1965 December 21 - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Test mission Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,350 km (830 mi).

1971 February 18 - 13:59 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 396 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Zenit-4M. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 204 km (126 mi). Apogee: 285 km (177 mi). Inclination: 65.40 deg. Period: 89.40 min. High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.

1971 March 5 - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. FAILURE: Failure. Zenit-2M Spacecraft: Zenit-2M. Agency: RVSN. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

1971 June 25 - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. FAILURE: Failure. Zenit-4M Spacecraft: Zenit-4M. Agency: RVSN. Photo surveillance mission.

1971 December 3 - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. FAILURE: Failure. Zenit-2M Spacecraft: Zenit-2M. Agency: RVSN. Area survey photo reconnaissance satellite.

1972 September 2 - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. FAILURE: Failure. Zenit-4M Spacecraft: Zenit-4M. Agency: RVSN. High resolution photo reconnaissance mission.

1973 May 18 - 11:00 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 559 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Zenit-4MK. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 204 km (126 mi). Apogee: 325 km (201 mi). Inclination: 65.40 deg. Period: 89.80 min. First flight of Soyuz U launch vehicle. High resolution photo reconnaissance satellite; returned film capsule; maneuverable.

1973 July 4 - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. FAILURE: Failure. Zenit-4M Spacecraft: Zenit-4M. Agency: RVSN. High resolution photo reconnaissance mission.

1973 October 31 - 18:24 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 605 Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Spacecraft: Bion. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 213 km (132 mi). Apogee: 403 km (250 mi). Inclination: 62.80 deg. Period: 90.70 min. Investigation of the influence of space flight on living organisms and testing of life-support systems for biological entities. Capsule recovered 53 deg 29 min N, 65 deg 27 min E.

1974 May 23 - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. FAILURE: A problem in separation of the second and third stages of resulted in radio contact being lost with the spacecraft at T+439.6 sec. This automatically triggered the destruct charge in the Yantar OSA Descent Module, destroying the spacecraft and booster. Yantar-2K failure. Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-2K. Agency: RVSN. First test launch of Yantar second generation reconnaissance spacecraft.

1975 May 30 - 06:45 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 741 Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Spacecraft: Zenit-2M. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 210 km (130 mi). Apogee: 231 km (143 mi). Inclination: 81.30 deg. Period: 88.90 min. Zenit-2M (area survey photo reconnaissance) satellite used for earth resources studies as part of 'Gektor-Priroda' project. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

1975 September 5 - 14:50 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 758 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-2K. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 174 km (108 mi). Apogee: 326 km (202 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 89.50 min. Third Yantar-2K second generation reconnaissance flight, the first with the new Kondor attitude control system. This system experienced problems and failed on the second day of flight. The spacecraft's destruct package was activated by ground command and the spacecraft was destroyed on 6 September 1975 in its second day of flight.

1975 November 14 - 19:14 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 3-03 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 1,823 km (1,132 mi). Apogee: 38,527 km (23,939 mi). Inclination: 63.90 deg. Period: 717.70 min. Continued operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio-communication system within the Soviet Union and transmission of USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita and participating international networks (international cooperation scheme).

1975 November 25 - 17:00 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 782 Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Spacecraft: Bion. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 218 km (135 mi). Apogee: 384 km (238 mi). Inclination: 62.80 deg. Period: 90.50 min. Biological research. Continued investigation of the effects of space flight on living organisms. Capsule recovered 52 deg 17 min N, 64 deg 11 min E. The Cosmos 782 mission marked the first time that the United States participated in the Soviet Cosmos Program. Scientists from France, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. participated in these investigations. Additional Details: Cosmos 782(1763).

1975 December 27 - 10:22 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 3-04 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 452 km (280 mi). Apogee: 40,708 km (25,294 mi). Inclination: 62.80 deg. Period: 733.80 min. Decay date suspect Continued operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio-communication system within the Soviet Union and transmission of USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita and participating international networks (international cooperation scheme).

1976 February 20 - 14:01 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 805 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-2K. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 171 km (106 mi). Apogee: 351 km (218 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 89.70 min. Fourth Yantar-2K second generation reconnaissance flight and the first with two SpK small film recovery capsules. First flight of the completely equipped satellite. The main reentry capsule and its film cargo were returned successfully. Both SpK capsules successfully separated from the Yantar in the course of the flight, but neither was recovered. The parachutes of the first did not deploy and the capsule crashed into the ground. The solid motor of the second capsule did not fire as programmed and the capsule did not deorbit at the expected time.

1976 May 15 - 13:30 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Meteor 1-25 Mass: 3,800 kg (8,300 lb). Spacecraft: Meteor-Priroda. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 829 km (515 mi). Apogee: 884 km (549 mi). Inclination: 81.30 deg. Period: 102.10 min. Continuation of experimental work in studying the natural resources of the earth.

1976 May 21 - 07:00 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 820 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Zenit-4MKT. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 209 km (129 mi). Apogee: 217 km (134 mi). Inclination: 81.40 deg. Period: 88.80 min. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

1976 July 22 - 15:40 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 844 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-2K. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 172 km (106 mi). Apogee: 353 km (219 mi). Inclination: 67.20 deg. Period: 89.80 min. Fifth Yantar second generation reconnaissance test flight. One of the solar panels would not unfold. Ground control activiated the destruct package and the spacecraft was destroyed on 25 July.

1976 September 1 - 03:23 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. FAILURE: Fourth stage failure. Cosmos 853 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-2. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 243 km (150 mi). Apogee: 461 km (286 mi). Inclination: 62.80 deg. Period: 91.60 min. Failed Molniya.

1977 April 11 - 01:38 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 903 Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Spacecraft: Oko. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 4,559 km (2,832 mi). Apogee: 35,796 km (22,242 mi). Inclination: 67.40 deg. Period: 717.80 min. Covered Oko constellation plane 7 - 163 degree longitude of ascending node.

1977 April 26 - 14:45 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 905 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-2K. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 170 km (100 mi). Apogee: 413 km (256 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 90.30 min. Sixth Yantar second generation reconnaissance test flight and first completely successful flight. Both small SpK film capsules successfully recovered during course of flight, as was the main OSA cabin with its camera, computer, and main film cannisters. First full duration Yantar flight.

1977 August 3 - 14:01 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 936 Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Spacecraft: Bion. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 219 km (136 mi). Apogee: 396 km (246 mi). Inclination: 62.80 deg. Period: 90.60 min. Biological research. Scientists from the U.S.S.R., the U.S., Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and the German Democratic Republic conducted experiments in physics and biology on the mission. The biosatellite was recovered at 51 deg 53 min N, 61 deg 30 min E, near Kustanay in Central Asia after remaining in orbit for 18.5 days. Additional Details: Cosmos 936(2156).

1977 September 6 - 17:30 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 949 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-2K. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 177 km (109 mi). Apogee: 325 km (201 mi). Inclination: 62.80 deg. Period: 89.50 min. Yantar-2K second generation reconnaissance state acceptance test flight. Completely successful and led to acceptance of Yantar-2K into Red Army service in 1978. Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

1977 October 28 - 01:37 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 3-08 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 1,840 km (1,140 mi). Apogee: 38,508 km (23,927 mi). Inclination: 63.70 deg. Period: 717.70 min. Continued operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio-communication system; transmission of USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and international cooperation.

1978 January 24 - 06:51 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 3-09 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 85 km (52 mi). Apogee: 36,195 km (22,490 mi). Inclination: 63.30 deg. Period: 636.80 min. Continued operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio-communication system within the Soviet Union and transmission of USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita and participating international networks (international cooperation scheme).

1978 June 28 - 02:59 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1024 Mass: 2,030 kg (4,470 lb). Spacecraft: Oko. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 4,984 km (3,096 mi). Apogee: 35,365 km (21,974 mi). Inclination: 67.30 deg. Period: 717.70 min. Replaced Cosmos 931. Covered Oko constellation plane 2 - 323 degree longitude of ascending node.

1978 August 5 - 15:00 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1028 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-2K. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 170 km (100 mi). Apogee: 247 km (153 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 88.70 min. Successful full duration flight. Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

1978 October 3 - 11:00 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1033 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Zenit-4MKT. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 212 km (131 mi). Apogee: 231 km (143 mi). Inclination: 81.40 deg. Period: 89.00 min. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

1978 October 13 - 05:19 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 3-10 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 1,560 km (960 mi). Apogee: 33,590 km (20,870 mi). Inclination: 63.80 deg. Period: 614.90 min. Continued operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio-communication system within the Soviet Union and transmission of USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita and participating international networks (international cooperation scheme).

1979 January 18 - 15:42 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 3-11 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 370 km (220 mi). Apogee: 39,973 km (24,838 mi). Inclination: 63.00 deg. Period: 717.60 min. Continued operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio-communication system within the Soviet Union and transmission of USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita and participating international networks (international cooperation scheme).

1979 February 27 - 15:00 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1079 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-2K. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 174 km (108 mi). Apogee: 337 km (209 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 89.60 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance. Spacecraft depressurization led to malfunction of spacecraft. Deorbited after 12 days.

1979 April 27 - 17:15 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1097 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 173 km (107 mi). Apogee: 331 km (205 mi). Inclination: 62.80 deg. Period: 89.50 min. First flight test of Yantar-4K1 satellite. Returned as planned after 30 days. High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

1979 August 14 - 15:30 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1121 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-2K. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 171 km (106 mi). Apogee: 348 km (216 mi). Inclination: 67.20 deg. Period: 89.70 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

1979 October 12 - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. FAILURE: Failure. Zenit-6 Spacecraft: Zenit-6U. Agency: RVSN. Photo surveillance mission.

1979 November 2 - 16:00 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1144 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-2K. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 158 km (98 mi). Apogee: 337 km (209 mi). Inclination: 67.20 deg. Period: 89.40 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

1980 January 24 - 15:45 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1152 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-2K. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 169 km (105 mi). Apogee: 341 km (211 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 89.60 min. Area survey photo reconnaissance. Mission terminated early for unknown reasons (normally 30 day duration).

1980 April 29 - 13:30 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1177 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 167 km (103 mi). Apogee: 331 km (205 mi). Inclination: 67.20 deg. Period: 89.50 min. Second flight test of Yantar-4K1 satellite. Demonstrated full spacecraft design duration of 45 days. High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

1980 May 23 - 07:10 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1182 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Zenit-4MKT. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 211 km (131 mi). Apogee: 251 km (155 mi). Inclination: 82.30 deg. Period: 89.10 min. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

1980 June 14 - 20:52 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1188 Mass: 1,800 kg (3,900 lb). Spacecraft: Oko. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 4,103 km (2,549 mi). Apogee: 36,280 km (22,540 mi). Inclination: 68.00 deg. Period: 718.40 min. Replaced Cosmos 1024. Covered Oko constellation plane 2 - 319 degree longitude of ascending node.

1980 July 15 - 07:30 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1201 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Zenit-4MKT. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 213 km (132 mi). Apogee: 243 km (150 mi). Inclination: 82.30 deg. Period: 89.10 min. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

1980 July 18 - 10:37 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 3-13 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 1,364 km (847 mi). Apogee: 38,990 km (24,220 mi). Inclination: 63.10 deg. Period: 717.80 min. Continued operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio-communication system within the Soviet Union and transmission of USSR central television programmes to stations in the Orbita and participating international networks (international cooperation scheme).

1980 July 31 - 07:45 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1203 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Resurs F1-17F41. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 213 km (132 mi). Apogee: 270 km (160 mi). Inclination: 82.30 deg. Period: 89.40 min. High resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable (?); also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

1981 June 16 - 07:00 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1276 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Zenit-4MKT. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 211 km (131 mi). Apogee: 233 km (144 mi). Inclination: 82.40 deg. Period: 88.90 min. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

1981 June 19 - 19:37 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1278 Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Spacecraft: Oko. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 2,452 km (1,523 mi). Apogee: 37,962 km (23,588 mi). Inclination: 67.00 deg. Period: 719.00 min. Covered Oko constellation plane 3 - 357 degree longitude of ascending node.

1981 July 2 - 07:10 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1280 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Resurs F1-17F41. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 206 km (128 mi). Apogee: 280 km (170 mi). Inclination: 82.30 deg. Period: 89.30 min. High resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

1981 August 7 - 13:35 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Intercosmos 22 Mass: 1,500 kg (3,300 lb). Spacecraft: IK-B-1300. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 789 km (490 mi). Apogee: 881 km (547 mi). Inclination: 81.20 deg. Period: 101.60 min. Ionosphere and magnetosphere studies. Intercosmos-Bulgaria 1300. Comprehensive investigation of physical processes in the earth's ionosphere and magnetosphere. Carried scientific equipment developed and manufactured in the People's Republic of Bulgaria with the assistance of Soviet scientists .

1981 September 11 - 08:43 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. FAILURE: Fourth stage failure. Cosmos 1305 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 1,680 km (1,040 mi). Apogee: 12,807 km (7,957 mi). Inclination: 64.10 deg. Period: 263.70 min. Investigation of the upper atmosphere and outer space.

1982 May 25 - 09:00 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1369 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Resurs F1-17F41. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 210 km (130 mi). Apogee: 265 km (164 mi). Inclination: 82.30 deg. Period: 89.30 min. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

1982 June 8 - 07:45 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1376 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Resurs F1-17F41. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 212 km (131 mi). Apogee: 242 km (150 mi). Inclination: 82.30 deg. Period: 89.00 min. High resolution photo surveillance; film capsule; maneuverable; also performed earth resources tasks. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

1982 June 25 - 02:28 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1382 Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Spacecraft: Oko. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 5,465 km (3,395 mi). Apogee: 34,865 km (21,664 mi). Inclination: 68.00 deg. Period: 717.30 min. Replaced Cosmos 1223. Covered Oko constellation plane 7 - 154 degree longitude of ascending node.

1982 July 13 - 08:00 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1387 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Zenit-4MKT. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 201 km (124 mi). Apogee: 229 km (142 mi). Inclination: 82.30 deg. Period: 88.80 min. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

1982 September 8 - 10:20 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1406 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Zenit-4MKT. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 208 km (129 mi). Apogee: 227 km (141 mi). Inclination: 82.30 deg. Period: 88.80 min. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

1983 April 28 - 08:30 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 1458 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Zenit-4MKT. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 208 km (129 mi). Apogee: 243 km (150 mi). Inclination: 82.30 deg. Period: 89.00 min. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR and international cooperation.

1987 June 18 - 07:24 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Soyuz 11A511U 77015-105 FAILURE: Booster exploded on pad. Resurs-F1 14F40 Spacecraft: Resurs F1-14F40. Agency: UNKS. Pad was badly damaged and not put back into service until December 1988.

1988 December 22 - 14:15 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-ML Molniya 3-34 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 899 km (558 mi). Apogee: 39,481 km (24,532 mi). Inclination: 63.90 deg. Period: 718.30 min. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and within the framework of international cooperation. First launch from LC43/3 since it was damaged by a booster accident in June 1987.

1989 February 14 - 04:21 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-2BL Cosmos 2001 Mass: 1,900 kg (4,100 lb). Spacecraft: Oko. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 2,441 km (1,516 mi). Apogee: 37,951 km (23,581 mi). Inclination: 66.90 deg. Period: 718.50 min. Covered Oko constellation plane 4 - 32 degree longitude of ascending node.

1989 May 25 - 08:50 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Resurs F-01 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Resurs F1-14F43. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 174 km (108 mi). Apogee: 232 km (144 mi). Inclination: 82.30 deg. Period: 88.60 min. Deployed Pion 1 & 2. Resurs-F: Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of various branches of the Soviet economy and international cooperation. Satellite carries two passive separable 'Pion' probes to investigate upper atmospheric density.

1989 June 8 - 17:09 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-ML Molniya 3-35 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 1,436 km (892 mi). Apogee: 38,918 km (24,182 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 717.80 min. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and within the framework of international cooperation.

1989 September 6 - 10:49 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Resurs F-05 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Resurs F1-14F43. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 176 km (109 mi). Apogee: 229 km (142 mi). Inclination: 82.30 deg. Period: 88.60 min. Carried W. German microgravity experiment. Investigation of the natural resources of the Earth in the interests of the Soviet economy and international cooperation; and the conduct of biotechnological experiments under a commercial agreement with the firm Interspace (Federal Republic of Germany).

1989 November 28 - 10:02 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-ML Molniya 3-36 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 698 km (433 mi). Apogee: 39,655 km (24,640 mi). Inclination: 64.80 deg. Period: 717.80 min. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and within the framework of international cooperation.

1990 March 27 - 16:40 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-2BL Cosmos 2063 Mass: 1,900 kg (4,100 lb). Spacecraft: Oko. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 5,329 km (3,311 mi). Apogee: 35,210 km (21,870 mi). Inclination: 67.80 deg. Period: 721.50 min. Covered Oko constellation plane 2 - 317 degree longitude of ascending node.

1990 April 3 - 12:02 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. FAILURE: Failure. Yantar-4K1 Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Agency: UNKS. High resolution photo reconnaissance mission.

1990 April 11 - 17:00 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Foton 6 Mass: 6,200 kg (13,600 lb). Spacecraft: Foton. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 216 km (134 mi). Apogee: 374 km (232 mi). Inclination: 62.80 deg. Period: 90.40 min. 250 orbits. In addition to Russian materials science experiments, Foton 6 carried out the French Gezon experiment using the Russian Zona-4M electric furnace (Foton spacecraft have also flown the Zona 1, Zona 4, Splav 2, and Konstanta 2 electric furnaces as well as the Kashtan electrophoresis unit). Foton 6, which also carried the European Biopan life sciences experiments, was successfully recovered on the 15th day.

1990 June 13 - 01:07 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-ML Molniya 3-38 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 571 km (354 mi). Apogee: 39,778 km (24,716 mi). Inclination: 63.50 deg. Period: 717.70 min. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and within the framework of international cooperation.

1990 June 21 - 20:45 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-2BL FAILURE: Fourth stage failure. Cosmos 2084 Mass: 1,800 kg (3,900 lb). Spacecraft: Oko. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 582 km (361 mi). Apogee: 666 km (413 mi). Inclination: 62.80 deg. Period: 97.20 min. Launched into an erroneous orbit. There was no communication with the satellite. Covered Oko constellation plane 6 - 115 degree longitude of ascending node.

1990 July 17 - 09:29 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Resurs F-07 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Resurs F2. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 177 km (109 mi). Apogee: 236 km (146 mi). Inclination: 82.30 deg. Period: 88.60 min. Investigation of the natural resources of the Earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR; solution of problems relating to ecology and international cooperation.

1991 February 15 - 15:19 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-ML Molniya 1-80 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-1T. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 3,029 km (1,882 mi). Apogee: 37,317 km (23,187 mi). Inclination: 64.40 deg. Period: 717.60 min. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system in the USSR; transmission of USSR Central Television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.

1991 May 24 - 15:29 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 2149 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 173 km (107 mi). Apogee: 285 km (177 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 89.10 min. High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

1991 June 28 - 08:09 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Resurs F-11 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Resurs F1-14F43. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 253 km (157 mi). Apogee: 268 km (166 mi). Inclination: 82.30 deg. Period: 89.70 min. Investigation of the natural resources of the Earth in the interests of various branches of the national economy of the USSR; solution of problems relating to ecology and international cooperation.

1991 July 23 - 09:05 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Resurs F-12 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Resurs F1-14F43. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 178 km (110 mi). Apogee: 230 km (140 mi). Inclination: 82.40 deg. Period: 88.60 min. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of the various branches of the national economy of the USSR, and solution of problems relating to the environment and to international cooperation.

1991 August 21 - 10:50 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Resurs F-13 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Resurs F2. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 178 km (110 mi). Apogee: 240 km (140 mi). Inclination: 82.30 deg. Period: 88.70 min. Investigation of the natural resources of the earth in the interests of the various branches of the national economy of the USSR, and solution of problems relating to the environment and to international cooperation.

1991 September 19 - 16:20 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 2156 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 160 km (90 mi). Apogee: 345 km (214 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 89.60 min. High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

1991 November 20 - 19:15 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 2171 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 187 km (116 mi). Apogee: 321 km (199 mi). Inclination: 62.80 deg. Period: 89.60 min. High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

1992 January 21 - 15:00 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 2175 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 158 km (98 mi). Apogee: 347 km (215 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 89.60 min. High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

1992 January 24 - 01:18 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-2BL Cosmos 2176 Mass: 1,900 kg (4,100 lb). Spacecraft: Oko. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 3,058 km (1,900 mi). Apogee: 37,349 km (23,207 mi). Inclination: 66.10 deg. Period: 718.80 min. Covered Oko constellation plane 6 - 119 degree longitude of ascending node.

1992 June 23 - 08:00 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Resurs F-15 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Resurs F1-14F43. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 177 km (109 mi). Apogee: 226 km (140 mi). Inclination: 82.30 deg. Period: 88.50 min. Capsule reentered 7/9/92. Investigation of the natural resources of the Earth in the interests of the various branches of the national economy.

1992 July 8 - 09:53 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-2BL Cosmos 2196 Mass: 1,900 kg (4,100 lb). Spacecraft: Oko. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 3,433 km (2,133 mi). Apogee: 36,915 km (22,937 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 717.70 min. Covered Oko constellation plane 5 - 75 degree longitude of ascending node.

1992 July 24 - 19:40 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 2203 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 189 km (117 mi). Apogee: 311 km (193 mi). Inclination: 62.80 deg. Period: 89.50 min. High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

1992 August 6 - 19:30 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-ML Molniya 1-84 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-1T. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 1,060 km (650 mi). Apogee: 39,294 km (24,416 mi). Inclination: 63.00 deg. Period: 717.80 min. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system, transmission of television programmes to stations in the Orbita network.

1992 October 14 - 19:58 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-ML Molniya 3-42 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 2,167 km (1,346 mi). Apogee: 38,190 km (23,730 mi). Inclination: 64.00 deg. Period: 717.80 min. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system, transmission of television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and international cooperation.

1992 November 25 - 12:18 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-2BL Cosmos 2222 Mass: 1,900 kg (4,100 lb). Spacecraft: Oko. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 5,330 km (3,310 mi). Apogee: 35,026 km (21,764 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 717.80 min. Covered Oko constellation plane 1 - 270 degree longitude of ascending node.

1992 December 2 - 01:57 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-ML Molniya 3-43 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 1,169 km (726 mi). Apogee: 39,109 km (24,301 mi). Inclination: 64.20 deg. Period: 716.20 min. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system, transmission of television programmes to stations in the Orbita network and international cooperation.

1992 December 29 - 13:30 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 2229 Mass: 6,000 kg (13,200 lb). Spacecraft: Bion. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 216 km (134 mi). Apogee: 372 km (231 mi). Inclination: 62.80 deg. Period: 90.40 min. Biological research; carried monkeys Ivasha and Krosha. International study of the adaptation of living organisms to conditions of space flight. After 12 days in Earth orbit, the capsule was recovered 50 deg 46 min N, 73 deg 08 min E, about 100 kilometers north of the city of Karaganda. The Cosmos 2229 mission was also referred to as Bion 10, because it was the tenth in a series of Soviet/Russian unmanned satellites carrying biological experiments. Additional Details: Cosmos 2229(4377).

1993 January 13 - 01:49 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-ML Molniya 1-85 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-1T. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 528 km (328 mi). Apogee: 39,822 km (24,744 mi). Inclination: 63.40 deg. Period: 717.70 min. Operation of the long-range telephone and telegraph radio communications system, transmission of television programmes to stations in the Orbita network. Replaced Molniya 1-78.

1993 January 19 - 14:49 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 2231 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 163 km (101 mi). Apogee: 342 km (212 mi). Inclination: 67.20 deg. Period: 89.60 min. High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

1993 July 14 - 16:40 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 2259 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 168 km (104 mi). Apogee: 349 km (216 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 89.70 min. High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

1993 July 22 - 08:45 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 2260 Mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb). Spacecraft: Zenit-8. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 177 km (109 mi). Apogee: 224 km (139 mi). Inclination: 82.30 deg. Period: 88.50 min. Military cartographic satellite; returned film capsule. Also photography of the earth's surface for the purpose of the natural resource mapping and area monitoring on behalf of various branches of the Russian economy and in the interests of international cooperation. Alternate name: Resurs-T.

1993 August 4 - 00:52 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-ML Molniya 3-45 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 2,500 km (1,500 mi). Apogee: 37,920 km (23,560 mi). Inclination: 64.40 deg. Period: 719.10 min. Operation of the long range telephone and telegraph radio-communications system. Replaced Molniya 3-37.

1993 December 22 - 20:37 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-ML Molniya 1-87 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-1T. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 1,668 km (1,036 mi). Apogee: 38,716 km (24,056 mi). Inclination: 64.50 deg. Period: 718.40 min. Operation of the long range telephone and telegraph radio-communications system. Replaced Molniya 1-77.

1994 June 14 - 16:05 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Foton 9 Mass: 6,200 kg (13,600 lb). Spacecraft: Foton. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 220 km (130 mi). Apogee: 358 km (222 mi). Inclination: 62.80 deg. Period: 90.30 min. Microgravity experiments. Landed July 2.

1995 March 22 - 16:44 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 2311 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 178 km (110 mi). Apogee: 316 km (196 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 89.40 min. High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

1995 June 28 - 18:25 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 2314 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 175 km (108 mi). Apogee: 316 km (196 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 89.40 min. High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission.

1995 August 2 - 23:59 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-2BL N15000-294 10M127S Interbol 1 Mass: 1,250 kg (2,750 lb). Spacecraft: Prognoz-M. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 4,426 km (2,750 mi). Apogee: 188,331 km (117,023 mi). Inclination: 68.20 deg. Period: 5,461.60 min. Particles and fields research. Paired with Magion 4 subsatellite.

1995 August 9 - 01:21 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-ML PVB77031-674 Molniya-3-47 Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 1,216 km (755 mi). Apogee: 39,142 km (24,321 mi). Inclination: 64.20 deg. Period: 717.80 min. Voice and TV coverage.

1996 August 14 - 22:20 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-ML Molniya-1T Mass: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-1T. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 968 km (601 mi). Apogee: 39,391 km (24,476 mi). Inclination: 64.10 deg. Period: 717.90 min.

1996 August 29 - 05:22 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-2BL Microsat Mass: 32 kg (70 lb). Agency: Cordoba. Perigee: 804 km (499 mi). Apogee: 19,176 km (11,915 mi). Inclination: 62.80 deg. Period: 94.70 min. MuSat-1 Victor separated from the launch vehicle at 05:31 GMT, becoming the first Argentine-built satellite. Measuring 340 x 340 x 450mm."Victor " was an experimental vehicle, intended to evaluate in-orbit behaviour of low-cost space technologies. It carried two video cameras, oriented for earth-imaging, as well as transceivers in both UHF and S bands. The beacon could be heard every 90 seconds at 137.95 MHz as a brief burst of CW ("Hi hi de MUSAT"). Electrical power was provided by four 88-Si cells solar panels, with an end-of-life electrical power of 8 W. Its position was determined by means of a 3-axis, flux-gate magnetometer, as well as both solar and horizon sensors, while its attitude was 3-axis controlled by magnetic coils and reaction wheels, with a pointing precision of 0.5 deg. MuSat-1 was developed and built by a 25-person team at the Instituto Universitario Aeronautico, under the sponsorship of the government of the province of Cordoba, in a 3.5 year, $1.2 million effort.

1997 October 9 - 17:59 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Foton 11 Spacecraft: Foton. Agency: RKA. Perigee: 218 km (135 mi). Apogee: 363 km (225 mi). Inclination: 62.80 deg. Period: 90.30 min. Microgravity experiments. Landed in Kazakhstan Oct 23.

1998 June 24 - 18:29 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 2358 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 167 km (103 mi). Apogee: 316 km (196 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 89.30 min. High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission. Landed October 22, 1998.

1998 July 1 - 00:48 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-ML Molniya-3-49 Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 501 km (311 mi). Apogee: 39,850 km (24,760 mi). Inclination: 62.80 deg. Period: 717.70 min.

1998 September 28 - 23:41 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-ML Molniya-1T Spacecraft: Molniya-1T. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 1,599 km (993 mi). Apogee: 38,755 km (24,081 mi). Inclination: 63.30 deg. Period: 717.80 min.

1999 July 8 - 08:45 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M-ML Molniya-3-50 Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 1,811 km (1,125 mi). Apogee: 38,540 km (23,940 mi). Inclination: 63.50 deg. Period: 717.70 min. The launch was from one of the three active R-7 class pads at Plesetsk (LC16/pad 2, LC43/pad 3, LC43/pad 4) and used the 8K78M launch vehicle, consisting of the 11S59 core packet, the 11S510 Block I third stage, and the Block-ML upper stage. The Block ML and the payload were placed in a 62.8 degree low parking orbit and then the ML fired to deliver the payload to a 12-hour operational orbit. This was the 52nd Molniya-3 to be launched (two were orbited under the Cosmos designation).

1999 August 18 - 18:00 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 2365 Mass: 6,600 kg (14,500 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Agency: MO RF. Perigee: 184 km (114 mi). Apogee: 338 km (210 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 89.73 min. High resolution photo reconnaissance; returned film in two small SpK capsules during the mission and with the main capsule at completion of the mission. Landed in Russia on December 15, 1999.

2001 October 25 - 11:34 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Molniya 8K78M 77013-687 Molniya-3-52 Mass: 1,900 kg (4,100 lb). Spacecraft: Molniya-3. Agency: VKS (Russia). Perigee: 646 km (401 mi). Apogee: 40,658 km (25,263 mi). Inclination: 62.90 deg. Launch delayed from October 11. The Molniya-3 military communications satellite and Block ML upper stage were inserted into an initial 214 x 617 km x 62.8 deg parking orbit at 1143 GMT. At apogee over the South Pacific, the BOZ ullage motor fired and separated, then the ML main engine ignited and put the Molniya-3 satellite into its 615 x 40659 km x 62.8 deg operational orbit with apogee over the northern hemisphere.

2002 February 25 - 17:26 GMT - Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Cosmos 2387 Mass: 6,700 kg (14,700 lb). Spacecraft: Yantar-4K1. Agency: KVR. Perigee: 168 km (104 mi). Apogee: 297 km (184 mi). Inclination: 67.10 deg. Period: 89.20 min. The optical reconnaissance satellite carried two small film capsules and a large reentry module. The main recoverable section of Cosmos 2387 landed at about 0230 UTC on June 27.