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Mir

Soyuz-Mir-Kvant

Soyuz-Mir-Kvant
Soyuz-Mir-Kvant-Soyuz Isometric
Credit: © Mark Wade

The Mir space station was the last remnant of the once mighty Soviet space program. The core module was launched on 1986-02-20. It was built to last only five years, and consisted of a station core derived from the Salyut space station, with docking ports to accomodate additional modules for specialized research. As the Soviet Union collapsed Mir stayed in orbit, but the final modules were were delivered years late and could only be completed with American financial assistance. The Mir complex in the end consisting of 7 modules with 11.5 metric tons of scientific equipment. It cost $220 to $240 million per year to keep in operation. Kept flying over a decade beyond its rated life, Mir proved a source of pride to the Russian people and proved the ability of their cosmonauts and engineers to improvise and keep operations going despite all manner of challenges and mishaps.

AKA: DOS 17KS-12701;DOS 7. Status: Operational 1986. First Launch: 1986-02-19. Last Launch: 1986-02-19. Number: 1 . Thrust: 5.88 kN (1,322 lbf). Gross mass: 21,000 kg (46,000 lb). Unfuelled mass: 19,800 kg (43,600 lb). Specific impulse: 305 s. Height: 13.13 m (43.07 ft). Span: 29.73 m (97.53 ft).

Early work on the design was accomplished in the early 1970's under the MKBS-1 designation prior to the 1974 cancellation of the N1 launch vehicle. The design of an improved model of the Salyut DOS-17K space station was finally authorized as part of the third generation of Soviet space systems in a 17 February 1976 decree. At that time it was planned that the two stations (DOS-7 and DOS-8) would be equipped with two docking ports at either end of the station and an additional two ports at the sides of the forward small diameter compartment. By the time of the draft project in August 1978 this had evolved to the final Mir configuration of one aft port and five ports in a spherical compartment at the forward end of the station. Up to that time it was planned that the ports would provide docking positions for 7 metric ton modules derived from the Soyuz spacecraft. These would use the Soyuz propulsion module, as in Soyuz and Progress, but would be equipped with long laboratory modules in place of the descent module and orbital module.

Following the decision to cancel Chelomei's manned Almaz military space station program, a resolution of February 1979 consolidated the programs, with the docking ports to be reinforced to accommodate 20 metric ton space station modules based on Chelomei's TKS manned ferry spacecraft. This order was unpopular with NPO Energia engineers, who felt that often-replaced lower-cost 7 metric ton modules were a better technical solution. Nevertheless NPO Energia was made responsible for the overall space station, but subcontracted the work to KB Salyut due to the press of in-house work on Energia, Salyut 7, Soyuz-T, and Progress. The subcontractor began work in the summer of 1979, with drawings being released in 1982-1983. New systems incorporated into the station included the Salyut 5B digital flight control computer and gyrodyne flywheels (taken from Almaz), and the new Kurs automatic rendezvous system, Altair satellite communications system, Elektron oxygen generators, and Vozdukh carbon dioxide scrubbers. Mir was part of the Kosmometriy scientific program, with the objective of measuring the precise distance and characteristics of the earth's surface, ocean, and atmosphere, including spectral characterization.

By early 1984 all work on Mir ground to a halt as all resources were put on getting the Buran space shuttle into flight test. This changed in the spring 1984 when Glushko was called into the office of the Central Committee's Secretary for Space and Defence and ordered to orbit Mir by the 27th Communist Party Congress in the spring of 1986. By the end of 1984 the static and dynamic test models of the station had been completed. The ground test model of the station was delivered in December 1984. The use of this full-fidelity test article, an approach taken on the Almaz program, was new to the civilian DOS project.

A major problem was that the station ended up one metric ton heavier than designed due to the final weight of the electrical cabling Even after removing most of the experimental equipment (it would have to be delivered to the station later by ferry craft) it still exceeded the performance of the Proton booster to the planned 65 degree inclination orbit. The decision was finally taken in January 1985 to use the same 51.6 degree orbit as Salyut, although this would reduce photographic coverage of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile problems with development of the new software for the Salyut 5B computer lead to the decision to launch Mir with the old analogue Argon computer from Salyut DOS-17K. The digital computer would have to be installed later in orbit.

By April 1985 it was clear that the planned processing flow could not be followed and still make the spring 1986 launch date. The decision was taken on Cosmonautics Day (April 12) to ship the flight model to Baikonur and conduct the systems testing and integration there. Mir arrived at the launch site on 6 May 1985. 1100 of 2500 cables required rework based on results of testing of the ground test model at Khrunichev. In October 1985 Mir was rolled outside of its clean room to conduct communications tests of the Altair system with the Cosmos 1700 satellite already in orbit.

The first launch attempt on 16 February 1986 at very low temperatures was scrubbed when the spacecraft communications failed. The second attempt on 20 February was successful. The political deadline had been met.

The early launch of Mir left the planners without Soyuz spacecraft or modules to launch to it. The decision was taken to launch Soyuz T-15 on a unique dual station mission. The Soyuz would first dock with Salyut 7, which was dead in space, and completely repair the station. They then would fly in their Soyuz to Mir, and put it into initial operation. This spectacular mission marked a new maturity in the Soviet space program.

Just as Mir assembly began in earnest, the Soviet Union disintegrated. The military Spektr module was cancelled and no funds were available for completion of the Priroda earth resources module. Vice President Al Gore and Prime Minister Victor Chernomyrdin signed an agreement for a two-phase International Space Station program at the US-Russian summit in Washington in September 1993. Phase One (1994-96) would involve Shuttle missions to Russia's current Mir station. NASA would pay Russia $100 million annually to keep a 'guest astronaut' on the Mir complex. The money also made it possible for Russia to launch the 'Spektr' and 'Priroda' expansion modules to Mir, with some US experiments onboard. The program was later extended by two more flights in 1998 to help pay for Russia's ISS contributions. In the end, NASA paid the Russians $472 million for nine Shuttle dockings.

Following the end of the US flights, Mir barely continued in operation into the next century. When it became impossible to keep it going by selling visits to foreign customers, it was decided to bring it down in the Pacific Ocean using a specially modified Progress tug. By then it had been in orbit for 15 years. It had been continuously added to, survived crashes with errant spacecraft and space debris, and provided astronauts from many nations with experience in extended space flight.

Spacecraft Description

The Mir base block was the backbone of the Mir space station. It was the principal space station control element and contained the main computers, communications equipment, kitchen and hygiene facilities, and primary living quarters. The module provided 90 cubic meters of habitable volume. The base block included six docking ports used as permanent attachment points for the other station modules and for temporary docking of manned and unmanned resupply ships.

Mir was equipped with its own orbital maneuvering engines. These could not be used after the arrival of Kvant (the first station module), but the base block still provided the principal propellant storage tanks and primary attitude control for the entire space station.

The base block was divided into four compartments, designated as the working, transfer, intermediate and assembly compartments. All but the assembly compartment were pressurized. A small airlock was also available for experiments or for the release of small satellites or refuse.

Spacecraft systems

Power to the base block was initially provided by 2 x 38 sq. meter arrays providing 9 kW. A third array was added to the base block in 1987 to bring total power to 10.1 kW. Additional power from visiting Progress-M and Soyuz-TM vehicles and other station modules added to the station's total supply as it grew. The arrays charged 12 NiCd batteries. The base block was equipped with an integrated refuelable pressure-fed propulsion system consisting of 32 x 137 N attitude control thrusters and 2 x 2.9 kN thrusters for orbital maneuver. The system used N2O4/UDMH hypergolic propellants.

The life support system maintained the station's environment at 18-28 degrees. C and 20-70 percent humidity. The Vozdukh electrolytic system was used to recycle station atmosphere with a backup chemical scrubbing system. Station pointing could be controlled to within 15 arc-min.

Two primary flight control computers provide most station control functions. Star sensors, infrared Earth horizon sensors, sun sensors, magnetometers, gyros, and accelerometers were used for attitude determination. Communication with the ground was via 11-14 GHz links either directly to ground stations or through Luch geosynchronous relay satellites. Rendezvous and docking was conducted automatically by transport spacecraft through use of the Kurs system transponders located at each docking port Mir.

Equipment originally delivered with the base block included: - Splav-2 crystal growth facility - Zona zone melt facility - Kashtan electrophoresis unit - Bulgarian Rozhen photometer - Spektr-256 and MKS-M spectrometers - Pion-M multipurpose physics unit (41 kg) - Biryuza semiconductor materials unit Ruchei electrophoresis installation - Yantar metal coating equipment - Mariye magnetic spectrometer - Korund furnace (136 kg).

An extensive suite of Earth observation instruments was operational on the Mir space station. Although only a pair of devices were carried abroad Mir at its launch in 1986, sixteen major systems were deployed to the Mir core module or the Kvant 2 and Kristal auxiliary modules:

Mir Core Module:

Kvant 2 Module:

Kristal Module:

Plans call for the launch in late 1995 of the Priroda (Nature) auxiliary module to augment substantially the Earth observation capabilities of the Mir space station.

The Mir space station was also equipped with a wide assortment of electric furnaces and other devices and with the added benefit of crew participation. One of the primary objectives of the Kristal module, attached to Mir in 1990, was to support microgravity experiments. Despite the fact that microgravity conditions were typically 10-100 times worse on a manned versus an unmanned spacecraft, man-tended experiments on Soviet-built space stations, some lasting more than a week, proved to be quite successful. The other principal drawback of materials science research on Mir was the extremely limited capability of returning samples to Earth. This was ameliorated in late November, 1990, when the Progress M recoverable capsule was successfully tested for the first time. This system was used approximately twice each year, returning up to 150 kg of cargo (including the product of materials science research) per mission.

In 1987 three electric furnaces were delivered to Mir: Korund-1M, Kristallizator, and Mirror-Beam. These were augmented or superseded in 1990 by the five new furnaces installed on the Kristal module: Krater V, Kristallizator, Optizon, Zona 2, and Zona 3. Other Mir materials science devices were used for electrophoresis (Aynur-Kristall, EFU Robot, Ruchey, and Svetlana), protein crystallization (Aynur-Mir), and miscellaneous experiments (Biostoykost, Svetoblok, and Yantar). Most materials science experiments were of Russian origin, but some were created by Ukrainian specialists.

Crew Size: 12. RCS Coarse No x Thrust: 32 x 135 N. RCS Fine No x Thrust: Gyrodyne reaction wheels. Electric System: 2.50 average kW.


More at: Mir.

Subtopics

37K-Mir Russian manned space station. Cancelled 1983. The basic 37K design consisted of a 4.2 m diameter pressurized cylinder with a docking port at the forward end. It was not equipped with its own propulsion system.

37KS Russian manned space station module. Cancelled 1983. Would have been launched by Proton and delivered and docked to the Mir station by a new lighter weight FGO tug.

Mir Modules-FGB Russian space station modules derived from the Chelomei TKS ferry. See entries for Kvant-2, Priroda, Spektr, and Kristall for details on each.

Mir / DOS 7 Null

Soyuz T-15 First spacecraft to fly between two space stations. Epic repair mission. Crew first docked with new Mir station. After six weeks commissioning, flew to dead Salyut 7, returned it to life, recovered experiments. Returned to Mir before returning to earth.

Mir complex Russian manned space station. Assembled 1986 to 1996. Designation given to the entire Mir space station.

Soyuz TM-2 Laveykin returned to earth aboard Soyuz TM-3 after concerns developed about his health.

Soyuz TM-3 Aleksandrov replaced the ailing EO-2 crew member Laveykin and remained aboard Mir with Romanenko.

Soyuz TM-4 Record flight duration. Revised software installed as a result of the Soyuz TM-5 abort overloaded the TM-6 computer; first landing aborted. Backup software program used and TM-6 landed successfully.

Soyuz TM-5 First successful space station flight of Bulgarian cosmonaut. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station.

Soyuz TM-6 First Afghani astronaut. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station.

Soyuz TM-7 Mir Expedition EO-4. Mission curtailed when delays in launching the Kvant-2 and Kristall modules to Mir led to the decision to leave the station uninhabited until the add-on modules were ready.

Soyuz TM-8A Planned flight to ensure continuous occupation cancelled due to budget cutbacks and delay in launching Kvant 2 and Kristall modules.

Soyuz TM-8 Mir Expedition EO-5. Attached the new Kvant-2 module to the station; conducted five spacewalks; tested the Soviet UMK manned maneuvering unit.

Kvant-2 Russian manned space station module. Kvant 2. Kvant-2 was a utility module launched to the Mir station. It provided an airlock, additional electric power, and additional gyrodynes for orienting the station. Built by Khrunichev for MOM > RKA, Russia. Launched 1989.

Soyuz TM-9 Mir Expedition EO-6. Attached the Kristall module to the station and conducted repairs to their Soyuz TM-9 return spacecraft and Kvant-2 airlock.

Kristall Russian manned space station module. Kristall was a dedicated zero-gravity materials and biological science research module for the Mir space station, launched in January 1990, built by Khrunichev for MOM > RKA, Russia. Launched 1990.

Soyuz TM-10 Mir Expedition EO-7. Carried out a relatively modest program of geophysical and astrophysical research, biological and biotechnological experiments, and work on space-materials science.

Soyuz TM-11 Mir Expedition EO-8. crew of V M Afanasyev, M Kh Manarov was transported to the Mir orbital station by Soyuz TM-11, together with T Akiyama (Japan) for the purpose of carrying out joint work with the cosmonauts G M Manakov and G M Strekalov. The launch was funded jointly with the private Japanese company TBS. The Japanese television network ended up paying $ 28 million for the first commercial flight to Mir to put Akiyama, the first journalist in space aboard Soyuz TM-11. Akiyama returned to earth on Soyuz TM-10 with the Mir EO-7 crew after a week in space.

Soyuz TM-12 Docked with Mir; Expedition EO-09.

Soyuz TM-13A Soyuz TM-13 and TM-14 crews were reshuffled extensively due to commercial considerations and necessity of flying a Kazakh cosmonaut. This was the original crew assignment. Kaleri and Avdeyev were replaced by Kazakh researchers in the final crew.

Soyuz TM-13 Mir Expedition EO-10. Only Russian EO crewmember left after a paying British passenger was found and political necessity of flying a Kazakh cosmonaut. EO-9 crew Krikalyov stayed aboard as the other EO-10 crewmember.

Soyuz TM-14A Soyuz TM-13 and TM-14 crews were reshuffled extensively due to commercial seat bookings by Austria and Germany and the necessity of flying a Kazakh-born cosmonaut as part of the Baikonur rental agreement. This was the original crew assignment. The Kazakh researchers were moved to the earlier Soyuz TM-13 flight.

Soyuz Buran Support Planned Soyuz flight to Mir. Main purpose was to provide spaceflight experience to Bachurin and Borodai, who had been selected as back-up crew of the first manned Buran flight (the original back-up crew of Levchenko and Shchukin both died in 1988). Cancelled in cut-backs after fall of the Soviet Union.

Soyuz TM-14B Soyuz TM-13 and TM-14 crews were reshuffled extensively due to commercial seat bookings by Austria and Germany and the necessity of flying a Kazakh-born cosmonaut as part of the Baikonur rental agreement. This was the second crew assignment. The Kazakh researchers were moved to the earlier Soyuz TM-13 flight and paying German researchers took their place in the final crew.

Soyuz TM-14 Mir Expedition EO-11.

Soyuz TM-15 Mir Expedition EO-12. In-orbit record for a Soyuz spacecraft.

Spektr - Original Russian military anti-satellite system. Study 1989. Chelomei designed a spacecraft bus for space based weapons based on his TKS space tug. This was an alternate / competitive design to the NPO Energia USB.

Soyuz TM-16 Mir Expedition EO-13. Soyuz carried the APAS androgynous docking system instead of the usual probe system.

Soyuz TM-17 Mir Expedition EO-14.

Soyuz TM-18 Mir Expedition EO-15.

Soyuz TM-19 Mir Expedition EO-16. Soyuz TM-19 docked at the rear port of the Kvant module (vacated by Progress M-23 on July 2) at 13:55:01 GMT on July 3. Soyuz TM-19 undocked from Mir at 07:29 GMT on November 4. The Soyuz instrument module (PAO, priborno-agregatniy otsek) fired its deorbit engine, and was jettisoned together with the orbital module (BO, bitovoy otsek) at 10:51 GMT, with entry interface for the descent module (SA, spuskaemiy apparat) at 10:54. It landed 170 km north-east of Arkalyk in Kazakhstan on 1994 November 4 at 11:18 GMT.

Soyuz TM-20 Mir Expedition EO-17. During mission crew boarded Soyuz and then redocked with Mir in a test of the station's Kurs system.

Buran 5 Cancelled Buran Flight 5 (3K1) would have been the first flight of the third orbiter. It would be the first manned Buran flight; the third orbiter was the first outfitted with life support systems and ejection seats.

STS-63 First African-American to walk in space. First female shuttle pilot. First rendezvous of a shuttle with the Mir space station. Deployed ODERACS 2A-2E; deployed and retrieved Spartan 204.

Soyuz TM-21 First American to fly aboard a Russian spacecraft.

Spektr Russian manned space station module. Spektr was a module of the Mir space station. It began life as a dedicated military research unit. Built by Khrunichev for MOM > RKA, Russia. Launched 1995.

STS-71 Spacelab-Mir. First docking of a US spacecraft with the Mir space station.

Soyuz TM-22 First ESA astronaut on long-duration Mir crew.

Mir-Shuttle Docking Module Russian manned space station. A specialized SO docking module was originally designed for docking the Buran space shuttle with the Mir-2 space station.

STS-74 Docked with Mir space station. Delivered the Russian-built 316GK Shuttle-Mir docking module to Mir.

Soyuz TM-23 Mir Expedition EO-21. Soyuz TM-23 docked with Mir at 14:20:35 on February 23. The spacecraft undocked on September 2 at 04:20 GMT, and made a small separation burn at 04:24:40 GMT. Deorbit was at 06:47:20 GMT . The three modules separated at 07:14:36 and the parachute deployed at 07:26 GMT. The landing was at 07:41:40 GMT, 100 km SW of Akmola in Kazakhstan with Yuri Onufrienko, Yuri Usachyov and Claudie Andre-Deshays. This concluded the French 'Cassiopee' mission.

STS-76 Shuttle-Mir Mission 3. First American EVA on Mir space station.

Priroda Russian manned space station module. Priroda was the last Mir module launched. It was originally an all-Soviet remote sensing module for combined civilian and military surveillance of the earth. Launched 1996.

Soyuz TM-24 Mir Expedition EO-22. Valeriy Korzun and Aleksandr Kaleri of the Russian Space Agency (RKA) Claudie Andre-Deshays of the French space agency CNES. This launch was the first of the Soyuz-U booster with a crew aboard following two launch failures of on unmanned flights.

STS-79 Carried Spacehab Double Module, containing supplies for the Mir.

STS-81 Transferred 2,715 kg of equipment to and from Mir.

Soyuz TM-25 Mir Expedition EO-23. Mission was an endless series of collisions, breakdowns, fires, and other emergencies. The Soyuz landing rockets failed to fire on touchdown, giving one of the roughest landings experienced by a returning Mir crew.

STS-84 Delivered to Mir and returned to earth 2500 kg of payload.

Soyuz TM-26 Soyuz docked manually. Over the next six months the crew undertook seven internal and external spacewalks to repair the crippled space station.

STS-86 Docked with Mir. Flyaround focused on the damaged Spektr Module to determine the location of the puncture in its hull.

Inspector 1 (X-Mir-Inspector) Null

STS-89 First Uzbek astronaut. First flight of Block IIA SSME engines. Penultimate Shuttle mission to Mir.

Soyuz TM-27 Soyuz TM-27 carried the Mir EO-25 crew and French astronaut Leopold Eyharts. NASA and the Russian Space Agency had hoped Soyuz TM-27 could dock with Mir while Endeavour was still there, resulting in an on-board crew of 13, a record which would have stood for years or decades. But the French vetoed this, saying the commotion and time wasted would ruin Eyharts Pegase experimental program.

STS-91 First shuttle flight with super light-weight external tank. Final shuttle-Mir mission. Recovered NASA astronaut Andy Thomas from Mir and took Russian space chief Valeri Ryumin to Mir for an inspection tour.

Soyuz TM-28 As only one final Soyuz mission to Mir was planned, with two of the seats on that Soyuz pre-sold to Slovak and French experimenters, Padalka returned to earth without Avdeyev, who had to stay aboard for two extended crew missions.

Soyuz TM-29 Afanasyev was the only Russian cosmonaut aboard, since two crew seats had been sold to Slovakia and France. This meant that Russian engineer Avdeyev already aboard Mir would have to accept a double-length assignment.

Soyuz TM-30 The crew reactivated Mir and, using Progress M1-1 and M1-2, resupplied the station and raised the orbit to 360 x 378 km.

Soyuz TM-31 First ISS resident crew.

MIR-29 Planned EO-29 long-duration crew for Mir. Cancelled due to financial reasons following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Prime crew Sharipov and Vinogradov; Backup crew Musabayev and Baturin.

MIR-30 Planned EO-30 long-duration crew for Mir. Cancelled in November 2000 for financial reasons following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Prime crew Musabayev and Baturin.

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Family: Soviet Space Stations, Space station, Space station orbit. People: Chretien, Ryumin, Savinykh, Strekalov, Levchenko, Merbold, Lyakhov, Kizim, Berezovoi, Polyakov, Akiyama, Blaha, Lucid, Aleksandrov, Thagard, Serebrov, Romanenko, Shchukin, Arzamazov, Aubakirov, Gibson, Solovyov, Vladimir, Titov, Vladimir, Viktorenko, Solovyov, Ross, Volkov, Aleksandr, Haignere, Afanasyev, Dunbar, Apt, Baturin, Tognini, Wilcutt, Cameron, Chang-Diaz, Manakov, Musabayev, Manarov, Ivins, Laveykin, Akers, Faris, McArthur, Schlegel, Aleksandrov, Aleksandr, Thomas, Andrew, Readdy, Godwin, Flade, Clifford, Wetherbee, Sega, Korzun, Baker, Budarin, Balandin, Vinogradov, Habib, Baker, Mike, Poleshchuk, Masum, Tsibliyev, Reilly, Chilton, Linenger, Precourt, Walz, Mace, Timothy, Avdeyev, Harbaugh, Kaleri, Searfoss, Harris, Wolf, Artsebarsky, Halsell, Voss, Janice, Collins, Eileen, Ewald, Foale, Kondakova, Eyharts, Gorie, Andre-Deshays, Usachyov, Lazutkin, Edwards, Joe, Reiter, Padalka, Wisoff, Treshchev, Krikalyov, Jett, Grunsfeld, Clervoy, Mohmand, Bloomfield, Lawrence, Kavandi, Hadfield, Noriega, Anderson, Viehboeck, Stoyanov, Onufrienko, Parazynski, Malenchenko, Gidzenko, Zalyotin, Dezhurov, Duque, Lothaller, Sharman, Lu, Bella, Sharipov, Kikuchi. Country: Russia. Engines: KRD-79. Spacecraft: Progress, Soyuz T, Spacelab, Discovery, Atlantis, Mir, Soyuz TM, Mir complex, Kvant, Progress M, Kvant-2, Kristall, Mak, Endeavour, Znamya, Spacehab, GFZ-1, Spektr, Mir-Shuttle Docking Module, Priroda, Inspector, Progress M1. Flights: Soyuz T-15, Soyuz TM-2, Soyuz TM-2 Mir LD-1, Soyuz TM-3, Soyuz TM-3 Mir EP-1, Soyuz TM-4, Soyuz TM-4 LII-1, Soyuz TM-5, Soyuz TM-6, Soyuz TM-6 Mir LD-2, Soyuz TM-7, Soyuz TM-7 Aragatz, Soyuz TM-8A, Soyuz TM-8, Soyuz TM-9, Soyuz TM-10, Soyuz TM-11, Soyuz TM-11 Kosmoreporter, Soyuz TM-12, Soyuz TM-12 Juno, Soyuz TM-12 Mir LD-3, Soyuz TM-13A, Soyuz TM-13, Soyuz TM-13 Austromir, Soyuz TM-14A, Soyuz Buran Support, Soyuz TM-14B, Soyuz TM-14, Soyuz TM-14 Mir 92, Soyuz TM-15, Soyuz TM-15 Antares, Soyuz TM-16, Soyuz TM-17, Soyuz TM-17 Altair, Soyuz TM-18, Soyuz TM-18 Mir LD-4, Soyuz TM-19, Soyuz TM-20, Soyuz TM-20 Euromir 94, Buran 5, STS-63, Soyuz TM-21, STS-71, STS-71 Mir EO-19, Soyuz TM-22, STS-74, Soyuz TM-23, STS-76, STS-76 Mir NASA-1, Soyuz TM-24, Soyuz TM-24 Cassiopee, STS-79, STS-79 Mir NASA-2, STS-81, STS-81 Mir NASA-3, Soyuz TM-25, Soyuz TM-25 Mir 97, STS-84, STS-84 Mir NASA-4, Soyuz TM-26, STS-86, STS-86 Mir NASA-5, STS-89, STS-89 Mir NASA-6, Soyuz TM-27, Soyuz TM-27 Mir Pegase, STS-91, Soyuz TM-28, Soyuz TM-28 Mir EO-26/-27, Soyuz TM-28 Mir EP-4, Soyuz TM-29, Soyuz TM-29 Mir Stefanik, Soyuz TM-30, Soyuz TM-31. Launch Vehicles: Proton, Proton-K, Space Shuttle, Soyuz-U, Soyuz-U2. Propellants: N2O4/UDMH. Launch Sites: Cape Canaveral, Baikonur, Baikonur LC200/39. Agency: NASA, Korolev bureau, NASA Houston, DASA, MOM, UNKS, VKS. Bibliography: 182, 2, 20, 274, 3547, 3548, 3549, 3550, 3551, 3552, 3553, 453, 474, 6, 66, 67, 8, 11437, 12842.
Photo Gallery

MirMir
View of Mir in space.
Credit: NASA


Mir against SpaceMir against Space
The Mir station seen against space during one of the Shuttle-Mir missions.
Credit: NASA


Mir CutawayMir Cutaway


Mir 1997Mir 1997


Control CenterControl Center
Manned spaceflight control centre at Korolev
Credit: © Mark Wade


MirMir
Mir base block.


Control CenterControl Center
Manned spaceflight control centre
Credit: © Mark Wade


Mir simulatorMir simulator
Mir simulator at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre
Credit: © Mark Wade


Shuttle/Mir 1993Shuttle/Mir 1993
ISS Phase One Shuttle/Mir. The US Space Shuttle docks with Russia's "Mir" space station.
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos


Mir Complex CutawayMir Complex Cutaway
Cutaway drawing of the Mir space station.


Mir Phase 5Mir Phase 5
Configuration of the Mir space station in the fifth phase of assembly.
Credit: © Mark Wade


Orlan DM SpacesuitOrlan DM Spacesuit
Orlan DM spacesuit used on Mir.
Credit: Andy Salmon


SPK MMUSPK MMU
SPK Manned Manoeuvring Unit
Credit: Andy Salmon


Mir against HorizonMir against Horizon
The Mir station seen against the horizon during one of the Shuttle-Mir missions.
Credit: NASA


ToruToru
TORU control station, exhibited at the Russian Pavilion, Hannover Expo 2000.
Credit: © Mark Wade


Mir 1985Mir 1985
Mir according to 1985 Department of Defense report.
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos


MirMir
Credit: Manufacturer Image


Soviet Platform 85Soviet Platform 85
Soviet artists concept of orbital platform incorporating the Salyut 7 station, 1985
Credit: DoD via Marcus Lindroos


Mission ControlMission Control
TsPUK Mission Control Kaliningrad
Credit: © Mark Wade


Interior of Soyuz TMInterior of Soyuz TM
Credit: © Mark Wade


Cutaway of KvantCutaway of Kvant
Cutaway of Kvant illustrating service module that separated after docking with Mir.
Credit: RKK Energia


Progress capsuleProgress capsule
Progress return capsule. Diagram illustrates separation from Progress during deorbit burn and recovery sequence.
Credit: © Mark Wade


Interior of Soyuz TMInterior of Soyuz TM
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz T panelSoyuz T panel
Soyuz T control panel 1
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz T panelSoyuz T panel
Soyuz T control panel 2
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz T panelSoyuz T panel
Soyuz T control panel
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz T panelSoyuz T panel
Soyuz T control panel 3
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz T panelSoyuz T panel
Soyuz T control panel 4
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz T panelSoyuz T panel
Soyuz T control panel 5
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz TSoyuz T
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz T engineSoyuz T engine
The Soyuz T introduced a new service module with unitary translation/attitude control thrusters as part of a single bipropellant system with the main pump-fed engine.
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz TMSoyuz TM
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz TMSoyuz TM
Credit: RKK Energia


Unknown capsuleUnknown capsule
unknown capsule at Energia Museum
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz TMSoyuz TM
Credit: © Mark Wade


Kvant / SM JettisonKvant / SM Jettison
Picture Kvant showing SM jettison 2
Credit: RKK Energia


Kvant / SM JettisonKvant / SM Jettison
Picture Kvant showing SM jettison 1
Credit: RKK Energia


Progress M cutawayProgress M cutaway
Cutaway of Progress T resupply craft.
Credit: RKK Energia


ProgressProgress
View of the original Progress spacecraft, as displayed in Moscow in 1981.
Credit: © Mark Wade


Progress MProgress M
Drawing of the advanced version of the Progress resupply spacecraft used with Mir.
Credit: © Mark Wade


Panel Soyuz TMPanel Soyuz TM
Control panel of the Soyuz T/TM later version of the space station ferry vehicle..
Credit: © Mark Wade


Soyuz Descent ModuleSoyuz Descent Module
Credit: © Mark Wade


Progress capsuleProgress capsule
View of the Progress 'Raduga' mini-capsule used for recovery of materials from the Mir station.
Credit: © Mark Wade


Progress MProgress M
Drawing of the advanced version of the Progress resupply spacecraft used with Mir.
Credit: © Mark Wade


ProgressProgress
Drawing of the initial version of the Progress refuelling spacecraft.
Credit: © Mark Wade


MirMir
Credit: Manufacturer Image


Kvant CutawayKvant Cutaway
The Kvant module was the first addition to the Mir core. The module is divided into a pressurised laboratory compartment and a non-pressurised equipment compartment. The laboratory compartment is further divided into an instrumentation area and a living area, which are separated by an interior partition.


Kristall CutawayKristall Cutaway
Kristall is the third addition to the Mir core vehicle. Kristall is divided into an instrument/cargo and instrument/docking compartment.


Progress ShroudProgress Shroud
Early Progress launches used the Soyuz shroud. Although the launch escape tour was retained to maintain the proven aerodynamics, the escape motors and grid stabilizers on the side of the shroud were deleted.


Kvant 2 CutawayKvant 2 Cutaway
Kvant 2 was the second addition to the Mir core module. The module has is divided into three pressurised compartments: instrumentation/cargo, science instruments and an airlock.



1971 May 7 - . LV Family: N1.
1971 May 17 - .
1971 May 18 - .
1971 August 2 - . LV Family: N1.
1971 August 10 - .
1971 September 21 - . LV Family: N1.
1971 October 10 - . LV Family: N1.
1972 August 2 - . LV Family: N1.
1974 January 2 - . LV Family: N1, R-7, N11, Molniya 8K78L.
1974 February 28 - . LV Family: N1, R-7, N11, Molniya 8K78L.
1976 February 17 - .
1978 August - .
1979 February - .
1981 February 11 - .
1982 During the Year - .
1982 - During the year - .
1983 November - .
1984 Spring - .
1984 December - .
1985 April 12 - .
1985 May 6 - .
1985 August 2 - . 07:15 GMT - .
1985 October - .
1986 February 16 - .
1986 February 19 - . 21:28 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC200/39. LV Family: Proton. Launch Vehicle: Proton-K.
1986 March 13 - . 12:33 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1986 March 19 - . 10:08 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1986 April 23 - . 19:40 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1986 May 21 - . 08:21 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1986 May 28 - . 05:43 GMT - .
1986 May 31 - . 04:57 GMT - .
1986 July 16 - .
1987 January 16 - . 06:06 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1987 February 5 - . 21:38 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1987 March 3 - . 11:14 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1987 March 31 - . 00:16 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC200/39. LV Family: Proton. Launch Vehicle: Proton-K.
1987 April 11 - . 19:41 GMT - .
1987 April 21 - . 15:14 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1987 May 19 - . 04:02 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1987 June 12 - . 16:55 GMT - .
1987 June 16 - . 15:30 GMT - .
1987 July 22 - . 01:59 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1987 July 30 - .
1987 August 3 - . 20:44 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1987 September 23 - . 23:43 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1987 November 20 - . 23:47 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1987 December 21 - . 11:18 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1987 December 29 - .
1988 January 20 - . 22:51 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1988 February 26 - . 09:00 GMT - .
1988 March 23 - . 21:05 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1988 May 10 - .
1988 May 13 - .
1988 May 13 - . 00:30 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1988 May 15 - .
1988 June 6 - .
1988 June 7 - . 14:03 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1988 June 17 - .
1988 June 30 - . 05:33 GMT - .
1988 July 18 - . 21:13 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1988 August 29 - . 04:23 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1988 September 7 - .
1988 September 9 - . 23:33 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1988 October 20 - . 05:59 GMT - .
1988 November 26 - . 15:49 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1988 December 9 - . 09:57 GMT - .
1988 December 21 - .
1988 December 25 - . 04:11 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1989 February 10 - . 08:53 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. Launch Pad: LC1 or LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1989 March 16 - . 18:54 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. Launch Pad: LC1 or LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1989 April - .
1989 April 27 - .
1989 August 23 - . 03:09 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1989 September 5 - . 21:38 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1989 November 26 - . 13:01 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC200/39. LV Family: Proton. Launch Vehicle: Proton-K.
1989 December 20 - . 03:30 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1990 January 8 - . 20:23 GMT - .
1990 January 11 - . 18:01 GMT - .
1990 January 26 - . 12:09 GMT - .
1990 February 1 - . 08:15 GMT - .
1990 February 5 - . 06:08 GMT - .
1990 February 11 - . 06:16 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1990 February 19 - .
1990 February 28 - . 23:10 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1990 May 5 - . 20:44 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1990 May 31 - . 10:33 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC200/39. LV Family: Proton. Launch Vehicle: Proton-K.
1990 July 17 - . 13:06 GMT - .
1990 July 26 - . 11:15 GMT - .
1990 August 1 - . 09:32 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1990 August 9 - .
1990 August 15 - . 04:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1990 September 27 - . 10:37 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1990 October 30 - . 21:45 GMT - .
1990 December 2 - . 08:13 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1990 December 10 - .
1991 January 7 - . 17:03 GMT - .
1991 January 14 - . 14:50 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1991 January 23 - . 10:59 GMT - .
1991 January 26 - . 09:00 GMT - .
1991 March 19 - . 13:05 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1991 April 26 - . 20:29 GMT - .
1991 May 18 - . 12:50 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1991 May 26 - .
1991 May 30 - . 08:04 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1991 June 17 - . 21:50 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC200/39. LV Family: Proton. Launch Vehicle: Proton-K.
1991 June 25 - . 21:11 GMT - .
1991 June 28 - . 19:02 GMT - .
1991 July 15 - . 11:45 GMT - .
1991 July 19 - . 11:10 GMT - .
1991 July 23 - . 09:15 GMT - .
1991 July 27 - . 08:44 GMT - .
1991 August - .
1991 August 20 - . 22:54 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1991 October 2 - . 05:59 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1991 October 10 - .
1991 October 17 - . 00:05 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1991 End - .
1991 December - .
1991 End - .
1991 December 5 - .
1992 During the Year - .
1992 January 19 - .
1992 January 25 - . 07:50 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1992 February 21 - .
1992 February 21 - . 20:09 GMT - .
1992 February 27 - .
1992 March 17 - . 10:54 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1992 March 25 - .
1992 April 19 - . 21:29 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1992 May 30 - .
1992 June 27 - .
1992 June 28 - .
1992 June 30 - . 16:43 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1992 July 4 - .
1992 July 8 - . 12:38 GMT - .
1992 July 27 - . 06:08 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1992 August 10 - .
1992 August 15 - . 22:18 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1992 September 3 - . 13:32 GMT - .
1992 September 4 - .
1992 September 7 - . 11:47 GMT - .
1992 September 11 - . 10:06 GMT - .
1992 September 15 - . 07:49 GMT - .
1992 September 25 - .
1992 October 1 - .
1992 October 27 - . 17:19 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1993 January 24 - . 05:58 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1993 February 1 - .
1993 February 21 - . 18:32 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1993 March 15 - .
1993 March 31 - . 03:34 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1993 April 19 - . 17:15 GMT - .
1993 May - .
1993 May 19 - .
1993 May 22 - . 06:41 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1993 June 18 - . 17:25 GMT - .
1993 July 1 - .
1993 July 1 - . 14:32 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1993 July 4 - .
1993 July 15 - .
1993 July 16 - .
1993 July 22 - .
1993 July 22 - .
1993 July 26 - .
1993 August 6 - .
1993 August 10 - . 22:23 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1993 August 11 - .
1993 August 13 - .
1993 September 14 - .
1993 September 16 - . 05:57 GMT - .
1993 September 17 - .
1993 September 20 - .
1993 September 20 - . 03:51 GMT - .
1993 September 22 - .
1993 September 28 - .
1993 September 28 - . 00:57 GMT - .
1993 October 8 - .
1993 October 11 - . 21:33 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1993 October 12 - .
1993 October 14 - .
1993 October 21 - .
1993 October 22 - . 15:47 GMT - .
1993 October 23 - .
1993 October 29 - . 13:38 GMT - .
1993 October 30 - .
1993 November 16 - .
1993 November 21 - .
1993 December 10 - .
1994 During the Year - .
1994 January 6 - .
1994 January 8 - . 10:05 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1994 January 9 - .
1994 January 11 - .
1994 January 14 - .
1994 January 15 - .
1994 January 24 - .
1994 January 28 - . 02:12 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1994 January 29 - .
1994 January 31 - .
1994 February 11 - .
1994 March 15 - .
1994 March 22 - . 04:54 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1994 March 23 - .
1994 March 25 - .
1994 March 26 - .
1994 April - .
1994 May 10 - .
1994 May 17 - .
1994 May 22 - . 04:30 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1994 May 25 - .
1994 June 25 - .
1994 July 1 - .
1994 July 1 - . 12:24 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1994 July 3 - .
1994 July 9 - .
1994 July 9 - .
1994 July 17 - .
1994 July 25 - .
1994 July 30 - .
1994 August 16 - .
1994 August 25 - .
1994 August 25 - . 14:25 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1994 August 27 - .
1994 August 31 - .
1994 September 2 - .
1994 September 6 - .
1994 September 9 - . 07:00 GMT - .
1994 September 13 - .
1994 September 13 - . 06:30 GMT - .
1994 September 29 - .
1994 October 3 - . 22:42 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1994 October 4 - .
1994 October 6 - .
1994 October 13 - .
1994 October 31 - .
1994 November 2 - .
1994 November 4 - .
1994 November 4 - .
1994 November 9 - .
1994 November 11 - .
1994 November 11 - . 07:21 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1994 November 13 - .
1994 Late or Early 1995 - .
1994 December 20 - .
1995 January 11 - .
1995 January 26 - .
1995 February 3 - . 05:22 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1995 February 11 - .
1995 February 11 - .
1995 February 12 - .
1995 February 15 - .
1995 February 15 - . 16:48 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1995 February 17 - .
1995 March 14 - . 06:11 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1995 March 16 - .
1995 March 22 - .
1995 March 22 - .
1995 April 6 - .
1995 April 9 - . 19:34 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1995 April 12 - .
1995 April 19 - . 21:50 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1995 April 20 - .
1995 May 8 - .
1995 May 12 - .
1995 May 12 - . 04:20 GMT - .
1995 May 16 - .
1995 May 17 - .
1995 May 17 - . 02:38 GMT - .
1995 May 18 - .
1995 May 20 - . 03:33 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC81/23. LV Family: Proton. Launch Vehicle: Proton-K.
1995 May 22 - .
1995 May 22 - . 00:10 GMT - .
1995 May 23 - .
1995 May 26 - .
1995 May 28 - . 22:22 GMT - .
1995 June 1 - .
1995 June 1 - . 22:05 GMT - .
1995 June 5 - .
1995 June 7 - .
1995 June 10 - .
1995 June 13 - .
1995 June 15 - .
1995 June 17 - .
1995 June 27 - . 19:32 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1995 July 7 - .
1995 July 11 - .
1995 July 14 - . 03:56 GMT - .
1995 July 17 - .
1995 July 17 - .
1995 July 19 - . 00:39 GMT - .
1995 July 20 - .
1995 July 20 - . 03:04 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1995 July 21 - . 00:28 GMT - .
1995 July 22 - .
1995 August 26 - .
1995 September 3 - . 09:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U2.
1995 September 4 - .
1995 September 11 - .
1995 October 8 - . 18:50 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1995 October 20 - . 11:50 GMT - .
1995 November 12 - . 12:30 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1995 November 20 - .
1995 December 8 - . 19:23 GMT - .
1995 December 18 - . 14:31 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1996 February 8 - . 14:03 GMT - .
1996 February 21 - . 12:34 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1996 February 29 - .
1996 March 15 - . 01:04 GMT - .
1996 March 22 - . 08:13 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1996 March 27 - . 06:34 GMT - .
1996 March 31 - .
1996 April 2 - .
1996 April 15 - .
1996 April 22 - .
1996 April 23 - . 11:48 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC81/23. LV Family: Proton. Launch Vehicle: Proton-K.
1996 April 24 - .
1996 April 26 - .
1996 April 30 - .
1996 May 4 - .
1996 May 5 - . 07:04 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1996 May 7 - .
1996 May 17 - .
1996 May 21 - .
1996 May 21 - . 22:50 GMT - .
1996 May 25 - .
1996 May 25 - . 20:47 GMT - .
1996 May 30 - . 18:20 GMT - .
1996 May 31 - .
1996 June 5 - .
1996 June 6 - . 16:56 GMT - .
1996 June 7 - .
1996 June 13 - .
1996 June 13 - . 12:45 GMT - .
1996 July 4 - .
1996 July 9 - .
1996 July 14 - .
1996 July 16 - .
1996 July 19 - .
1996 July 22 - .
1996 July 25 - .
1996 July 30 - .
1996 July 31 - . 20:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1996 August 1 - .
1996 August 3 - .
1996 August 13 - .
1996 August 16 - .
1996 August 17 - . 13:18 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1996 August 18 - .
1996 August 19 - .
1996 September 2 - .
1996 September 2 - .
1996 September 3 - .
1996 September 12 - .
1996 September 16 - . 08:54 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1996 September 17 - .
1996 September 19 - .
1996 September 26 - .
1996 October 7 - .
1996 October 24 - .
1996 October 29 - .
1996 November 13 - .
1996 November 19 - . 23:20 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1996 November 20 - .
1996 November 22 - .
1996 November 27 - .
1996 December 2 - . 15:54 GMT - .
1996 December 3 - .
1996 December 9 - . 13:50 GMT - .
1996 December 10 - .
1997 January 3 - .
1997 January 12 - . 09:27 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1997 January 14 - .
1997 January 15 - .
1997 January 20 - .
1997 January 22 - .
1997 January 28 - .
1997 February 10 - .
1997 February 10 - . 14:09 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1997 February 12 - .
1997 February 22 - .
1997 February 24 - .
1997 March 2 - .
1997 March 2 - .
1997 March 4 - .
1997 March 7 - .
1997 March 21 - .
1997 April 3 - .
1997 April 6 - . 16:04 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1997 April 7 - .
1997 April 9 - .
1997 April 19 - .
1997 April 25 - .
1997 April 29 - .
1997 April 29 - . 05:10 GMT - .
1997 May 11 - .
1997 May 15 - . 08:07 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1997 May 24 - .
1997 May 25 - .
1997 June 12 - .
1997 June 16 - .
1997 June 25 - .
1997 June 26 - .
1997 June 27 - .
1997 June 28 - .
1997 July 1 - .
1997 July 2 - .
1997 July 5 - . 04:11 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1997 July 7 - .
1997 July 11 - .
1997 July 15 - .
1997 July 20 - .
1997 July 22 - .
1997 July 28 - .
1997 July 31 - .
1997 August 5 - . 15:35 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1997 August 6 - .
1997 August 8 - .
1997 August 14 - .
1997 August 14 - .
1997 August 17 - .
1997 August 19 - .
1997 August 22 - . 11:14 GMT - .
1997 August 25 - .
1997 September 3 - .
1997 September 6 - .
1997 September 6 - . 01:07 GMT - .
1997 September 10 - .
1997 September 16 - .
1997 September 22 - .
1997 September 26 - . 02:34 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP2. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1997 September 29 - .
1997 October 1 - .
1997 October 5 - . 15:08 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1997 October 6 - .
1997 October 6 - .
1997 October 7 - .
1997 October 9 - .
1997 October 15 - .
1997 October 20 - . 09:40 GMT - .
1997 October 22 - .
1997 October 31 - .
1997 November 3 - .
1997 November 3 - . 03:32 GMT - .
1997 November 6 - .
1997 November 6 - . 00:12 GMT - .
1997 November 17 - .
1997 November 23 - .
1997 December 5 - .
1997 December 16 - .
1997 December 17 - .
1997 December 20 - . 08:45 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1997 December 22 - .
1998 January 2 - .
1998 January 9 - .
1998 January 9 - . 23:08 GMT - .
1998 January 14 - . 21:12 GMT - .
1998 January 16 - .
1998 January 23 - . 02:48 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP3. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1998 January 26 - .
1998 January 29 - . 16:33 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1998 January 31 - .
1998 February 1 - .
1998 February 9 - .
1998 February 19 - .
1998 February 19 - .
1998 February 21 - .
1998 February 23 - .
1998 March 2 - .
1998 March 3 - .
1998 March 3 - .
1998 March 14 - . 22:45 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1998 March 15 - .
1998 March 17 - .
1998 March 27 - .
1998 April 1 - . 13:35 GMT - .
1998 April 2 - .
1998 April 6 - . 13:35 GMT - .
1998 April 7 - .
1998 April 11 - . 09:55 GMT - .
1998 April 12 - .
1998 April 17 - .
1998 April 17 - . 07:40 GMT - .
1998 April 22 - .
1998 April 22 - . 05:34 GMT - .
1998 April 28 - .
1998 May 11 - .
1998 May 14 - . 22:12 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1998 May 17 - .
1998 May 31 - .
1998 June 2 - . 22:06 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
1998 June 3 - .
1998 June 3 - .
1998 June 5 - .
1998 June 9 - .
1998 June 12 - .
1998 June 18 - .
1998 June 28 - .
1998 July 7 - .
1998 July 24 - .
1998 August 4 - .
1998 August 13 - .
1998 August 13 - . 09:43 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1998 August 16 - .
1998 August 25 - .
1998 August 25 - .
1998 August 29 - .
1998 September 1 - .
1998 September 14 - .
1998 September 15 - . 20:00 GMT - .
1998 September 16 - .
1998 September 30 - .
1998 October 11 - .
1998 October 23 - .
1998 October 25 - .
1998 October 25 - . 04:14 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1998 October 27 - .
1998 November 2 - .
1998 November 11 - .
1998 November 11 - . 19:23 GMT - .
1998 December 4 - .
1998 December 21 - .
1998 December 27 - .
1999 January 15 - .
1999 January 30 - .
1999 February 3 - .
1999 February 5 - .
1999 February 8 - .
1999 February 20 - .
1999 February 20 - . 04:18 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1999 February 22 - .
1999 February 28 - .
1999 February 28 - .
1999 April 2 - .
1999 April 2 - . 11:28 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1999 April 13 - .
1999 April 16 - . 04:37 GMT - .
1999 July 12 - .
1999 July 16 - . 16:37 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
1999 July 17 - .
1999 July 19 - .
1999 July 23 - . 11:06 GMT - .
1999 July 24 - .
1999 July 28 - . 09:37 GMT - .
1999 July 29 - .
1999 August 10 - .
1999 August 16 - .
1999 August 25 - .
1999 August 28 - .
1999 August 29 - .
1999 September 6 - .
1999 November 3 - .
1999 December 6 - .
1999 December 29 - .
2000 February 1 - . 06:47 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2000 February 24 - .
2000 March 31 - .
2000 April 4 - .
2000 April 4 - . 05:01 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2000 April 6 - .
2000 April 17 - .
2000 April 25 - . 20:08 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2000 April 28 - .
2000 May 10 - .
2000 May 12 - .
2000 May 12 - . 10:44 GMT - .
2000 May 26 - .
2000 June 16 - .
2000 June 16 - .
2000 September 17 - .
2000 October 16 - . 21:27 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2000 November 16 - . 00:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2001 January 24 - . 04:28 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2001 March 23 - .

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