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Javelin

Launch vehicle · USA

Original archive entry. The text, images and links below are kept as they were written.

Javelin
Javelin

American sounding rocket. The four-stage Javelin rocket was originally known as the Argo D-4 and was developed by the Air Force to replace its Jason rocket with the mission of measuring radiation in space after high-altitude nuclear explosions. It was subsequently used by NASA for a variety of high-altitude near-space scientific experiments.

The Javelin consisted of an unmodified surplus Honest John military rocket as the first stage, topped by two surplus Nike booster motors in tandem, and an Altair X-248 fourth stage adapted from the Vanguard program.

From NASA SOUNDING ROCKETS, 1958-1968 - A Historical Summary, NASA SP-4401, 1971, by William R. Corliss

During the first year of the existence of Goddard's Sounding Rocket Branch, several sounding rockets, whose development predated NASA, came into the "stable" of vehicles readily available to NASA. Chief among these were the Javelin and Journeyman, both in the so-called Argo series. The Argo series was developed by the Aerolab Development Co. under the sponsorship of NACA/NASA, with support from the Air Force Special Weapons Center, the Naval Bureau of Ordnance, and the Allegany Ballistics Laboratory.

The Argo vehicles were derived from a family of NACA/NASA hypersonic test vehicles, after the fashion of the Nike-Deacon and Nike-Cajun. Aerolab has designed a long series of Argo rockets, including the Argo E-20, designed to lift 4.5 kg (10 lb) to 24 384 m (80 000 ft); but only the Jason (Argo E-5), the Javelin (Argo D-4), and the Journeyman (Argo D-8) have seen significant use. NASA never employed the Jason, but it is the rocket that the Air Force employed to measure high-altitude nuclear radiation during the Argus experiments in the late summer of 1958, when nuclear weapons were exploded at high altitudes. NASA has used the Javelin to some extent. The Journeyman helped NASA gather radiation data prior to the Mercury flights and has also seen some Air Force use. In general, the Argos are rather large by sounding rocket standards. They were all put together from off-the-shelf military hardware, often following vehicle adaptations by Langley Research Center. NASA use of the Argo series has been minimal.

Payload: 57 kg (125 lb) to a 1100 km altitude.

More at: Javelin.

Subtopics

  • Nike Javelin American sounding rocket. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Nike + 1 x Javelin.
  • Javelin 3 American sounding rocket. Single stage vehicle.
  • HJ Nike Javelin American sounding rocket. Three stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M-6 + 1 x Nike + 1 x Javelin 3
  • HJ Nike Hydac American sounding rocket. Three stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M-6 + 1 x Nike + 1 x Hydac
  • Terrier Hydac American sounding rocket.
  • Nike Hydac American sounding rocket. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x Nike + 1 x Hydac
  • HJ Hydac American sounding rocket. Two stage vehicle consisting of 1 x M-6 + 1 x Hydac
  • HJ Javelin American sounding rocket. NASA/Canadian four-stage sounding rocket could reach altitudes of 850 km.

Related

Country
USA
Stages
Altair 1, M-6, M5E1
Agency
Aerojet
Bibliography
17, 2, 378

Chronology

85 events

1959 July 7

11:15 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Test / particles mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF AFSWC. Apogee: 1,045 km (649 mi). Four-stage Argo D4 rocket with an ARDC Javelin payload fired from Wallops Island to an altitude of 750 miles, first in a series of USAF-NASA launchings to measure natural radiation surrounding the earth..

1959 July 21

Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin. FAILURE: Failure.
  • Test mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF AFSWC. Apogee: 100 km (60 mi).

1959 December 22

07:56 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • X248 test - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 901 km (559 mi). In a United States-Canadian cooperative project, NASA launched the first four-stage Javelin sounding rocket from Wallops Station to an altitude of 560 miles to measure the intensity of galactic radio noise..

1960 January 15

04:52 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Test / lyra-alpha mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF AFSWC. Apogee: 1,200 km (700 mi).

1960 January 26

05:42 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • X248 test - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 951 km (590 mi).

1960 June 30

20:25 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin. FAILURE: Failure.
  • Magnetic fields Magnetosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 65 km (40 mi).

1960 November 10

01:44 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ionosphere Aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 975 km (605 mi).

1960 December 10

22:30 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Sodium release Aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 716 km (444 mi).

1960 December 12

22:36 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Magnetic fields Magnetosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 1,140 km (700 mi).

1961 April 27

20:02 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 724 km (449 mi).

1961 June 13

05:12 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 867 km (538 mi).

1961 June 15

00:02 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Antenna deploy test Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 901 km (559 mi).

1961 June 24

23:17 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Topside Sounder Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 1,018 km (632 mi).

1961 September 13

09:32 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Sodium release Aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 331 km (205 mi).

1961 September 13

23:53 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Sodium release Aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 431 km (267 mi).

1961 October 10

17:40 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 1,544 km (959 mi). NASA Argo D-4 rocket was launched from Wallops, reaching an altitude of 585 miles and landing 817 miles out in the Atlantic, to gather data on the density of electrically charged helium atoms in the upper atmosphere..

1961 October 14

04:26 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Topside Sounder Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 1,055 km (655 mi).

1961 November 17

16:06 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 610 km (370 mi).

1962 February 7

11:50 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 960 km (590 mi).

1962 May 3

20:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • ELF electron trap Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 845 km (525 mi).

1962 July 9

Launch Site: Johnston Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Thermal electrons Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

1962 July 9

Launch Site: Johnston Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Thermal electrons Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

1962 July 9

09:16 GMT - . Launch Site: Johnston Island. Launch Complex: Johnston Island LC1. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • STARFISH Diag. - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

1962 July 9

09:20 GMT - . Launch Site: Johnston Island. Launch Complex: Johnston Island LC1. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • STARFISH Diag. - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 640 km (390 mi).

1962 July 9

09:40 GMT - . Launch Site: Johnston Island. Launch Complex: Johnston Island LC1. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • STARFISH Diag. - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 640 km (390 mi).

1962 July 23

Launch Site: Johnston Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Mass spectrometer Aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

1962 October 26

Launch Site: Johnston Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Mass spectrometer Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

1962 November 27

Launch Site: Johnston Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • RPA Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 500 km (310 mi).

1963 July 2

14:18 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Topside sounder Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 934 km (580 mi).

1963 September 29

02:37 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Topside sounder Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 1,037 km (644 mi).

1964 January 17

05:01 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Composition / Airglow Aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 925 km (574 mi).

1964 April 15

23:25 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ionosphere / test - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 727 km (451 mi).

1964 October 8

05:32 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ion composition Ionosphere / aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 1,004 km (623 mi).

1964 October 19

15:42 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 840 km (520 mi).

1964 October 23

16:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • RAE development Radio astronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 1,100 km (600 mi).

1964 November 5

19:03 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • JHU Airglow 7 Aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 867 km (538 mi).

1964 November 5

20:39 GMT - . Launch Site: Fort Churchill. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ionosphere / B field Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 840 km (520 mi).

1964 November 7

05:14 GMT - . Launch Site: Fort Churchill. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ionosphere / B field Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 714 km (443 mi).

1965 January 13

17:12 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 1,006 km (625 mi).

1965 May 19

20:11 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • M / DTR Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 947 km (588 mi).

1965 May 26

19:01 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin. FAILURE: Failure.
  • Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 320 km (190 mi).

1965 August 25

18:31 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Helium ionization Aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 902 km (560 mi).

1965 September 23

14:36 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 805 km (500 mi).

1965 October 5

00:42 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • M / DTR Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 960 km (590 mi).

1965 October 10

01:25 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin. FAILURE: Failure.
  • M / DTR Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 32 km (19 mi).

1966 March 2

17:59 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Geoprobe Aeronomy / ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 536 km (333 mi).

1966 May 1

05:17 GMT - . Launch Site: Fort Churchill. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • B / p / e Aurora / fields mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF CRL. Apogee: 710 km (440 mi).

1966 May 20

19:04 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • RAE development Radio astronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 998 km (620 mi).

1966 June 28

17:23 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Pulse Phase Delay Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 546 km (339 mi).

1966 July 12

21:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Extreme ultraviolet Airglow Aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 1,015 km (630 mi).

1966 August 15

18:28 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Composition Aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 698 km (433 mi).

1966 September 24

09:13 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • MPE Barium release Aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 930 km (570 mi).

1966 October 6

20:29 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 650 km (400 mi).

1967 February 9

06:16 GMT - . Launch Site: Fort Churchill. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Rice auroral Plasma mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 752 km (467 mi).

1967 March 18

05:47 GMT - . Launch Site: Fort Churchill. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Rice auroral Plasma mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 794 km (493 mi).

1967 April 12

05:22 GMT - . Launch Site: Fort Churchill. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • ISIS test / overflight Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 870 km (540 mi).

1967 May 17

20:58 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ion density / Composition Aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 1,006 km (625 mi).

1967 June 16

10:37 GMT - . Launch Site: Natal. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • GRS Test Technology / plasma mission - . Nation: Germany. Agency: DFVLR, NASA. Apogee: 1,100 km (600 mi).

1967 June 17

08:30 GMT - . Launch Site: Natal. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • GRS Test Technology / plasma mission - . Nation: Germany. Agency: DFVLR, NASA. Apogee: 991 km (615 mi).

1967 June 21

19:02 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • ISIS overflight Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 792 km (492 mi).

1967 September 21

07:38 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 768 km (477 mi).

1967 December 8

01:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Fort Churchill. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ion-proton transit'n Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 805 km (500 mi).

1968 March 2

05:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Fort Churchill. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Auroral P / F Aurora mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 805 km (500 mi).

1968 April 9

21:26 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Extreme ultraviolet Dayglow Aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 856 km (531 mi).

1968 May 25

05:19 GMT - . Launch Site: Fort Churchill. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • VLF radio noise Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 805 km (500 mi).

1968 November 9

08:55 GMT - . Launch Site: Fort Churchill. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • P / F Plasma mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 592 km (367 mi).

1968 December 10

17:16 GMT - . Launch Site: Fort Churchill. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Helium ionization Aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 837 km (520 mi).

1969 May 16

03:53 GMT - . Launch Site: Fort Churchill. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • B field Plasma mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 789 km (490 mi).

1969 May 30

08:51 GMT - . Launch Site: Fort Churchill. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • B field Plasma mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: USAF. Apogee: 825 km (512 mi).

1969 June 26

18:30 GMT - . Launch Site: Natal. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 795 km (493 mi).

1970 January 26

22:30 GMT - . Launch Site: Natal. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • DLR N-J-19 Ionosphere mission - . Nation: Germany. Agency: DLR. Apogee: 800 km (490 mi).

1970 January 30

22:30 GMT - . Launch Site: Natal. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • DLR N-J-20 Ionosphere mission - . Nation: Germany. Agency: DLR. Apogee: 800 km (490 mi).

1970 February 18

07:34 GMT - . Launch Site: Fort Churchill. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Auroral substorm Plasma mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 494 km (306 mi).

1970 March 7

18:47 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Eclipse / plasma mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 829 km (515 mi).

1970 April 3

04:59 GMT - . Launch Site: Fort Churchill. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Auroral substorm Plasma mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 557 km (346 mi).

1970 September 1

20:10 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 800 km (490 mi).

1970 October 5

09:05 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • MPE Barium release? Plasma mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 900 km (550 mi).

1971 June 25

08:44 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 660 km (410 mi).

1972 February 10

17:02 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Plasma mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 851 km (528 mi).

1972 September 12

05:31 GMT - . Launch Site: Fort Churchill. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Auroral substorm Aurora mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 718 km (446 mi).

1973 July 17

22:13 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Aeronomy mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 724 km (449 mi).

1973 November 18

21:22 GMT - . Launch Site: Natal. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 650 km (400 mi).

1973 November 22

21:29 GMT - . Launch Site: Natal. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Ionosphere mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 650 km (400 mi).

1975 February 11

02:16 GMT - . Launch Site: Fort Churchill. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin.
  • Plasma mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 791 km (491 mi). Final successful Javelin launch..

1976 July 18

01:23 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. LV Family: Honest John. Launch Vehicle: Javelin. FAILURE: Failure.
  • Chemical Release test / plasma mission - . Nation: USA. Agency: NASA. Apogee: 25 km (15 mi).