See also Born on this Day On this day in: 1938 - Launch Vehicle: Goddard. Model: Goddard L-C.
1942 - Launch Vehicle: EA 1941. -
EA 1941 engine run. Nation: France. The engine runs for 5 seconds before exploding, producing a thrust of 719 kgf. A second test the following day produces 650 kgf for only four seconds before exploding. Thermal transfer from the engine to the missile structure is found to be the cause, and changes are made.
1949 - 23:20 GMT - Launch Site: Pacific Ocean. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: 11.1 S x 88.4 W. Launch Vehicle: Aerobee. Model: Aerobee RTV-N-8. LV Configuration: Aerobee RTV-N-8 A10.
1952 - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Corporal. Model: Corporal. LV Configuration: Corporal 15R. -
Test mission Nation: USA. Agency: USA?. Apogee: 30 km (18 mi).
1953 -
1954 - Launch Vehicle: Buran, Burya, Soyuz.
1958 - -
NACA Special Committee on Space Technology second meeting. Nation: USA. The NACA Special Committee on Space Technology held its second meeting at the Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, and preliminary reports were presented by the committee working groups on objectives and vehicular programs. The committee as a whole was briefed on the work that had been accomplished by the former NACA Committee on Aerodynamics over the past 6 years. It was stated that between 1952 and 1956, approximately 10 percent of NACA's research efforts were applicable directly or indirectly to astronautics. In 1957, the percentage of space flight research rose to 23; and at the time of the meeting, 30 percent of the aerodynamic effort and 20 percent of propulsion research was applicable to astronautics problems. The committee also heard special papers on research being conducted in fluid mechanics, satellite studies, spacecraft design proposals, boost-glide and hypersonic vehicle studies, and missiles.
1958 - 12:15 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: LC18A. Launch Pad: LC18A. Launch Vehicle: Vanguard. Model: Vanguard. LV Configuration: Vanguard TV-4.
1959 - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -.
1959 - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Honest John. Model: HJ Nike Nike 20"SM. -
Test mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 1,380 km (850 mi).
1959 - 01:46 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: R-7. LV Configuration: R-7 No. 041081.
1960 - Launch Vehicle: Vanguard.
1960 - 01:52 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Asp. Model: Nike Asp. LV Configuration: Nike Asp NASA 03.10UI. FAILURE: Failure. -
Dumbbell / Ion sphere Ionosphere mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 0 km ( mi).
1960 - 16:31 GMT - Launch Site: Rosamund Dry Lake DZ. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: 34.7 N x 118.1 W. Launch Vehicle: X-15. LV Configuration: X-15 2-6-13.
1960 - 23:55 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: R-7A. LV Configuration: R-7A L1-5. -
R-7A I-4 test Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,350 km (830 mi).
1961 - Launch Vehicle: Vanguard. -
Vanguard third anniversary. Nation: USA. Program: Vanguard. Class: Technology. Spacecraft: Vanguard 1. Vanguard I completed third year in orbit and was still transmitting. Vanguard I provided much useful data on orbits, including the slight pear-shape of the Earth and the effect of solar pressure. Vanguard also provided the second stage for the Able, Delta, and Able-Star, as well as the third stage of Scout, pioneering solid-propellant stages used in Polaris and Minuteman.
1965 - 15:10 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: LC35. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Aerobee. Model: Aerobee 150. LV Configuration: Aerobee 150 NASA 04.63GS. -
ASE XRT Solar x-ray mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 156 km (96 mi).
1965 - 21:30 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Black Brant. Model: Black Brant 2. LV Configuration: Black Brant II AE-2A-24. -
Aeronomy mission Nation: Canada. Agency: NRCC. Apogee: 153 km (95 mi).
1966 - Launch Site: ETR Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Polaris. Model: Polaris A2. -
Operational test Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi).
1966 - Launch Site: ETR Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Polaris. Model: Polaris A2. -
Operational test Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi).
1966 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC60/7. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: R-16. Model: R-16U. -
Military training launch Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,210 km (750 mi).
1966 - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: LF08. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Minuteman 2. LV Configuration: Minuteman 2 2049. FAILURE: Failure. -
Force modification test Nation: USA. Agency: USAF AFSC. Apogee: 1,300 km (800 mi).
1966 - 10:28 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC41/1. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Vostok 8A92.
1966 - 22:00 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC67/21. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Tsiklon. Model: R-36-O. LV Configuration: R-36O 8K69 U22502 No. 03L.
1967 - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -.
1967 - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: 395-C. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Titan. Model: Titan 2. LV Configuration: Titan II B-76.
1967 - Launch Site: Hammaguira. Launch Complex: Blandine. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Veronique. Model: Veronique AGI. LV Configuration: Veronique AGI AGI 64.
1967 - Launch Site: Green River. Launch Complex: Pad 3. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Athena RTV. LV Configuration: Athena D040. -
USAF D040 re-entry vehicle test flight Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi).
1967 - Launch Site: Green River. Launch Complex: Pad 2. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Athena RTV. LV Configuration: Athena D051. -
USAF D051 re-entry vehicle test flight Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 200 km (120 mi).
1967 - 03:48 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: LC35. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Aerobee. Model: Aerobee 150. LV Configuration: Aerobee 150 NASA 04.194DG. -
NRL NB3.191 / FUIIS Ultraviolet astronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA/NRL. Apogee: 193 km (119 mi).
1968 - 06:59 GMT - Launch Site: Arecibo. Launch Complex: VB. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Apache. Model: Nike Apache. LV Configuration: Nike Apache NASA 14.344UM. -
UM Pitot 34 Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 148 km (91 mi).
1968 - 07:30 GMT - Launch Site: Arecibo. Launch Complex: VB. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Tomahawk Sandia. Model: Nike Tomahawk. LV Configuration: Nike Tomahawk NASA 18.53GA. -
Thermosphere probe Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 295 km (183 mi).
1968 - 09:28 GMT - Launch Site: Arecibo. Launch Complex: VB. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Tomahawk Sandia. Model: Nike Tomahawk. LV Configuration: Nike Tomahawk NASA 18.49GA. -
Thermosphere probe Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 311 km (193 mi).
1968 - 18:45 GMT - Launch Site: Arecibo. Launch Complex: VB. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Apache. Model: Nike Apache. LV Configuration: Nike Apache NASA 14.345UM. -
UM Pitot 35 Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 136 km (84 mi).
1968 - 19:18 GMT - Launch Site: Arecibo. Launch Complex: VB. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Tomahawk Sandia. Model: Nike Tomahawk. LV Configuration: Nike Tomahawk NASA 18.52GA. -
Thermosphere probe Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 270 km (160 mi).
1969 -
1969 - 00:04 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Petrel. Model: Petrel 1. LV Configuration: Petrel P29K. -
Particles Ionosphere mission Nation: UK. Agency: SRC. Apogee: 151 km (93 mi).
1969 - 12:09 GMT - Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: ALFS. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Belier. Model: Dragon 1. LV Configuration: Dragon D-29. -
FU-172 Solar EUV 1 Solar extreme ultraviolet mission Nation: France. Agency: CNES. Apogee: 410 km (250 mi).
1969 - 12:38 GMT - Launch Site: Poker Flat. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Tomahawk Sandia. Model: Nike Tomahawk. LV Configuration: Nike Tomahawk NASA 18.15UE. -
Magnetospheric mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 216 km (134 mi).
1969 - 16:40 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Pad: LC132/pad?. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Model: Kosmos 11K65M.
1969 - 18:10 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Apache. Model: Nike Apache. LV Configuration: Nike Apache K-NA-18. -
DLR K-NA-18 Aeronomy / ionosphere / Fields mission Nation: Germany. Agency: DFVLR. Apogee: 231 km (143 mi).
1969 - 18:23 GMT - Launch Site: Kiruna. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Petrel. Model: Petrel 1. LV Configuration: Petrel P25K. -
E field gradient Ionosphere mission Nation: UK. Agency: SRC. Apogee: 148 km (91 mi).
1969 - 18:35 GMT - Launch Site: Kheysa. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: MR-12. -
Aeronomy/Plasma mission Nation: USSR. Agency: AN SSSR. Apogee: 169 km (105 mi).
1970 - 11:10 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Vostok 8A92M.
1971 -
1971 - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: LF06. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Minuteman 1. Model: Minuteman 1B. -
SSTTP M1-13 Target mission Nation: USA. Agency: USAF AFSC. Apogee: 1,300 km (800 mi).
1971 - 10:57 GMT - Launch Site: Poker Flat. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Tomahawk Sandia. Model: Nike Tomahawk. LV Configuration: Nike Tomahawk NASA 18.95UA. -
Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 270 km (160 mi).
1971 - 16:55 GMT - Launch Site: Kheysa. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: MR-12. -
Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).
1972 - 05:10 GMT - Launch Site: Woomera. Launch Complex: LA2. Launch Pad: LA2 SL. Launch Vehicle: Skylark. Model: Skylark 6 AC. LV Configuration: Skylark 6 AC SL1009. -
Echelle spectra Solar ultraviolet mission Nation: UK. Agency: BAC. Apogee: 237 km (147 mi).
1972 - 07:47 GMT - Launch Site: Fort Churchill. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Aerobee. Model: Aerobee 150. LV Configuration: Aerobee 150 NASA 04.320UA. -
JHU Aurora 9 Aurora ultraviolet mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 162 km (100 mi).
1972 - 09:39 GMT - Launch Site: Poker Flat. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Sandhawk. Model: Terrier Sandhawk. LV Configuration: Terrier Sandhawk Sandia 281-25.
1972 - 15:31 GMT - Launch Site: Green River. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Athena RTV. Model: Athena H. LV Configuration: Athena H H003. -
SAMAST 1B re-entry vehicle test flight Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 281 km (174 mi).
1972 - 16:56 GMT - Launch Site: Kheysa. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: MR-12. -
Aeronomy/Plasma mission Nation: USSR. Apogee: 168 km (104 mi).
1972 - 17:00 GMT - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: SLC4W. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Titan. Model: Titan 24B. LV Configuration: Titan 24B 24B-3 (3B-34).
1972 - 17:40 GMT - Launch Site: Kheysa. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: MR-12. -
Aeronomy/Plasma mission Nation: USSR. Apogee: 189 km (117 mi).
1972 - 19:01 GMT - Launch Site: Kheysa. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: MR-12. -
Aeronomy/Plasma mission Nation: USSR. Apogee: 173 km (107 mi).
1972 - 20:03 GMT - Launch Site: Kheysa. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: MR-12. -
Aeronomy mission Nation: USSR. Apogee: 176 km (109 mi).
1974 - 19:02 GMT - Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Super Chief. Model: Super Chief II. -
Extreme ultraviolet Airglow Aeronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NRL. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).
1976 -
1976 - 20:35 GMT - Launch Site: Kheysa. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: MR-12. -
Aeronomy/Chemical release/Plasma mission Nation: USSR. Apogee: 150 km (90 mi).
1977 - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC105. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: R-36M. -
Joint flight trials launch Nation: USSR. Agency: RVSN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi).
1977 - 03:59 GMT - Launch Site: Kheysa. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: MR-12. -
Ionosphere/Fields mission Nation: USSR. Apogee: 170 km (100 mi).
1977 - 08:30 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Soyuz 11A511U.
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Nauka Cosmos 898 Nation: USSR. Payload: Nauka?. Spacecraft: Nauka. Agency: MOM. Perigee: 208 km (129 mi). Apogee: 219 km (136 mi). Inclination: 81.30 deg. Period: 88.77 min. COSPAR: 1977-020D. USAF Sat Cat: 9887. Decay Date: 1977-04-03.
1978 - 10:50 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Soyuz 11A511U.
1979 -
1979 - 17:42 GMT - Launch Site: Kheysa. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: MR-12. -
Aeronomy/Ionosphere/Plasma mission Nation: USSR. Apogee: 187 km (116 mi).
1980 - 21:37 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC132/1. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Kosmos 3. Model: Kosmos 11K65M. LV Configuration: Kosmos 11K65M 65098-314.
1981 - 08:40 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC31. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Soyuz 11A511U.
1982 - Launch Site: ETR Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Trident. Model: Trident C-4. -
OT-8 Operational missile test Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi).
1982 - Launch Site: ETR Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Trident. Model: Trident C-4. -
OT-8 Operational missile test Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi).
1982 - Launch Site: ETR Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Trident. Model: Trident C-4. -
OT-8 Operational missile test Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi).
1982 - 10:30 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Soyuz 11A511U.
1982 - 10:34 GMT - Launch Site: ETR Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Trident. Model: Trident C-4. -
OT-8 Operational missile test Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi).
1986 - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: LF03. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Minuteman 1. Model: Minuteman 1B. -
RSLP IPA-3 re-entry vehicle test flight Nation: USA. Agency: USAF AFSC. Apogee: 1,300 km (800 mi).
1987 - 17:25 GMT - Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: LC46. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Trident. Model: Trident D-5. LV Configuration: Trident D-5 D5X-2. -
Research and development launch Nation: USA. Agency: USN. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi).
1988 - 06:43 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC31. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Vostok 8A92M. -
IRS-1A Nation: India. Payload: IRS 1A. Mass: 975 kg (2,149 lb). Class: Earth. Type: Landsat. Spacecraft: IRS. Agency: ISRO. Perigee: 897 km (557 mi). Apogee: 917 km (569 mi). Inclination: 99.00 deg. Period: 103.10 min. COSPAR: 1988-021A. USAF Sat Cat: 18960. Indian remote sensing; 1st Soviet commercial launch. Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-1A). Operational remote sensing of the Earth for natural resources management applications. Also registered by the USSR as object no. 2387 in ST/SG/SER.E/182 and orbital parameters 102.7 min, 863 x 917 km x 99.01 deg.
1988 - 20:25 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: LC36. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Black Brant. Model: Black Brant 9. LV Configuration: Black Brant IX NASA 36.36US. -
Solar mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).
1988 - 20:55 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Molniya 8K78M. LV Configuration: Molniya 8K78M-ML.
1990 - 04:30 GMT - Launch Site: White Sands. Launch Complex: LC36. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Black Brant. Model: Black Brant 9. LV Configuration: Black Brant IX NASA 36.34UH. -
X-ray astronomy mission Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 300 km (180 mi).
1992 - 10:54 GMT - Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Soyuz 11A511U2.
1994 - 16:30 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC43/4. Launch Pad: LC43/4?. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Model: Soyuz 11A511U.
1995 - Launch Site: Vandenberg. Launch Complex: LF04. Launch Pad: -. Launch Vehicle: Minuteman 3. LV Configuration: Minuteman 3 GT159GM. -
FOT GT159GM Follow-on Test launch Nation: USA. Agency: USAF AFSPC. Apogee: 1,300 km (800 mi).
2002 - 09:21 GMT - Launch Site: Plesetsk. Launch Complex: LC133/1. Launch Pad: LC133/pad?. Launch Vehicle: UR-100N. Model: Rokot. -
GRACE 1 Nation: Germany. Payload: ESSP-2A, 'Tom'. Mass: 432 kg (952 lb). Class: Earth. Spacecraft: GRACE. Manufacturer: Astrium. Agency: DLR (Germany), NASA (U.S.). Perigee: 483 km (300 mi). Apogee: 506 km (314 mi). Inclination: 89.00 deg. COSPAR: 2002-012A. USAF Sat Cat: 27391. First commercial flight of Rokot booster. Launch delayed from November 23-30, 2001, February 27, March 15 and 16. The Briz-KM upper stage ignited 5 minutes after launch and after a ten minute burn reached a 300 x 500 km orbit at about 0936 UTC. A second burn at 1042 UTC placed the satellites in a 483 x 506 km x 89 deg orbit; the two GRACE gravimetric satellites separated from the dispenser at 1047 UTC. A third Briz burn then lowered the rocket stage orbit to 146 x 487 km x 89 deg so that it would reenter quickly.
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GRACE 2 Nation: Germany. Mass: 432 kg (952 lb). Class: Earth. Spacecraft: GRACE. Manufacturer: Astrium. Agency: DLR (Germany), NASA (U.S.). Perigee: 483 km (300 mi). Apogee: 506 km (314 mi). Inclination: 89.00 deg. COSPAR: 2002-012B. USAF Sat Cat: 27392. Gravimetry, Climatology first commercial flight delayed from November23-30, 2001, February27, March15 and 16.
2004 - Launch Site: Barents Sea Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: 69.5 N x 34.2 E. Launch Vehicle: R-29. Model: Sineva. LV Configuration: Sineva VMF RF. -
Operational test Nation: Russia. Agency: VMF RF. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi).
2004 - Launch Site: Barents Sea Launch Area. Launch Complex: -. Launch Pad: 69.5 N x 34.2 E. Launch Vehicle: R-29. Model: Sineva. LV Configuration: Sineva VMF RF. -
Operational test Nation: Russia. Agency: VMF RF. Apogee: 1,000 km (600 mi).
2008 - -
EVA STS-123-3 Nation: USA. Program: ISS. Crew: Linnehan, Behnken. Flight: STS-123, ISS EO-16. EVA Duration: 0.31 days. The astronauts completed assembly of the Dextre robotic manipulator, installed the LWAPA adapter plate on the External Payload Facility of the Columbus module, and transferred spare equipment from Endeavour's payload bay to the station's External Stowage Platform 2. They were unable to complete the planned installation of the MISSE 6 sample exposure experiment on the LWAPA.
Born on this day in:
- 1930 - James Benson 'Jim' Irwin. American Pilot Astronaut. Birth City: Pittsburgh. Birth State: Pennsylvania. Birth Country: USA.
Died on this day in: - 1993 - Robert Aitken Rushworth
. American Pilot Test Pilot. Cause of Death: Died of natural causes, Camarillo, California.
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© Mark Wade, 1997 - 2008 except where otherwise noted.
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