM-3 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861-01. Proton K s/n 410-07/DM-2M s/n 103L Apogee: 35,791 km (22,239 mi). Delayed from April 2005. Satellite built by NPO PM with Alcatel C-, Ku- and L-band transponders.Stationed over 80 deg E longitude. As of 2007 Mar 11 located at 139.98E drifting at 0.015W degrees per day.

• 2005 December 29 02:28 - AMC-23 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82M. Proton M s/n 535-13 /Breeze M s/n 88514 Apogee: 35,801 km (22,245 mi). Delayed from November, December 1 and 6. AMC-23 was to provide Ku-band multimedia and telecommunications services to Pacific rim countries over a planned 16 year life. A C-band payload was partly leased to the Japanese JSAT system. The Briz-M upper stage separated from the three-stage Proton launch vehicle at suborbital velocity, then conducted five engine burns before delivering the satellite to a 6193 km x 35,615 km x 18.5 deg geosynchronous transfer orbit at 11:48 GMT. The satellite would use its own Astrium S400 apogee engine to circularize the orbit at geostationary altitude. As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 171.97E drifting at 0.002W degrees per day.

• 2006 February 28 20:10 - Arabsat 4 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82M. Briz-M stage shut down 27.5 minutes into a planned 31-minute burn and could not be restarted. The failure left the satellite in a useless orbit from which it quickly decayed... Proton-M/Briz-M Apogee: 14,684 km (9,124 mi). The satellite seperated from the stage but the mission could not be rescued. It was ordered to fire its apogee engine around 00:20 GMT on March 24 to lower its perigee into the atmosphere. It reportedly burned up over the South Pacific at 02:07 GMT.

• 2006 June 17 22:44 - Kazsat 1 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82K / 11S861-01. Proton-K/DM3 Apogee: 35,781 km (22,233 mi). As of 2007 Mar 9 located at 103.02E drifting at 0.000W degrees per day.

• 2006 August 4 21:48 - Hot Bird 8 Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82M. Proton-M/Briz-M Apogee: 35,817 km (22,255 mi). Ku-band communications direct broadcast satellite to supplement Eutelsat constellation of Hot Birds. As of 2007 Mar 4 located at 13.03E drifting at 0.010E degrees per day.

• 2006 November 8 20:01 - Badr 4 ARABSAT 4B Launch Vehicle: Proton 8K82M. Proton-M/Briz-M Apogee: 35,807 km (22,249 mi). Dry mass 1487 kg. The satellite provided Ku-band communications services for Arab League countries. As of 2007 Mar 10 located at 26.06E drifting at 0.011E degrees per day.