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ISS

ISS 1996

ISS 1996
The Space Shuttle docks with the International Space Station.
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos

International Space Station. Development from 1994. Assembled in orbit over 13 years, 1998-2011. To be operated into the 2020's.

Status: Operational 1998. Gross mass: 417,289 kg (919,964 lb).

No project better illustrated the roller coaster effect of inconsistent space policies than the International Space Station, which was assembled by the American, European, Russian, Japanese and Canadian national space agencies. The Space Station program was started, at NASA's urging, by President Reagan in 1984. Reagan wanted to launch a major space project shortly before the elections, since it would create jobs in important states such as California, Texas and Florida. He also wanted to invite other NATO countries to participate in the US-led project, since the Soviet Union had been launching international crews to their Salyut space stations since 1971. The new American station would of course be bigger and better, sending a clear signal to the world about American leadership and dominance in space. However, the space station was also going to tie the emerging European and Japanese national space programs closer to the US-led project, thereby preventing those nations from becoming major, independent competitors.

Commercial space was booming and competition from other Western nations had become a major worry for the US aerospace industry. There was considerable commercial interest in the Space Shuttle, and some market analysts felt a space station could be economically important as a research lab or manufacturing center. The Reagan Administration generally extolled the virtues of free enterprise and small business, and the space station was regarded as an important market for private space investors.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration had its own institutional reasons for wanting a large space station. After the Apollo lunar landings in the late 1960s, the agency had fallen on hard times. In the 1970s the space budget was drastically reduced due to the high cost of the Vietnam War and social programs. NASA was barely able to secure funding for the Space Shuttle in 1972 as Apollo was cancelled. The space agency then had to exist on a virtual shoestring budget throughout the 1970s while struggling to complete the Shuttle development program. But the new Shuttle Transportation System (STS) turned out to be more expensive than expected when it finally became operational in 1982.

STS was also unpopular with the Reagan Administration, who disliked the idea of having NASA rather than private industry run a 'national spaceline.' The senior NASA managers thus wanted another program to complement the Shuttle; something that would 'give STS something to do' while showcasing its versatility and usefulness. At the same time, the new project was going to provide much-needed employment for as many NASA centers and aerospace contractors as possible. NASA had been unable to afford hiring new employees for much of the 1970s, and it was hoped that a large space station would persuade more young engineers to join the agency.

President Reagan, in his spend-to-the-death race with the Soviet 'Evil Empire', tasked NASA in 1984 to provide America with space station Freedom. NASA lumbered into action. The later mantra 'faster, better, cheaper' was then unknown. A bizarre program-management scheme had each station subsystem being developed by different NASA centers and contractors. By 1990, the first operational date had slipped from 1994 to 1997 and the station had ballooned into a $30 billion, 298-metric ton monster.

Meanwhile, in 1987-1993, the Russians successfully assembled and operated the 124-metric ton Mir station. The station's modules were evolved from those conceived for the secret military MKBS-1 station of 1974. Mir and its crews whirled round and round the world, through the collapse of the Soviet Union and Russian economic meltdown. By 1993, Russia had acquired unmatched experience in long-duration human flight, but it was apparent that there was no money for the follow-on Mir-2.

By this time, NASA had scaled down its station to a small 'Alpha' station in the seventh redesign in nine years. President Clinton's endorsement of the Alpha Station did little to help the project. In June 1993, a bid in Congress to kill the Station failed by a single vote (215-216). Scientists continued to be critical of the project, saying its benefits were more marginal than ever after the latest redesign and that the Station had lost its political mission following the end of the Cold War.

In September 1993, NASA presented Clinton with two final options: the small 4-man US-only 'Alpha' Station approved in June or the larger and much more capable 6-crew 'Russian Alpha' design. President Clinton chose the latter option. In October 1993, with the gunfire of the coup attempt outside their windows, NASA negotiators in Moscow agreed to the 'International Space Station' (ISS), a merger of stations Alpha and Mir-2.

The President also managed to strike a deal with Congress which established a fixed annual budget of $2.1 billion. The agreement was remarkably successful; the last attempt to cancel the project was rejected in the House of Representatives in 1994. Technologically, ISS reversed the continuing trend in the US since 1986 toward a smaller and less capable Station. The new configuration reintroduced the US laboratory and node modules into the design. ISS would have more science racks than Freedom and provided more power for experiments. The total mass in orbit was 370 metric tons, so the International Space Station weighed almost twice as much as Space Station Freedom.

A big plus according to NASA was that the Station now could be manned almost immediately, as soon as the Russian FGB and Service Modules had been launched. In contrast, Space Station Freedom would not have been capable of supporting a permanent crew before a dozen or so modules had been launched.

Aerospace mergers plus increased emphasis on commercial space made it easier for the new NASA Administrator, Dan Goldin, to reform the Space Station and NASA in general. The Space Station Program Office in Reston, Virginia was cancelled as NASA selected Boeing (which bought the space divisions of other Station contractors such as McDonnell-Douglas and Rockwell in the 1990s) as the new Station prime contractor. Boeing's contract from 1995 contained less NASA oversight than usual while giving the company and its Space Station 'integrated production teams' some financial rewards in case the projected goals were met. The Johnson Space Center now hosted the Station's new program office. All this greatly simplified the project's cumbersome management structure, although the efforts to avoid cost overruns and delays were not entirely successful.

European Space Agency contributions to the International Space Station program were seriously revised following the restructuring of the European manned spaceflight program in 1991-93. The November 1992 meeting in Granada decided to continue with a scaled back $3-billion Columbus module, but the French managed to force another reassessment in 1995 due to concerns about the US commitment to Space Station Freedom. The overall cost of the revised ESA programs was estimated to be $2 billion lower (at 1991 prices) than the original $10.8 billion projected for 1993-95. From 1993 to 2000, the total was projected to be about $25.7 billion, down from $29.7 billion.

ESA then merged its Columbus and manned space transportation plans into a single effort in 1994, to further reduce the overall cost of the $4.6-billion COF/CTV/ATV program. In October 1995, ESA finally decided to remain a partner in the ISS project after France, Italy and Germany managed to reach a complicated compromise on what the contributions should be and how much they would cost. The Italians received Ariane-5 and Columbus contracts from France and Germany. The $1.4-billion Columbus Orbiting Facility was also approved. The second major project was the French-led Automated Transfer Vehicle designed to carry 9,000 kg of cargo to ISS. It would cost $750 million to develop. The $1.7-billion Crew Transfer Vehicle capsule was however cut from the package, although France received $60 million for CTV studies.

In addition to its other contributions, the ESA Council also approved a 'complementary' ISS Phase 2 program in July 1994 for early development of laboratory and computer support equipment used on the US and Russian ISS segments, before Columbus was launched. Important projects included a computer system and European Remote Arm for the Russian Service Module. When ESA decided not to launch the Columbus Orbiting Facility on its Ariane-5 rocket, it had to reimburse the American's for using the Space Shuttle. As part of a barter deal signed in March 1997, ESA contributed experimental racks and freezer units for the US laboratory. ESA also contributed two Node modules worth $115 million free of charge, in return for receiving a 'free' Space Shuttle flight from the Americans to launch the Columbus Orbiting Facility (COF). The nodes were built by Alenia Spazio and based on the same basic pressurized module as the COF and Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules. One of the nodes carried the International Space Station's environmental control and life-support system and crew quarters since the US habitation module had been postponed due to cost overruns.

Brazil joined the ISS project in 1999. China remained outside the project, pursuing its own independent program. Despite its additional capabilities, the International Space Station's Fiscal 1994-2000 budget was actually lower than for any of the other redesigns. However, the lower cost came at a price since ISS would not be assembled as quickly as the other options. All the other redesigns planned to end the assembly phase by 2001. The International Space Station assembly sequence was not to be completed until 2006. In actuality, it would not be finished until 2011.

The ISS removed some of the space transportation burden from the Shuttle's back since the other international partners were to contribute their own rockets. However, ISS was also more challenging because its orbit had to be accessible to rockets launched from Russia's Baikonur spaceport at 45 degrees northern latitude. The greater ISS orbital inclination meant that the Shuttle's net payload was substantially reduced. NASA developed a new super lightweight aluminum-lithium propellant tank to boost the Shuttle's performance while gradually privatizing Space Shuttle management to save money. The pressurized modules and about 70% of the hardware developed for the old Space Station Freedom project were adopted for the International Space Station.

A major concern was whether the Americans would have the nerve to stay the course when inevitable mishaps occurred. The station, like Mir, required constant maintenance. It could not be shut down if America stopped shuttle flights for years as it did after the Challenger explosion. Russian engineers calculated that there was a 23% chance that the exposed Service Module would be punctured by orbital debris during the lifetime of the station. Although the alloy and type of construction there would contain any puncture within a 70x70-centimeter panel, they believed an impact on the American section would result in fractures propagating quickly across a 400x400-centimeter area, leading to explosive decompression, an uncontrollable spin and rapid break-up of the station. Fortunately the probability of such an impact was only 2%.

The first crisis came in April 1997 when NASA noticed that the essential Service Module, originally the core for the Mir-2 station, was still only an empty hull even though it was meant to be launched eight months later. Without the Service Module, the station would not have the rocket power needed to reboost its orbit and prevent it from spiraling in to a fiery re-entry. After an American ultimatum, Yeltsin put his government deeper into debt and saved the program.

Construction of the ISS began with the launch of the NASA-funded, Russian-built Zarya Functional Cargo Block (FGB, from its Russian name) in November 1998. A few weeks later, the shuttle Endeavour rendezvoused with Zarya and attached the first American module. Astronauts Jerry Ross and Jim Newman conducted three spacewalks to make electrical and data bus connections. The delayed Zvezda Russian Service Module was to have docked with the complex in July 1999, but only arrived a year later.

Only after the arrival of Zvezda could permanent occupancy begin. In October 2000, nine months behind schedule, veteran cosmonauts Yuri Gidzenko, Sergei Krikalyov and astronaut Bill Shepherd arrived aboard a Russian Soyuz spacecraft for a five-month stay. No less than 33 assembly flights had been scheduled through July 2004, with additional equipment, habitation or laboratory modules being added every month. At first the cluster resembled Mir. But after the long truss was installed and the huge solar wings deployed the station achieved its final form.

The delays in station assembly cascaded after the inevitable mishap occurred in 2003. The shuttle Columbia disintegrated during reentry. NASA stayed the course, although the shuttle was grounded for 30 months and the ISS assembly schedule delayed by a further five years. The Russian Soyuz meanwhile kept a two-man minimum crew aboard the station to ensure it continued to operate.

NASA planned six research facilities devoted to fluids and combustion, materials science, gravitational biology and human zero-gravity adaptation. The first US lab module was to be attached in March 2000 (actual: February 2001), with the Canadian remote manipulating system arriving a month later (actual: April 2001). The Japanese JEM module was planned for July 2002 (actual: May 2008). Europe's Columbus module was scheduled for October 2003 (actual: February 2008).

By the time the ISS was completed in 2011, it also marked the retirement of the space shuttle. In a post-Cold War and post-9/11 world, NASA faced utter indifference from the public and politicians to the NASA version of manned spaceflight. NASA, unable to get out of its own way, for 30 years had been unable to develop any means of getting Americans in space aside from the shuttle. Various projects were started and then cancelled. Those before 2000 were generally considered to be a threat to the shuttle itself or cancelled when the NASA development process drove costs through the ceiling. Those later were tied to grandiose schemes for missions to the moon or Mars which were never fully funded.

So crew rotation to the ISS after 2011 would depend on the Russian Soyuz spacecraft. It was unsure whether a (delayed) commercial US manned spacecraft could be completed before the ISS would be decommissioned in 2020. Rather than assuring American dominance in space, the ISS had resulted in its withdrawal from the manned space arena. By 2015 NASA manned space facilities had become quiet ghost towns, kept alive by their Congressional delegations but with little real work to do. The ISS itself never produced any of the promised significant economic or scientific results. After the ISS was retired, there would apparently be a Chinese space station, and perhaps a small Russian facility if partners could be found to provide funding. But America, in space as on the earth, had reached the end of empire.


More at: ISS.

Subtopics

ISS Space Station Remote Manipulator System Canadian manned space station module. One launch, 2001.02.07. When the Space Station plan was changed in 1987, its satellite servicing element was postponed indefinitely.

ISS Space Telescope American visible astronomy satellite. Study 1988. The Space Station's free-flying unmanned platforms were all deleted in 1987-90 to compensate for the budget cuts. However, some of them may yet be reintroduced in the 21st century.

Spacehab American manned space station module. Spacehab, Inc was founded by Bob Citron in 1982 in Houston. It was the only entrepreneurial company of the 1900's to successfully develop a commercial manned spaceflight module.

ISS MPLM American manned space station reusable supply module built by Alenia Spazio for NASA. Launched and returned to earth, 2001-2011. When the International Space Station (ISS) was redesigned again in 1993, it was decided to expand the original Mini-Pressurized Logistics Module design of 1992.

ISS Columbus Orbiting Facility European manned space station. Launched 2008.02.07. In October 1993, ESA decided to further slash its overall budget by a combined $4.8 billion in 1994-2000. The Columbus space station module survived, but in a reduced form.

ISS Russian Science and Power Platform Russian manned space station module. Cancelled 1994. The RSPP was originally going to be launched on six Russian Proton rockets fairly early during the ISS assembly phase.

SO (Stikovchnoy Otsek) Null

ISS Zarya ISS Space Station central module built by GKNPTs Khrunichev for NASA, Rosaviakosmos, Russia. Launched 1998.

STS-88 First ISS assembly mission. Delivered Unity space station node to orbit.

ISS Unity American manned space station. Unity was the first U.S.-built component of the International Space Station. Built by Boeing for NASA, USA. Launched 1998.

PMA 1, 2, 3 ISS adaptor module built by Boeing for NASA, USA. Launched 1998 - 2000.

STS-96 First docking with the ISS. Transferred equipment from the Spacehab Logistics Double Module to the interior of the station.

ISS Commercial Enterprise Module American manned space station module. Study 1999. The Russian economic crisis provided some intriguing opportunities for private industry.

STS-101 First flight with new 'glass cockpit'. ISS Logistics flight. Repair, resupply and construction tasks aboard the international space station.

ISS Zvezda Russian manned space station module. The Zvezda service module of the International Space Station had its origins a quarter century before it was launched. Built by GKNPTs Khrunichev for Rosaviakosmos, Russia. Launched 2000.

ISS-1R Flight planned in case the Russian Zvezda module failed to dock with the ISS. Cancelled after successful docking of Zvezda on 26 July 2000. Backup crew Korzun, Tershchyov.

STS-106 Docked with ISS. Outfitted the new Zvezda module for the arrival of the first permanent EO-1 crew.

ITS-Z1 ISS truss structure built by Boeing for NASA, USA. Launched 2000.

STS-92 100th shuttle mission + 100th US spacewalk. ISS Logistics flight; brought the Z-1 Truss , Control Moment Gyros, and Pressurized Mating Adapter-3 to the ISS.

ITS-S6 / ITS-P6 Null

STS-97 Installed a 72 m x 11.4 m, 65 kW double-wing solar panel on the Unity module of the ISS.

ISS Leonardo ISS logistic module built by Alenia Spazio, Italy, for NASA. Launched 2011.

STS-98 ISS Assembly flight. Delivered Destiny module and PMA-2 modules. After this mission the ISS was heavier than Mir.

STS-102 Primary mission was to deliver a multi-rack Italian Leonardo MultiPurpose Logistics Module, LMPLM to the Destiny Module.

STS-100 ISS Assembly flight. Continued the outfitting of the Station. Installed the 18 meter, 1,700 kg Canadarm-2 robotic arm and 4,500 kg of supplies aboard the Italian cargo container Raffaello.

Soyuz TM-32 ISS EP-1 First space tourist. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to ISS.

STS-104 ISS Assembly flight. Delivered Quest Airlock.

STS-105 ISS Assembly flight. Delivered five metric tons of supplies, hardware, and a bedroom suite to accommodate a third astronaut in the Destiny module. Installed two science experiment racks delivered in the Leonardo module.

Soyuz TM-33 ISS EP-2 French cosmonaut. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station.

STS-108 ISS Logistics flight. Brought supplies to the Station aboard the Raffaello module,

ISS Quest Joint Airlock American manned space station module, launched 2001. The Quest Joint Airlock was delivered to the ISS by STS-104 and installed onto the Unity module. Built by Boeing for NASA, USA. Launched 2001.

ISS Pirs Russian docking and airlock module for the International Space Station. Built by RKK Energia for RAKA, Russia. Launched 2001.

ISS Destiny American manned space station module. Launched 2001. American ISS module, a cylindrical structure that functioned as a science and technology module and the primary control module for the ISS.

ITS-S0 ISS truss structure built by Boeing for NASA, USA. Launched 2002.

STS-110 ISS Assembly flight. Carried the S0 truss segment to the ISS, the first segment of the main backbone of the station to which the solar arrays would be attached.

Soyuz TM-34 ISS EP-3 First South African astronaut. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station.

STS-111 ISS Logistics flight. Delivered the MBS Mobile Base System and some interior experiment racks.

ITS-S1 / ITS-P1 Null

STS-112 ISS Assembly flight. Extended the truss of the exterior rail line with a 14-m, 13-ton girder. At liftoff primary hold-down bolt initiators failed; backups functioned. At T+33s, a piece of the bipod ramp separated, hitting booster-tank attachment.

Soyuz TMA-1 ISS EP-4 First flight of the Soyuz TMA spacecraft. Belgian astronaut. Mission to swap Soyuz lifeboats docked to station.

STS-113 ISS assembly mission. Delivered 13.7-m, 12.5 ton truss to ISS. Four attempts to land on consecutive days, called because of bad weather.

Soyuz TMA-2A Soyuz TMA-2 was originally to switch lifeboats on the ISS. After the loss of Columbia, and grounding of the remaining shuttles, it was instead flown by a two-man skeleton crew to keep the station alive until shuttle flights could resume.

Soyuz TMA-2 ISS Expedition EO-7. Two-man Russian/American crew to provide minimal manning of space station while shuttle was grounded. Replaced three-man crew aboard ISS since before STS-107 disaster.

Soyuz TMA-3 ISS Expedition EO-8. Two-man Russian/American crew to provide minimal manning of space station while shuttle was grounded. Replaced EO-7 crew.

Soyuz TMA-3A Soyuz TMA-3 was originally to switch lifeboats on the ISS. After the Columbia disaster, the remaining shuttles were grounded. Soyuz TMA-3 instead flew with a skeleton crew to provide minimal manning of space station while shuttle was grounded.

STS-119A Flight delayed after the Columbia disaster. STS-119 was to have flown ISS Assembly mission ISS-15A. It would have delivered the fourth and final set of U.S. solar arrays along with the S6 fourth starboard truss segment.

STS-120A Flight delayed, then completely reorganized with a different crew and different orbiter after the Columbia disaster. STS-120 would have delivered to the station the second of three station connecting modules, Node 2, on ISS Assembly mission ISS-10A.

Soyuz TMA-4 ISS Expedition EO-9. Two-man Russian/American crew to provide minimal manning of ISS space station while the shuttle was grounded. Replaced EO-8 crew.

Soyuz TMA-4A Soyuz TMA-4 was originally to switch lifeboats on the ISS. After the Columbia disaster, the remaining shuttles were grounded. Soyuz TMA-4 instead flew with a skeleton crew to provide minimal manning of space station while shuttle was grounded.

STS-121A Cancelled after Columbia disaster; would have flown ISS Assembly mission ISS-9A.1, delivering the SPP with 4 Solar Arrays to the station.

STS-123A Cancelled after Columbia disaster; would have flown ISS resupply mission ISS-UF4. It would have delivered the contents of an Express Pallet, plus the SPDM and AMS to the station

Soyuz TMA-5 ISS Expedition EO-10. Two-man Russian/American crew to provide minimal manning of ISS space station while the shuttle was grounded. Replaced EO-9 crew.

STS-126A Flight cancelled after the Columbia disaster. Would have flown ISS resupply mission ISS-UF3; carried an MPLM module and Express Pallet for delivery of equipment and supplies

Soyuz TMA-6 ISS Expedition EO-11. Two-man Russian/American crew to provide minimal manning of ISS space station while the shuttle was grounded. Replaced EO-10 crew.

STS-114 Shuttle return to flight. Primary objective was to verify fixes made to external tank to prevent foam and ice shedding that killed STS-107 crew. Also resupplied ISS, which had to rely on smaller Progress logistics flights while the shuttle was grounded.

STS-300-1 Shuttle rescue mission in the case of problems with STS-114. The first of the Launch On Need or Launch on Demand contingency missions begun after the Russian Soyuz was used solely for ISS resident crew rotation.

Soyuz TMA-7 ISS Expedition EO-12. Six-month long-term resident crew of the International Space Station.

STS-130A Flight cancelled after the Columbia disaster. Would have flown ISS resupply mission ISS-UF5. Equipment and supplies would have been delivered to the station aboard an MPLM and Express Pallet.

Soyuz TMA-8 ISS Expedition EO-13. Six-month long-term resident crew of the International Space Station.

STS-131A Flight cancelled after the Columbia disaster. Would have flown ISS assembly mission ISS-14A. 4 SPP Arrays and the MMOD would have been delivered to the station.

STS-132A Flight cancelled after the Columbia disaster. Would have flown ISS resupply mission ISS-UF6. Supplies and equipment would have been delivered via an MPLM and EXPRESS Pallet in the cargo bay.

STS-121 ISS logistics flight. Delivered equipment and supplies aboard the Leonardo cargo module.

STS-133A Flight cancelled after the Columbia disaster. Would have flown ISS assembly mission ISS-20A. Node 3 would have been delivered to the station.

STS-300-2 Shuttle rescue mission in the case of problems with STS-121.

ITS-S3/4 / ITS-P3/4 Null

STS-115 ISS logistics flight. Delivered equipment and supplies aboard the Leonardo cargo module.

Soyuz TMA-9 ISS Expedition EO-14. Six-month long-term resident crew of the International Space Station.

STS-134A Flight cancelled after the Columbia disaster. Would have flown ISS assembly mission ISS-16A. The Habitation module would have been delivered to the station.

STS-138A Flight cancelled after the Columbia disaster. Would have flown ISS resupply mission ISS-UF7. The Centrifuge Accommodations Module (CAM) would have been delivered to the station.

STS-301 Shuttle rescue mission in the case of problems with STS-115.

ITS-S5 / ITS-P5 Null

STS-116 First Swedish astronaut. Most demanding ISS assembly mission to date. Completed installation of the P5 truss, retracted the recalcitrant port P6 solar array wing, and activated the truss electrical and cooling system.

STS-135A Flight cancelled after the Columbia disaster. Would have flown ISS assembly mission ISS-17A. An MPLM would have delivered Destiny lab racks and a CBA to the station.

STS-317 Shuttle rescue mission in the case of problems with STS-116.

STS-136A Flight cancelled after the Columbia disaster. Would have flown ISS assembly mission ISS-18A. The first US Crew Return Vehicle (CRV) would have been delivered to the station.

Soyuz TMA-10 ISS Expedition EO-15. Six-month, long-term, all-Russian resident crew of the International Space Station. Soyuz reentered with the forward hatch taking the re-entry heating, until the connecting strut burned through. 8.6 G ballistic re-entry, landing 340 km short.

STS-117 Final major step in assembly of the ISS truss and power-generating solar array segments. The S3/S4 Truss and its solar arrays were delivered and installed.

STS-137A Flight cancelled after the Columbia disaster. Would have flown ISS assembly mission ISS-19A. An MPLM and other station hardware would be delivered.

STS-318 Shuttle rescue mission in the case of problems with STS-117.

STS-118 ISS logistic mission. Delivered consumables, and completed necessary supplementary assembly, repair, and external equipment moves necessary for the next major stage of ISS assembly.

STS-322 Shuttle rescue mission in the case of problems with STS-118.

Soyuz TMA-11 First female space station commander. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Node 2, 3 (Harmony, Tranquility) Null

STS-120 ISS assembly mission. Delivered the Harmony module to the station, and external work moved the P6 truss to its final location and put the ISS into its full-power configuration for the first time.

STS-320 Shuttle rescue mission in the case of problems with STS-120.

STS-122 ISS assembly mission. Delivered to the ISS and installed the Columbus European Laboratory Module and the Multi-Purpose Experiment Support Structure - Non-Deployable (MPESS-ND).

ISS JLP (JEM-ELM-PM) Null

STS-123 ISS assembly mission. Delivered to the ISS and installed the Kibo Japanese Experiment Logistics Module - Pressurized Section (ELM-PS) and the Spacelab Pallet - Deployable 1 (SLP-D1) with the Canadian Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (Dextre).

STS-323 Shuttle rescue mission in the case of problems with STS-122.

Soyuz TMA-12 ISS Expedition EO-17. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

STS-324 Shuttle rescue mission in the case of problems with STS-123.

STS-124 ISS assembly mission. Delivered to the ISS and installed the Kibo Japanese Experiment Module Pressurized Module (JEM-PM) and the Japanese Remote Manipulator System (JEM RMS).

STS-326 Shuttle rescue mission in the case of problems with STS-124.

Soyuz TMA-13 ISS Expedition EO-18. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

STS-126 ISS logistics flight. Station resupply with Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM).

ISS Japanese Experiment Module Japanese manned space station module. Launched to ISS in three sections, 2008-2009. The Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) has been a rare island of stability in the often tumultuous Space Station program.

STS-119 ISS assembly mission. Delivered to the ISS and installed the fourth starboard truss segment (ITS S6) and fourth set of solar arrays and batteries.

Soyuz TMA-14 ISS Expedition EO-19. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz TMA-15 ISS Expedition EO-20. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

STS-400 Shuttle rescue mission in the case of problems with STS-125.

ISS JEF (JEM-EF) Null

STS-127 Delivered to the ISS and installed the Kibo Japanese Experiment Module Exposed Facility (JEM EF); Kibo Japanese Experiment Logistics Module - Exposed Section (ELM-ES); and Spacelab Pallet - Deployable 2 (SLP-D2).

STS-128 Delivered to the ISS and installed the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM); Lightweight Multi-Purpose Experiment Support Structure Carrier (LMC); Three-crew quarters, galley, and second treadmill (TVIS2); and the Crew Health Care System 2 (CHeCS 2).

Soyuz TMA-16 ISS Expedition EO-21. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

ELC ISS logistic carrier operated by NASA, USA. Launched 2009 - 2011.

STS-129 Resupply mission to deliver to the ISS the EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 1 (ELC1) and EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 2 (ELC2).

Soyuz TMA-17 ISS Expedition EO-22. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Cupola ISS observation module built by Alenia for ESA, USA. Launched 2010.

STS-130 Deliver to the ISS and install the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM) and the Lightweight Multi-Purpose Experiment Support Structure Carrier (LMC)

Soyuz TMA-18 ISS Expedition EO-23. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

STS-131 Contingency flight to assure ISS completion; nominal payload EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 3 (ELC3) and EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 4 (ELC4).

MRM 1 (DCM, SGM, Rassvet) Null

STS-132 Deliver to the ISS and install Node 3 with Cupola. With this mission ISS assembly is to have been completed.

Soyuz TMA-19 ISS Expedition EO-24. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz TMA-01M ISS Expedition EO-25. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

STS-133 Contingency flight to assure ISS completion; nominal payload EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 5 (ELC5) and EXPRESS Logistics Carrier 1 (ELC1). Astronaut Skopra was replaced by Bowen one month before launch when he was injured in a bicycle accident.

Soyuz TMA-20 Flight up of [Soyuz TMA-01M] manned spaceflight.

STS-134 Last ISS assembly mission and last flight of shuttle Endeavour.

Soyuz TMA-21 ISS Expedition EO-27. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

AMS 02 ISS experiment module operated by NASA, USA. Launched 2011.

Soyuz TMA-02M ISS Expedition EO-28. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

STS-135 Last flight of shuttle Atlantis and last space shuttle flight. Delivered supplies to keep ISS running at six-crew level until commercial resupply was to come on line in 2012. Extra contingency mission at end of shuttle program. The crew trained as STS-335, a rescue mission to return the STS-134 crew to earth if they became marooned in space. After the safe return of STS-134, the mission proceeded as STS-135, with a reduced crew that could be returned over an 18 month period aboard Soyuz capsules in case the crew could not return in Atlantis.

Soyuz TMA-22 ISS Expedition EO-29. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz TMA-03M ISS Expedition EO-30. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz TMA-04M ISS Expedition EO-31. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz TMA-05M ISS Expedition EO-32. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz TMA-06M ISS Expedition EO-33. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz TMA-07M ISS Expedition EO-34. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz TMA-08M ISS Expedition EO-35. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz TMA-09M ISS Expedition EO-36. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz TMA-10M ISS Expedition EO-37. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz TMA-11M ISS Expedition EO-38. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

UrtheCast 1 ISS earth observation payload operated by UrtheCast, Canada. Launched 2013.

Soyuz TMA-12M ISS Expedition EO-29. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz TMA-13M ISS Expedition EO-40. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz TMA-14M ISS Expedition EO-41. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz TMA-15M ISS Expedition EO-42. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz TMA-16M ISS Expedition EO-43. Padalka also delivered the long-term EP-17 crew of Scott and Korniyenko to the station and returned the short-term crew of Aimbetov and Mogensen to earth.

Soyuz TMA-17M ISS Expedition EO-44. Five-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz TMA-18M ISS Expedition EO-45. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station. Volkov also delivered the short-term EP-18 crew of Aimbetov and Morgensen to the station and returned the long term EP-17 crew of Kelly and Korniyenko to earth.

Soyuz TMA-19M ISS Expedition EO-46. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz TMA-20M ISS Expedition EO-47. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz MS-01 ISS Expedition EO-48. Six-month, long-term, resident crew of the International Space Station.

Soyuz MS-02 Soyuz MS-02 with astronauts Sergey Ryzhikov, Andrey Borisenko and Shane Kimbrough. They docked with the Poisk module at 0952 UTC Oct 21. On Apr 10, Soyuz MS-02 undocked from Poisk at 0757 UTC and landed in Kazakhstan at 1120 UTC, returing Ryzhikov, Borisenko and Kimbrough to Earth. Peggy Whitson became ISS commander of Expedition 51.

Soyuz MS-03 Soyuz MS-03 was launched with the crew of Oleg Novitskiy (Roskosmos), Thomas Pesquet (ESA) and Peggy Whitson (NASA). The Soyuz docked with the ISS Rassvet module at 2158 UTC Nov 19.

Soyuz MS-04 Soyuz MS-04 docked with the ISS Poisk module 6hr 4min after launch. Soyuz commander was Fyodor Yurchikin and flight engineer was Jack Fischer. This was the first two-person Soyuz mission in 14 years (Soyuz TMA-2 in Apr 2003), as Russia scaled back its ISS crew pending completion of the delayed Nauka module.

NICER ISS astronomy, X-ray payload for NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA. Launched 2017.

BA-330 Alternate designation for [Nautilus] manned space station module.

CAM ISS laboratory module built for NASA.

DSM ISS module built by GKNPTs Khrunichev for Rosaviakosmos.

Hab ISS habitation module built by Boeing for NASA.

ICM ISS interim service module built by Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) for NASA.

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UM (Prichal, NM, Progress-M-UM) Null

Family: Space station, USA - Space Stations. People: Tito, Olsen, Ross, Simonyi, Afanasyev, Cabana, Garneau, Voss, Culbertson, Baturin, Shepherd, Wilcutt, Tanner, Chang-Diaz, Cockrell, Morukov, Musabayev, Ivins, Phillips, McArthur, Schlegel, Morgan, Thomas, Andrew, Camarda, Godwin, Morin, Tokarev, Wetherbee, Korzun, Budarin, Duffy, Vinogradov, Barry, Reilly, Williams, Dave, Ashby, Guidoni, Doi, MacLean, Jones, Sellers, Pettit, Walz, Robinson, Lockhart, Gernhardt, Kaleri, Polansky, Rominger, Wolf, Halsell, Newman, Bowersox, Collins, Eileen, Foale, Fuglesang, Horowitz, Foreman, Forrester, Nespoli, Eyharts, Gorie, Andre-Deshays, Husband, Bursch, Linnehan, Usachyov, Fossum, Williams, Jeffrey, Helms, Ochoa, Reiter, Lopez-Alegria, Padalka, Wisoff, Treshchev, Krikalyov, Herrington, Jett, Kuipers, Currie, Smith, Steven, Yurchikhin, Anderson, Clayton, Bloomfield, Jernigan, Lawrence, Kavandi, Altman, Hadfield, Hire, Noriega, Creamer, Whitson, Mastracchio, Tyurin, Shargin, Wheelock, Lindsey, Archambault, Chiao, Swanson, Tani, Onufrienko, De Winne, Garriott, Richard, Burbank, Parazynski, Sturckow, Ferguson, Melroy, Garan, Hobaugh, Poindexter, Malenchenko, Curbeam, Gidzenko, Zalyotin, Johnson, Gregory H, Zamka, Dezhurov, Chamitoff, Weber, Mary, Walheim, Drew, Perrin, Stefanyshyn-Piper, Pontes, Duque, Nowak, Lu, Wakata, Payette, Bowen, Melvin, Kelly, Mark, Kelly, Scott, Patrick, Kelly, James, Richards, Paul, Kononenko, Higginbotham, Sharipov, Frick, Boe, Vittori, Magnus, Ham, Lonchakov, Oefelein, Noguchi, Olivas, Love, Williams, Kotov, Ansari, Wilson, Fincke, Kimbrough, Kozeyev, Virts, Reisman, Hoshide, Caldwell, Nyberg, Behnken, Muszaphar, Volkov, Sergey, Shuttleworth, Yi Soyeon. Country: USA. Spacecraft: Discovery, Atlantis, Soyuz TM, Progress M, Endeavour, Progress M1, Progress M-SO, Soyuz TMA. Flights: STS-88, STS-96, STS-101, STS-106, STS-92, Soyuz TM-31, STS-97, STS-98, STS-102, STS-102 ISS EO-2, STS-100, Soyuz TM-32 ISS EP-1, STS-104, STS-105, STS-105 ISS EO-3, Soyuz TM-33 ISS EP-2, STS-108, STS-108 ISS EO-4, STS-110, Soyuz TM-34 ISS EP-3, STS-111, STS-111 ISS EO-5, STS-112, Soyuz TMA-1 ISS EP-4, STS-113, STS-113 ISS EO-6, Soyuz TMA-2A, Soyuz TMA-2, Soyuz TMA-3, Soyuz TMA-3 Cervantes, Soyuz TMA-3A, STS-119A, STS-120A, Soyuz TMA-4, Soyuz TMA-4 Delta, Soyuz TMA-4A, STS-121A, STS-123A, Soyuz TMA-5, Soyuz TMA-5 ISS EP-7, STS-126A, Soyuz TMA-6, Soyuz TMA-6 Eneide, STS-114, Soyuz TMA-7, Soyuz TMA-7 ISS EP-9, STS-130A, Soyuz TMA-8, Soyuz TMA-8 ISS EP-10, STS-131A, STS-132A, STS-121, STS-121 Astrolab, STS-133A, STS-115, Soyuz TMA-9, Soyuz TMA-9 ISS EP-11, STS-134A, STS-138A, STS-116, STS-135A, STS-136A, Soyuz TMA-10, Soyuz TMA-10 ISS EP-12, STS-117, STS-117 ISS EO-15, STS-137A, STS-118, Soyuz TMA-11, Soyuz TMA-11 ISS EP-13, STS-120, STS-120 ISS EO-16, STS-122, STS-122 ISS EO-16, STS-123, STS-123 ISS EO-16, Soyuz TMA-12, Soyuz TMA-12 ISS EP-14, STS-124, STS-124 ISS EO-17, Soyuz TMA-13, Soyuz TMA-13 ISS EP-15, STS-126, STS-126 ISS EO-18, STS-119, STS-119 ISS EO-18, Soyuz TMA-14, Soyuz TMA-14 ISS EP-16, STS-125, Soyuz TMA-15, STS-127, STS-127 ISS EO-20, STS-128, STS-128 ISS EO-20, Soyuz TMA-16, STS-129, Soyuz TMA-17, STS-130, Soyuz TMA-18, STS-131, STS-132, Soyuz TMA-19, Soyuz TMA-01M, STS-133, Soyuz TMA-20, STS-134, Soyuz TMA-21, Soyuz TMA-02M, STS-135, Soyuz TMA-22. Launch Vehicles: Proton-K, Space Shuttle, Soyuz-U, Ariane 5G, Soyuz-FG, Ariane 5ES. Launch Sites: Cape Canaveral, Baikonur, Kourou. Agency: NASA, Korolev bureau, Chelomei bureau, NASA Greenbelt. Bibliography: 3485, 3509, 3510, 3511, 3516, 3517, 3518, 3519, 3520, 3521, 3522, 3523, 3524, 3525, 11243.
Photo Gallery

ISS Final StageISS Final Stage
The International Space Station in as planned at completion. From top to bottom, Soyuz rescue craft, Russian Service Module, Functional Cargo Block, NASA docking module, US Habitat Module, truss, US Lab Module, European Columbus and Japanese JEM modules, docked US space shuttle. The inside panels on the trusses are thermal control system radiators; four sets of blue solar panels are at the end of each truss. The station will orbit at an altitude of up to 370 kilometres at an inclination of 51.6 degrees. The solar panels will generate 110 kilowatts of power, with 46 kilowatts available for science experiments. Total station pressurised volume will be 1300 cubic metres, over three times that of Mir.
Credit: NASA


1993 ISS Diagram1993 ISS Diagram
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos


ISS 1993ISS 1993
1993 International Space Station
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos


1993 ISS Cost1993 ISS Cost
1993 International Space Station - ISS Plan. Despite its additional capabilities, the International Space Station's Fiscal 1994-2000 budget was actually lower than for any of the other redesigns. However, the International Space Station assembly sequence will now require another five years beyond the original completion date.
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos


Space Station AlphaSpace Station Alpha
The "compromise option" eventually chosen by Clinton was Option A.
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos


Space Station AlphaSpace Station Alpha
Later, additional laboratories and a habitation module could be added to create the complete Option A Space Station shown here.
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos


1995 ISS Diagram1995 ISS Diagram
1995 International Space Station - ISS Plan.
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos


1994 ISS1994 ISS
1993 International Space Station - ISS Plan. NASA presented Clinton with two final options: the small 4-man US-only "Alpha" Station approved in June or the larger and much more capable 6-crew "Russian Alpha" design shown here. President Clinton chose the latter option, essentially merging the American SS Freedom and Russian "Mir-2" projects into a new International Space Station (ISS).
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos


1994 ISS1994 ISS
1994 International Space Station - ISS Plan. Another view of the International Space Station. Technologically, ISS reversed the continuing trend (since 1986) toward a smaller and less capable Station. The new configuration reintroduced the US laboratory and node module into the design. ISS will have more science racks than Freedom and provide more power for experiments. The total mass in orbit is 370 metric tons, so the International Space Station weighs almost twice as much as Space Station Freedom.
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos


1993 ISS1993 ISS
1993 International Space Station - ISS Plan. The International Space Station work distribution plan from 1999.
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos


Venturestar/ISSVenturestar/ISS
Venturestar docks to ISS, 1994 Concept. Lockheed-Martin's "Aeroballistic Rocket" spaceplane -- now called Venturestar -- docks with the Space Station. This 1994 illustration shows what the "Alpha" International Space Station would look like, without Russian modules.
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos


American ISS SegmentAmerican ISS Segment
Space Transportation & American ISS Segment. Interior of the US laboratory module. The pressurized modules and about 70% of the hardware developed for the old Space Station Freedom project will be adopted for the International Space Station as well.
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos


ISS ZaryaISS Zarya
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos


European ISS ContribEuropean ISS Contrib
Other European ISS Contributions. ESA will also contribute two Node modules worth $115 million free of charge, in return for receiving a "free" Space Shuttle flight from the Americans to launch the Columbus Orbiting Facility (COF).
Credit: ESA via Marcus Lindroos


NASA Manned BudgetNASA Manned Budget
NASA Manned Spaceflight Budget 1975-2004
Credit: Marcus Lindroos


ISSISS
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos


ISSISS
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos


Space Station CostSpace Station Cost
Space Station - What Does It Cost?. Today, it appears the huge cost of the Space Shuttle (STS) and Space Station (ISS) programs will prevent NASA from doing any other manned space projects such as lunar or Mars missions. The U.S. space budget has been fairly constant since the mid-1970s and is not expected to change in the foreseeable future.
Credit: Marcus Lindroos


Space Station CostSpace Station Cost
Annual Cost to first Assembly Flight of the Various US Station Programs. Perhaps the most controversial aspect of the Space Station project has been its cost and the project's opponents and proponents frequently cite various figures to backup their claims. Here is a quick summary of what the project has cost so far.
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos


AlphaAlpha
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos


AlphaAlpha
Credit: NASA via Marcus Lindroos



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2001 April 11 - .
2001 April 19 - .
2001 April 19 - . 18:40 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2001 April 20 - .
2001 April 20 - .
2001 April 21 - .
2001 April 21 - .
2001 April 22 - .
2001 April 22 - .
2001 April 22 - . 11:44 GMT - .
2001 April 23 - .
2001 April 23 - .
2001 April 24 - .
2001 April 24 - .
2001 April 24 - . 12:32 GMT - .
2001 April 25 - .
2001 April 25 - .
2001 April 26 - .
2001 April 26 - .
2001 April 26 - .
2001 April 27 - .
2001 April 27 - .
2001 April 28 - .
2001 April 28 - .
2001 April 28 - . 07:37 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2001 April 29 - .
2001 April 29 - .
2001 April 30 - .
2001 April 30 - .
2001 May 1 - .
2001 May 1 - .
2001 May 1 - .
2001 May 1 - .
2001 May 2 - .
2001 May 6 - .
2001 May 6 - .
2001 May 9 - .
2001 May 16 - .
2001 May 20 - . 22:32 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2001 May 22 - .
2001 May 30 - .
2001 June 6 - .
2001 June 8 - .
2001 June 8 - . 14:20 GMT - .
2001 June 13 - .
2001 June 20 - .
2001 June 27 - .
2001 July 5 - .
2001 July 12 - .
2001 July 12 - .
2001 July 12 - . 09:03 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2001 July 13 - .
2001 July 13 - .
2001 July 14 - .
2001 July 14 - .
2001 July 15 - .
2001 July 15 - .
2001 July 15 - . 03:07 GMT - .
2001 July 16 - .
2001 July 16 - .
2001 July 17 - .
2001 July 17 - .
2001 July 18 - .
2001 July 18 - .
2001 July 18 - . 03:10 GMT - .
2001 July 19 - .
2001 July 19 - .
2001 July 20 - .
2001 July 20 - .
2001 July 21 - .
2001 July 21 - .
2001 July 21 - . 04:34 GMT - .
2001 July 22 - .
2001 July 22 - .
2001 July 23 - .
2001 July 23 - .
2001 July 24 - .
2001 July 24 - .
2001 July 24 - .
2001 July 25 - .
2001 July 30 - .
2001 August 1 - .
2001 August 8 - .
2001 August 10 - .
2001 August 10 - . 21:10 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2001 August 11 - .
2001 August 11 - .
2001 August 12 - .
2001 August 12 - .
2001 August 13 - .
2001 August 13 - .
2001 August 14 - .
2001 August 14 - .
2001 August 15 - .
2001 August 15 - .
2001 August 16 - .
2001 August 16 - .
2001 August 16 - . 13:56 GMT - .
2001 August 17 - .
2001 August 17 - .
2001 August 18 - .
2001 August 18 - .
2001 August 18 - . 13:39 GMT - .
2001 August 19 - .
2001 August 19 - .
2001 August 20 - .
2001 August 20 - .
2001 August 21 - .
2001 August 21 - .
2001 August 21 - . 09:23 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2001 August 22 - .
2001 August 22 - .
2001 August 22 - .
2001 August 23 - .
2001 August 29 - .
2001 September 5 - .
2001 September 13 - .
2001 September 14 - .
2001 September 14 - . 23:34 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2001 September 16 - .
2001 September 20 - .
2001 September 26 - .
2001 October 3 - .
2001 October 8 - .
2001 October 8 - . 14:20 GMT - .
2001 October 10 - .
2001 October 15 - .
2001 October 15 - . 09:17 GMT - .
2001 October 17 - .
2001 October 21 - .
2001 October 21 - . 08:59 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2001 October 23 - .
2001 October 30 - .
2001 October 31 - .
2001 November 12 - .
2001 November 13 - . 21:41 GMT - .
2001 November 15 - .
2001 November 21 - .
2001 November 26 - .
2001 November 26 - . 18:24 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2001 November 28 - .
2001 November 28 - .
2001 December 3 - .
2001 December 3 - . 13:20 GMT - .
2001 December 5 - .
2001 December 5 - . 22:19 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2001 December 6 - .
2001 December 6 - .
2001 December 7 - .
2001 December 7 - .
2001 December 8 - .
2001 December 8 - .
2001 December 9 - .
2001 December 9 - .
2001 December 10 - .
2001 December 10 - .
2001 December 10 - . 17:49 GMT - .
2001 December 11 - .
2001 December 11 - .
2001 December 12 - .
2001 December 12 - .
2001 December 13 - .
2001 December 13 - .
2001 December 14 - .
2001 December 14 - .
2001 December 15 - .
2001 December 15 - .
2001 December 16 - .
2001 December 16 - .
2001 December 17 - .
2001 December 17 - .
2001 December 17 - .
2001 December 21 - .
2002 January 4 - .
2002 January 11 - .
2002 January 14 - .
2002 January 14 - . 20:59 GMT - .
2002 January 18 - .
2002 January 25 - .
2002 January 25 - . 15:19 GMT - .
2002 February 1 - .
2002 February 4 - .
2002 February 4 - .
2002 February 8 - .
2002 February 15 - .
2002 February 20 - .
2002 February 20 - .
2002 February 20 - . 11:38 GMT - .
2002 February 22 - .
2002 March 1 - .
2002 March 1 - .
2002 March 1 - .
2002 March 2 - .
2002 March 2 - .
2002 March 3 - .
2002 March 3 - .
2002 March 4 - .
2002 March 4 - .
2002 March 4 - . 06:37 GMT - .
2002 March 5 - .
2002 March 5 - .
2002 March 5 - . 06:40 GMT - .
2002 March 6 - .
2002 March 6 - .
2002 March 6 - . 08:28 GMT - .
2002 March 7 - .
2002 March 7 - .
2002 March 7 - . 09:00 GMT - .
2002 March 8 - .
2002 March 8 - .
2002 March 8 - .
2002 March 8 - . 08:46 GMT - .
2002 March 9 - .
2002 March 9 - .
2002 March 10 - .
2002 March 10 - .
2002 March 11 - .
2002 March 12 - .
2002 March 12 - .
2002 March 15 - .
2002 March 19 - .
2002 March 19 - .
2002 March 21 - .
2002 March 21 - . 20:13 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2002 March 24 - .
2002 March 29 - .
2002 April 8 - .
2002 April 8 - . 20:44 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2002 April 9 - .
2002 April 9 - .
2002 April 10 - .
2002 April 10 - .
2002 April 11 - .
2002 April 11 - .
2002 April 11 - . 14:36 GMT - .
2002 April 12 - .
2002 April 12 - .
2002 April 13 - .
2002 April 13 - .
2002 April 13 - . 14:09 GMT - .
2002 April 14 - .
2002 April 14 - .
2002 April 14 - . 13:48 GMT - .
2002 April 15 - .
2002 April 15 - .
2002 April 16 - .
2002 April 16 - .
2002 April 16 - . 14:29 GMT - .
2002 April 17 - .
2002 April 17 - .
2002 April 18 - .
2002 April 18 - .
2002 April 19 - .
2002 April 19 - .
2002 April 19 - .
2002 April 20 - .
2002 April 20 - .
2002 April 25 - .
2002 April 25 - . 06:26 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2002 April 27 - .
2002 May 4 - .
2002 May 5 - .
2002 May 10 - .
2002 May 17 - .
2002 May 24 - .
2002 June 5 - .
2002 June 5 - . 21:22 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. Launch Platform: MLP1. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2002 June 6 - .
2002 June 6 - .
2002 June 7 - .
2002 June 7 - .
2002 June 8 - .
2002 June 8 - .
2002 June 8 - .
2002 June 9 - .
2002 June 9 - .
2002 June 9 - . 15:27 GMT - .
2002 June 10 - .
2002 June 10 - .
2002 June 11 - .
2002 June 11 - .
2002 June 11 - . 15:27 GMT - .
2002 June 12 - .
2002 June 12 - .
2002 June 13 - .
2002 June 13 - .
2002 June 13 - . 15:16 GMT - .
2002 June 14 - .
2002 June 14 - .
2002 June 15 - .
2002 June 15 - .
2002 June 16 - .
2002 June 16 - .
2002 June 17 - .
2002 June 17 - .
2002 June 18 - .
2002 June 18 - .
2002 June 19 - .
2002 June 19 - .
2002 June 19 - .
2002 June 21 - .
2002 June 25 - .
2002 June 25 - .
2002 June 26 - .
2002 June 26 - . 05:36 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2002 June 29 - .
2002 July 5 - .
2002 July 10 - .
2002 July 12 - .
2002 July 19 - .
2002 July 26 - .
2002 August 2 - .
2002 August 9 - .
2002 August 16 - .
2002 August 16 - . 09:25 GMT - .
2002 August 23 - .
2002 August 26 - .
2002 August 26 - . 05:27 GMT - .
2002 August 30 - .
2002 September 6 - .
2002 September 13 - .
2002 September 20 - .
2002 September 25 - .
2002 September 25 - . 16:58 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2002 September 29 - .
2002 October 2 - .
2002 October 4 - .
2002 October 7 - .
2002 October 7 - . 19:46 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2002 October 8 - .
2002 October 8 - .
2002 October 9 - .
2002 October 9 - .
2002 October 10 - .
2002 October 10 - .
2002 October 10 - . 15:21 GMT - .
2002 October 11 - .
2002 October 11 - .
2002 October 12 - .
2002 October 12 - .
2002 October 12 - . 14:31 GMT - .
2002 October 13 - .
2002 October 13 - .
2002 October 14 - .
2002 October 14 - .
2002 October 14 - . 14:08 GMT - .
2002 October 15 - .
2002 October 15 - .
2002 October 16 - .
2002 October 16 - .
2002 October 17 - .
2002 October 17 - .
2002 October 18 - .
2002 October 18 - .
2002 October 18 - .
2002 October 25 - .
2002 October 29 - .
2002 October 30 - . 03:11 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2002 November 1 - .
2002 November 8 - .
2002 November 9 - .
2002 November 10 - .
2002 November 15 - .
2002 November 23 - .
2002 November 24 - .
2002 November 24 - .
2002 November 24 - . 00:49 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2002 November 25 - .
2002 November 25 - .
2002 November 26 - .
2002 November 26 - .
2002 November 27 - .
2002 November 27 - .
2002 November 27 - . 19:49 GMT - .
2002 November 28 - .
2002 November 28 - .
2002 November 29 - .
2002 November 29 - .
2002 November 29 - . 18:36 GMT - .
2002 November 30 - .
2002 November 30 - .
2002 December 1 - .
2002 December 1 - .
2002 December 1 - . 19:25 GMT - .
2002 December 2 - .
2002 December 2 - .
2002 December 3 - .
2002 December 3 - .
2002 December 4 - .
2002 December 4 - .
2002 December 5 - .
2002 December 6 - .
2002 December 6 - .
2002 December 7 - .
2002 December 7 - .
2002 December 7 - .
2002 December 13 - .
2002 December 20 - .
2002 December 27 - .
2003 January 3 - .
2003 January 10 - .
2003 January 15 - .
2003 January 15 - . 12:50 GMT - .
2003 January 16 - .
2003 January 16 - .
2003 January 17 - .
2003 January 18 - .
2003 January 19 - .
2003 January 20 - .
2003 January 21 - .
2003 January 22 - .
2003 January 23 - .
2003 January 24 - .
2003 January 25 - .
2003 January 26 - .
2003 January 27 - .
2003 January 28 - .
2003 January 29 - .
2003 January 30 - .
2003 January 31 - .
2003 February 1 - .
2003 February 2 - .
2003 February 2 - .
2003 February 2 - . 12:59 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2003 February 3 - .
2003 February 4 - .
2003 February 4 - .
2003 February 5 - .
2003 February 6 - .
2003 February 7 - .
2003 February 7 - .
2003 February 10 - .
2003 February 11 - .
2003 February 12 - .
2003 February 14 - .
2003 February 21 - .
2003 February 28 - .
2003 March 7 - .
2003 March 14 - .
2003 March 21 - .
2003 March 28 - .
2003 April 4 - .
2003 April 8 - .
2003 April 8 - . 12:40 GMT - .
2003 April 11 - .
2003 April 18 - .
2003 April 18 - .
2003 April 25 - .
2003 April 26 - . 03:53 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2003 April 28 - .
2003 May 2 - .
2003 May 4 - .
2003 May 4 - .
2003 May 9 - .
2003 May 16 - .
2003 May 23 - .
2003 May 30 - .
2003 June 6 - .
2003 June 8 - .
2003 June 8 - . 10:34 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2003 June 11 - .
2003 June 13 - .
2003 June 20 - .
2003 June 27 - .
2003 July 3 - .
2003 July 11 - .
2003 July 18 - .
2003 July 25 - .
2003 August 1 - .
2003 August 8 - .
2003 August 15 - .
2003 August 22 - .
2003 August 27 - .
2003 August 28 - .
2003 August 29 - .
2003 August 29 - . 01:47 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2003 August 30 - .
2003 September 4 - .
2003 September 5 - .
2003 September 12 - .
2003 September 19 - .
2003 September 26 - .
2003 October 3 - .
2003 October 10 - .
2003 October 17 - .
2003 October 18 - .
2003 October 18 - . 05:38 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2003 October 20 - .
2003 October 20 - .
2003 October 24 - .
2003 October 27 - .
2003 October 28 - .
2003 October 31 - .
2003 November 7 - .
2003 November 12 - .
2003 November 14 - .
2003 November 21 - .
2003 November 28 - .
2003 December 5 - .
2003 December 12 - .
2003 December 19 - .
2003 December 24 - .
2004 January 2 - .
2004 January 9 - .
2004 January 12 - .
2004 January 15 - .
2004 January 16 - .
2004 January 23 - .
2004 January 29 - .
2004 January 29 - . 11:58 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2004 January 31 - .
2004 February 6 - .
2004 February 13 - .
2004 February 19 - .
2004 February 20 - .
2004 February 26 - .
2004 February 27 - . 21:17 GMT - .
2004 March 5 - .
2004 March 12 - .
2004 March 19 - .
2004 March 19 - .
2004 March 26 - .
2004 April 2 - .
2004 April 9 - .
2004 April 15 - .
2004 April 16 - .
2004 April 18 - .
2004 April 18 - .
2004 April 19 - . 03:19 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2004 April 23 - .
2004 April 29 - .
2004 April 30 - .
May 2004 - .
2004 May 7 - .
2004 May 14 - .
2004 May 21 - .
2004 May 25 - .
2004 May 25 - . 12:34 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2004 May 27 - .
2004 June 4 - .
2004 June 10 - .
2004 June 18 - .
2004 June 24 - .
2004 June 24 - . 21:57 GMT - .
2004 June 25 - .
2004 June 25 - .
2004 June 29 - .
2004 June 30 - .
2004 July 1 - .
Mid-2004 - .
2004 July 2 - .
2004 July 9 - .
2004 July 16 - .
2004 July 23 - .
2004 July 30 - .
2004 August 3 - .
2004 August 6 - .
2004 August 11 - .
2004 August 11 - . 05:01 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2004 August 13 - .
2004 August 14 - .
2004 August 20 - .
2004 August 27 - .
2004 September 3 - .
2004 September 3 - . 16:43 GMT - .
2004 September 10 - .
2004 September 17 - .
2004 September 24 - .
2004 October 1 - .
2004 October 8 - .
2004 October 13 - .
2004 October 14 - . 03:06 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2004 October 16 - .
2004 October 23 - .
2004 October 24 - .
2004 October 29 - .
2004 November 6 - .
2004 November 12 - .
2004 November 19 - .
2004 November 26 - .
2004 November 29 - .
2004 November 29 - .
Late 2004 - .
2004 December 3 - .
2004 December 10 - .
2004 December 17 - .
2004 December 23 - .
2004 December 23 - . 22:19 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2004 December 25 - .
2004 December 30 - .
2005 January 7 - .
2005 January 14 - .
2005 January 21 - .
2005 January 26 - .
2005 January 26 - . 07:43 GMT - .
2005 January 28 - .
2005 February 4 - .
2005 February 11 - .
2005 February 18 - .
2005 February 25 - .
2005 February 28 - .
2005 February 28 - . 19:09 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2005 March 2 - .
2005 March 4 - .
2005 March 11 - .
2005 March 18 - .
2005 March 25 - .
2005 March 28 - .
2005 March 28 - . 06:25 GMT - .
2005 April 1 - .
April 2005 - .
2005 April 8 - .
2005 April 14 - .
2005 April 15 - . 00:45 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2005 April 16 - .
2005 April 22 - .
2005 April 24 - .
2005 April 24 - .
2005 April 29 - .
2005 May 6 - .
2005 May 13 - .
2005 May 20 - .
2005 May 27 - .
June 2005 - .
2005 June 3 - .
2005 June 10 - .
2005 June 16 - .
2005 June 16 - . 23:10 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2005 June 17 - .
2005 June 18 - .
2005 June 24 - .
2005 July 1 - .
2005 July 8 - .
2005 July 15 - .
2005 July 19 - .
2005 July 22 - .
2005 July 26 - .
2005 July 26 - . 14:39 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2005 July 27 - .
2005 July 27 - .
2005 July 27 - .
2005 July 28 - .
2005 July 28 - .
2005 July 29 - .
2005 July 29 - .
2005 July 30 - .
2005 July 30 - .
2005 July 30 - . 05:46 GMT - .
2005 July 31 - .
2005 July 31 - .
2005 August 1 - .
August 2005 - .
2005 August 1 - .
2005 August 1 - . 04:44 GMT - .
2005 August 2 - .
2005 August 2 - .
2005 August 3 - .
2005 August 3 - .
2005 August 3 - . 04:14 GMT - .
2005 August 4 - .
2005 August 4 - .
2005 August 5 - .
2005 August 6 - .
2005 August 6 - .
2005 August 6 - .
2005 August 7 - .
2005 August 7 - .
2005 August 8 - .
2005 August 9 - .
2005 August 9 - . 12:11 GMT - .
2005 August 12 - .
2005 August 18 - .
2005 August 19 - . 19:02 GMT - .
2005 August 26 - .
2005 September 1 - .
2005 September 8 - .
2005 September 8 - . 13:08 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2005 September 10 - .
2005 September 16 - .
2005 September 30 - .
2005 September 30 - .
2005 October 1 - . 03:54 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2005 October 3 - .
2005 October 7 - .
2005 October 10 - .
2005 October 11 - . 01:09 GMT - .
2005 October 14 - .
2005 October 16 - . 20:33 GMT - .
2005 October 21 - .
2005 October 28 - .
2005 November 4 - .
2005 November 7 - .
2005 November 7 - . 15:32 GMT - .
2005 November 10 - .
2005 November 18 - .
2005 November 18 - .
2005 December 16 - .
2005 December 21 - .
2005 December 21 - . 18:38 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2005 December 23 - .
2005 December 30 - .
2006 January 6 - .
2006 January 13 - .
2006 January 20 - .
2006 January 27 - .
Early 2006 - .
2006 February 3 - .
2006 February 3 - . 09:55 GMT - .
2006 February 10 - .
2006 February 17 - .
2006 February 24 - .
2006 March 3 - .
2006 March 4 - .
2006 March 10 - .
2006 March 17 - .
2006 March 20 - .
2006 March 24 - .
2006 March 30 - .
2006 March 30 - . 02:30 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2006 April 1 - .
Spring 2006 - .
2006 April 6 - .
2006 April 7 - .
2006 April 8 - . 23:48 GMT - .
2006 April 14 - .
2006 April 21 - .
2006 April 24 - .
2006 April 24 - . 16:03 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2006 April 26 - .
2006 April 28 - .
2006 May 5 - .
2006 May 12 - .
2006 May 19 - .
2006 May 26 - .
Late Spring 2006 - .
2006 June 2 - .
2006 June 2 - . 23:48 GMT - .
2006 June 9 - .
2006 June 16 - .
2006 June 23 - .
2006 June 24 - .
2006 June 24 - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2006 June 26 - .
2006 June 30 - .
2006 July 4 - .
2006 July 4 - . 18:38 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2006 July 5 - .
2006 July 5 - .
2006 July 6 - .
2006 July 6 - .
2006 July 7 - .
2006 July 7 - .
2006 July 8 - .
2006 July 8 - .
2006 July 8 - . 13:17 GMT - .
2006 July 9 - .
2006 July 9 - .
2006 July 10 - .
2006 July 10 - .
2006 July 10 - . 07:14 GMT - .
2006 July 11 - .
2006 July 11 - .
2006 July 12 - .
2006 July 12 - .
2006 July 12 - . 06:20 GMT - .
2006 July 13 - .
2006 July 13 - .
2006 July 14 - .
2006 July 14 - .
2006 July 15 - .
2006 July 15 - .
2006 July 16 - .
2006 July 16 - .
2006 July 17 - .
2006 July 17 - . 13:14 GMT - .
2006 July 22 - .
2006 July 28 - .
Summer 2006 - .
2006 August 3 - . 14:04 GMT - .
2006 August 4 - .
2006 August 11 - .
2006 August 18 - .
2006 August 25 - .
2006 September 2 - .
2006 September 9 - .
2006 September 9 - . 15:15 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2006 September 10 - .
2006 September 10 - .
2006 September 11 - .
2006 September 11 - .
2006 September 12 - .
2006 September 12 - .
2006 September 12 - . 10:17 GMT - .
2006 September 13 - .
2006 September 13 - .
2006 September 13 - . 09:05 GMT - .
2006 September 14 - .
2006 September 14 - .
2006 September 15 - .
2006 September 15 - .
2006 September 15 - . 10:00 GMT - .
2006 September 16 - .
2006 September 16 - .
2006 September 17 - .
2006 September 17 - .
2006 September 18 - .
2006 September 18 - .
2006 September 18 - . 04:08 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2006 September 19 - .
2006 September 19 - .
2006 September 20 - .
2006 September 20 - .
2006 September 21 - .
2006 September 21 - . 10:21 GMT - .
2006 September 23 - .
2006 September 28 - .
2006 September 29 - . 01:13 GMT - .
Late 2007 - .
Late 2006 - .
2006 October 6 - .
2006 October 13 - .
2006 October 20 - .
2006 October 23 - . 13:40 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2006 October 24 - .
2006 October 27 - .
2006 November 3 - .
2006 November 10 - .
2006 November 17 - .
2006 November 22 - . 23:17 GMT - .
2006 November 23 - .
2006 December 1 - .
2006 December 9 - .
2006 December 10 - .
2006 December 10 - .
2006 December 10 - . 01:47 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39B. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2006 December 11 - .
2006 December 11 - .
2006 December 12 - .
2006 December 12 - .
2006 December 13 - .
2006 December 13 - .
2006 December 13 - . 20:31 GMT - .
2006 December 14 - .
2006 December 14 - .
2006 December 15 - .
2006 December 15 - .
2006 December 15 - . 19:41 GMT - .
2006 December 16 - .
2006 December 16 - .
2006 December 17 - .
2006 December 17 - .
2006 December 17 - . 19:25 GMT - .
2006 December 18 - .
2006 December 18 - .
2006 December 19 - .
2006 December 19 - .
2006 December 19 - . 19:00 GMT - .
2006 December 20 - .
2006 December 20 - .
2006 December 21 - .
2006 December 21 - .
2006 December 22 - .
2006 December 22 - .
2006 December 22 - . 22:32 GMT - .
2006 December 29 - .
2007 January 5 - .
2007 January 12 - .
2007 January 17 - .
2007 January 18 - . 02:12 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2007 January 19 - .
2007 January 26 - .
2007 January 31 - .
2007 January 31 - . 15:14 GMT - .
Early 2007 - .
2007 February 4 - .
2007 February 4 - . 13:38 GMT - .
2007 February 8 - .
2007 February 8 - . 13:26 GMT - .
2007 February 12 - .
2007 February 16 - .
2007 February 22 - .
2007 February 22 - . 10:28 GMT - .
2007 March 2 - .
2007 March 9 - .
2007 March 16 - .
2007 March 23 - .
2007 March 29 - .
Spring 2007 - .
2007 April 6 - .
2007 April 7 - .
2007 April 7 - . 17:31 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2007 April 9 - .
2007 April 13 - .
2007 April 20 - .
2007 April 21 - .
2007 April 21 - . 12:31 GMT - .
2007 April 27 - .
2007 May 4 - .
2007 May 11 - .
2007 May 12 - . 03:25 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2007 May 15 - .
2007 May 18 - .
2007 May 25 - .
2007 May 29 - .
2007 May 30 - .
2007 May 30 - . 19:05 GMT - .
2007 June 1 - .
2007 June 6 - .
2007 June 6 - . 14:23 GMT - .
2007 June 8 - .
2007 June 8 - . 23:38 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2007 June 9 - .
2007 June 9 - .
2007 June 10 - .
2007 June 10 - .
2007 June 11 - .
2007 June 11 - .
2007 June 12 - .
2007 June 12 - .
2007 June 12 - . 20:02 GMT - .
2007 June 13 - .
2007 June 13 - .
2007 June 14 - .
2007 June 14 - .
2007 June 14 - . 18:28 GMT - .
2007 June 15 - .
2007 June 15 - .
2007 June 16 - .
2007 June 16 - .
2007 June 16 - . 17:24 GMT - .
2007 June 17 - .
2007 June 17 - .
2007 June 17 - . 16:25 GMT - .
2007 June 18 - .
2007 June 18 - .
2007 June 19 - .
2007 June 19 - .
2007 June 20 - .
2007 June 20 - .
2007 June 21 - .
2007 June 21 - .
2007 June 21 - .
2007 June 22 - .
2007 June 22 - .
2007 June 22 - . 19:50 GMT - .
2007 June 29 - .
Mid-2007 - .
2007 July 6 - .
2007 July 23 - .
2007 July 23 - . 10:25 GMT - .
2007 August 2 - . 17:33 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2007 August 8 - . 22:36 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2007 August 11 - . 16:28 GMT - .
2007 August 13 - . 15:32 GMT - .
2007 August 15 - . 14:37 GMT - .
2007 August 18 - . 14:17 GMT - .
2007 August 21 - . 16:32 GMT - .
2007 August 30 - .
2007 October 10 - . 13:22 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2007 October 21 - . 10:36 GMT - .
2007 October 23 - .
2007 October 23 - .
2007 October 23 - . 15:38 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2007 October 24 - .
2007 October 24 - .
2007 October 25 - .
2007 October 25 - .
2007 October 26 - .
2007 October 26 - .
2007 October 26 - . 10:02 GMT - .
2007 October 27 - .
2007 October 27 - .
2007 October 28 - .
2007 October 28 - .
2007 October 28 - . 09:32 GMT - .
2007 October 29 - .
2007 October 29 - .
2007 October 30 - .
2007 October 30 - .
2007 October 30 - . 08:45 GMT - .
2007 October 31 - .
2007 October 31 - .
2007 November 1 - .
2007 November 1 - .
2007 November 2 - .
2007 November 2 - .
2007 November 3 - .
2007 November 3 - .
2007 November 3 - . 10:03 GMT - .
2007 November 4 - .
2007 November 4 - .
2007 November 5 - .
2007 November 5 - .
2007 November 6 - .
2007 November 6 - .
2007 November 7 - .
2007 November 7 - .
2007 November 7 - . 18:01 GMT - .
2007 November 9 - . 09:54 GMT - .
2007 November 15 - .
2007 November 16 - .
2007 November 17 - .
2007 November 18 - .
2007 November 19 - .
2007 November 20 - .
2007 November 20 - . 10:10 GMT - .
2007 November 21 - .
2007 November 22 - .
2007 November 23 - .
2007 November 24 - .
2007 November 24 - .
2007 November 24 - . 09:50 GMT - .
2007 November 25 - .
2007 November 26 - .
2007 November 27 - .
2007 November 28 - .
2007 November 29 - .
2007 November 30 - .
2007 December 1 - .
2007 December 2 - .
2007 December 3 - .
2007 December 4 - .
2007 December 4 - .
2007 December 5 - .
2007 December 6 - .
2007 December 7 - .
2007 December 8 - .
2007 December 9 - .
2007 December 10 - .
2007 December 11 - .
2007 December 12 - .
2007 December 13 - .
2007 December 14 - .
2007 December 15 - .
2007 December 15 - .
2007 December 16 - .
2007 December 17 - .
2007 December 18 - .
2007 December 18 - .
2007 December 18 - . 09:50 GMT - .
2007 December 19 - .
2007 December 20 - .
2007 December 21 - .
2007 December 22 - .
2007 December 23 - .
2007 December 23 - . 07:12 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2007 December 24 - .
2007 December 25 - .
2007 December 26 - .
2007 December 27 - .
2007 December 28 - .
2007 December 29 - .
2007 December 30 - .
2007 December 31 - .
2008 January 1 - .
2008 January 2 - .
2008 January 3 - .
2008 January 4 - .
2008 January 5 - .
2008 January 6 - .
2008 January 7 - .
2008 January 8 - .
2008 January 9 - .
2008 January 10 - .
2008 January 11 - .
2008 January 12 - .
2008 January 13 - .
2008 January 14 - .
2008 January 15 - .
2008 January 16 - .
2008 January 17 - .
2008 January 18 - .
2008 January 19 - .
2008 January 20 - .
2008 January 21 - .
2008 January 22 - .
2008 January 23 - .
2008 January 24 - .
2008 January 25 - .
2008 January 26 - .
2008 January 27 - .
2008 January 28 - .
2008 January 29 - .
2008 January 30 - . 09:56 GMT - .
2008 January 31 - .
2008 February 1 - .
2008 February 2 - .
2008 February 3 - .
2008 February 4 - .
2008 February 5 - .
2008 February 5 - . 13:03 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2008 February 6 - .
2008 February 7 - .
2008 February 7 - .
2008 February 7 - .
2008 February 7 - . 19:45 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2008 February 8 - .
2008 February 8 - .
2008 February 8 - .
2008 February 9 - .
2008 February 9 - .
2008 February 9 - .
2008 February 10 - .
2008 February 10 - .
2008 February 10 - .
2008 February 11 - .
2008 February 11 - .
2008 February 11 - .
2008 February 11 - . 14:13 GMT - .
2008 February 12 - .
2008 February 12 - .
2008 February 12 - .
2008 February 13 - .
2008 February 13 - .
2008 February 13 - .
2008 February 13 - . 14:27 GMT - .
2008 February 14 - .
2008 February 14 - .
2008 February 14 - .
2008 February 15 - .
2008 February 15 - .
2008 February 15 - .
2008 February 15 - . 13:07 GMT - .
2008 February 16 - .
2008 February 16 - .
2008 February 16 - .
2008 February 17 - .
2008 February 17 - .
2008 February 17 - .
2008 February 18 - .
2008 February 18 - .
2008 February 18 - .
2008 February 19 - .
2008 February 19 - .
2008 February 19 - .
2008 February 20 - .
2008 February 20 - .
2008 February 20 - .
2008 February 20 - . 14:07 GMT - .
2008 February 21 - .
2008 February 22 - .
2008 February 23 - .
2008 February 24 - .
2008 February 25 - .
2008 February 26 - .
2008 February 27 - .
2008 February 28 - .
2008 February 29 - .
2008 March 1 - .
2008 March 2 - .
2008 March 3 - .
2008 March 4 - .
2008 March 4 - .
2008 March 5 - .
2008 March 6 - .
2008 March 7 - .
2008 March 8 - .
2008 March 9 - .
2008 March 9 - . 04:03 GMT - . Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: Kourou ELA3. LV Family: Ariane 5. Launch Vehicle: Ariane 5ES.
2008 March 10 - .
2008 March 11 - .
2008 March 11 - .
2008 March 11 - .
2008 March 11 - . 06:28 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2008 March 12 - .
2008 March 12 - .
2008 March 12 - .
2008 March 13 - .
2008 March 13 - .
2008 March 13 - .
2008 March 14 - .
2008 March 14 - .
2008 March 14 - .
2008 March 14 - .
2008 March 15 - .
2008 March 15 - .
2008 March 15 - .
2008 March 15 - .
2008 March 16 - .
2008 March 16 - .
2008 March 16 - .
2008 March 17 - .
2008 March 17 - .
2008 March 17 - .
2008 March 17 - .
2008 March 18 - .
2008 March 18 - .
2008 March 18 - .
2008 March 18 - .
2008 March 19 - .
2008 March 19 - .
2008 March 19 - .
2008 March 20 - .
2008 March 20 - .
2008 March 20 - .
2008 March 21 - .
2008 March 21 - .
2008 March 21 - .
2008 March 21 - .
2008 March 22 - .
2008 March 22 - .
2008 March 22 - .
2008 March 22 - .
2008 March 23 - .
2008 March 23 - .
2008 March 23 - .
2008 March 24 - .
2008 March 24 - .
2008 March 24 - .
2008 March 25 - .
2008 March 25 - .
2008 March 25 - .
2008 March 26 - .
2008 March 26 - .
2008 March 26 - .
2008 March 27 - .
2008 March 27 - . 00:39 GMT - .
2008 March 28 - .
2008 March 29 - .
2008 March 30 - .
2008 March 31 - .
2008 April 1 - .
2008 April 2 - .
2008 April 3 - .
2008 April 3 - .
2008 April 4 - .
2008 April 5 - .
2008 April 6 - .
2008 April 7 - .
2008 April 8 - .
2008 April 8 - . 11:16 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2008 April 9 - .
2008 April 10 - .
2008 April 11 - .
2008 April 12 - .
2008 April 13 - .
2008 April 14 - .
2008 April 15 - .
2008 April 16 - .
2008 April 17 - .
2008 April 18 - .
2008 April 19 - .
2008 April 19 - . 08:29 GMT - .
2008 April 20 - .
2008 April 21 - .
2008 April 22 - .
2008 April 23 - .
2008 April 24 - .
2008 April 25 - .
2008 April 26 - .
2008 April 27 - .
2008 April 28 - .
2008 April 29 - .
2008 April 30 - .
2008 May 1 - .
2008 May 2 - .
2008 May 3 - .
2008 May 4 - .
2008 May 5 - .
2008 May 6 - .
2008 May 7 - .
2008 May 8 - .
2008 May 9 - .
2008 May 10 - .
2008 May 11 - .
2008 May 12 - .
2008 May 13 - .
2008 May 14 - .
2008 May 14 - . 20:23 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2008 May 15 - .
2008 May 16 - .
2008 May 17 - .
2008 May 18 - .
2008 May 19 - .
2008 May 20 - .
2008 May 21 - .
2008 May 22 - .
2008 May 23 - .
2008 May 24 - .
2008 May 25 - .
2008 May 26 - .
2008 May 27 - .
2008 May 28 - .
2008 May 29 - .
2008 May 30 - .
2008 May 31 - .
2008 May 31 - .
2008 May 31 - . 21:02 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2008 June 1 - .
2008 June 1 - .
2008 June 1 - .
2008 June 2 - .
2008 June 2 - .
2008 June 2 - .
2008 June 3 - .
2008 June 3 - .
2008 June 3 - .
2008 June 3 - .
2008 June 4 - .
2008 June 4 - .
2008 June 4 - .
2008 June 5 - .
2008 June 5 - .
2008 June 5 - .
2008 June 5 - .
2008 June 6 - .
2008 June 6 - .
2008 June 6 - .
2008 June 7 - .
2008 June 7 - .
2008 June 7 - .
2008 June 8 - .
2008 June 8 - .
2008 June 8 - .
2008 June 8 - .
2008 June 9 - .
2008 June 9 - .
2008 June 10 - .
2008 June 10 - .
2008 June 10 - .
2008 June 11 - .
2008 June 11 - .
2008 June 11 - .
2008 June 12 - .
2008 June 12 - .
2008 June 12 - .
2008 June 13 - .
2008 June 13 - .
2008 June 13 - .
2008 June 14 - .
2008 June 14 - .
2008 June 14 - .
2008 June 14 - . 15:15 GMT - .
2008 June 15 - .
2008 June 16 - .
2008 June 17 - .
2008 June 18 - .
2008 June 19 - .
2008 June 20 - .
2008 June 21 - .
2008 June 22 - .
2008 June 23 - .
2008 June 24 - .
2008 June 25 - .
2008 June 26 - .
2008 June 27 - .
2008 June 28 - .
2008 June 29 - .
2008 June 30 - .
2008 July 1 - .
2008 July 2 - .
2008 July 3 - .
2008 July 10 - .
2008 July 15 - .
2008 September 4 - .
2008 September 10 - . 19:50 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2008 September 27 - .
2008 October 12 - . 07:01 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2008 November 15 - . 00:55 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2008 November 18 - .
2008 November 20 - .
2008 November 22 - .
2008 November 22 - .
2008 November 26 - . 12:38 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2008 December 23 - .
2009 February 10 - . 05:49 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2009 March 10 - .
2009 March 15 - . 23:43 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2009 March 19 - .
2009 March 21 - .
2009 March 23 - .
2009 March 26 - . 11:49 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2009 May 7 - . 18:37 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2009 May 27 - . 10:34 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2009 June 5 - .
2009 June 10 - .
2009 July 15 - . 22:03 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2009 July 18 - .
2009 July 20 - .
2009 July 22 - .
2009 July 24 - .
2009 July 24 - . 10:56 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2009 July 27 - .
2009 August 29 - . 04:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2009 September 1 - .
2009 September 3 - .
2009 September 5 - .
2009 September 10 - . 17:01 GMT - . Launch Site: Tanegashima. Launch Complex: Tanegashima Y2. LV Family: H-2. Launch Vehicle: H-IIB.
2009 September 30 - . 07:14 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2009 October 15 - . 01:14 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2009 November 16 - . 19:28 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2009 November 19 - .
2009 November 21 - .
2009 November 23 - .
2009 December 20 - . 21:52 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2010 January 14 - .
2010 February 3 - . 03:45 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2010 February 8 - . 09:14 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2010 February 12 - .
2010 February 14 - .
2010 February 17 - .
2010 April 2 - . 04:04 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2010 April 5 - . 10:21 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2010 April 9 - .
2010 April 11 - .
2010 April 13 - .
2010 April 28 - . 17:15 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2010 May 14 - . 18:20 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2010 May 17 - .
2010 May 19 - .
2010 May 21 - .
2010 June 15 - . 21:35 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2010 June 30 - . 15:35 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2010 July 27 - .
2010 August 7 - .
2010 August 11 - .
2010 August 16 - .
2010 September 10 - . 10:22 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2010 October 7 - . 23:10 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2010 October 27 - . 15:11 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2010 November 15 - .
2010 December 15 - . 19:09 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2011 January 21 - .
2011 January 22 - . 05:37 GMT - . Launch Site: Tanegashima. Launch Complex: Tanegashima Y2. LV Family: H-2. Launch Vehicle: H-IIB.
2011 January 28 - . 01:31 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2011 February 16 - .
2011 February 16 - . 21:51 GMT - . Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: Kourou ELA3. LV Family: Ariane 5. Launch Vehicle: Ariane 5ES.
2011 February 24 - . 21:53 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2011 February 28 - .
2011 March 2 - .
2011 April 4 - . 22:18 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2011 April 27 - . 13:05 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2011 May 16 - . 12:56 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2011 May 20 - .
2011 May 22 - .
2011 May 25 - .
2011 May 27 - .
2011 June 7 - . 20:12 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2011 June 21 - . 14:38 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2011 July 8 - . 15:29 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Shuttle. Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle.
2011 July 12 - .
2011 August 3 - .
2011 August 24 - . 13:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB. FAILURE: Five minutes and 25 seconds into flight, during the burn of the booster's third stage, the engine's gas generator failed and the engine shut down. The upper stage and spacecraft crashed in the Gorno-Altai region.. Failed Stage: 3.
2011 October 30 - . 10:11 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2011 November 14 - . 04:14 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2011 December 21 - . 13:16 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2012 January 25 - . 23:06 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2012 February 16 - .
2012 March 23 - . 04:34 GMT - . Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: Kourou ELA3. LV Family: Ariane 5. Launch Vehicle: Ariane 5ES.
2012 April 20 - . 12:50 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2012 May 15 - . 03:01 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2012 May 22 - . 07:44 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC40. Launch Pad: SLC40. LV Family: Falcon. Launch Vehicle: Falcon 9.
2012 July 15 - . 02:40 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2012 July 21 - . 02:06 GMT - . Launch Site: Tanegashima. Launch Complex: Tanegashima Y2. LV Family: H-2. Launch Vehicle: H-IIB.
2012 August 1 - . 19:35 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2012 August 20 - .
2012 August 30 - .
2012 September 5 - .
2012 October 8 - . 00:35 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC40. Launch Pad: SLC40. LV Family: Falcon. Launch Vehicle: Falcon 9.
2012 October 23 - . 10:51 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2012 October 31 - . 07:41 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U-PVB.
2012 November 1 - .
2012 December 19 - . 12:12 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2013 February 11 - . 14:41 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U.
2013 March 1 - . 15:10 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC40. Launch Pad: SLC40. LV Family: Falcon. Launch Vehicle: Falcon 9.
2013 March 28 - . 20:43 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2013 April 19 - .
2013 April 21 - . 21:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Complex: Wallops Island LP0A. LV Family: Antares LV. Launch Vehicle: Antares 110.
2013 April 24 - . 10:12 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U.
2013 May 11 - .
2013 May 28 - . 20:31 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2013 June 5 - . 21:52 GMT - . Launch Site: Kourou. Launch Complex: Kourou ELA3. LV Family: Ariane 5. Launch Vehicle: Ariane 5ES.
2013 July 9 - .
2013 July 16 - .
2013 July 27 - . 20:45 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U.
2013 August 3 - . 19:48 GMT - . Launch Site: Tanegashima. Launch Complex: Tanegashima Y2. LV Family: H-2. Launch Vehicle: H-IIB.
2013 August 16 - .
2013 August 22 - .
2013 September 18 - . 14:58 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Complex: Wallops Island LA0A. LV Family: Antares LV. Launch Vehicle: Antares 110.
2013 September 25 - . 20:58 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2013 November 7 - . 04:14 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2013 November 9 - .
2013 November 25 - . 20:53 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U.
2013 December 21 - .
2013 December 24 - .
2013 December 27 - .
2014 January 9 - . 18:07 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Complex: Wallops Island LA0A. LV Family: Antares LV. Launch Vehicle: Antares 120.
2014 January 27 - .
2014 February 5 - . 16:23 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U.
2014 March 25 - . 21:17 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2014 April 9 - . 15:26 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U.
2014 April 18 - . 19:25 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC40. Launch Pad: SLC40. LV Family: Falcon. Launch Vehicle: Falcon 9.
2014 May 28 - . 19:57 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2014 July 13 - . 16:52 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Complex: Wallops Island LP0A. LV Family: Antares LV. Launch Vehicle: Antares 120.
2014 July 23 - . 21:44 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U.
2014 August 18 - .
2014 September 25 - . 20:25 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2014 October 7 - .
2014 October 15 - .
2014 October 22 - .
2014 October 28 - . 22:20 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Complex: Wallops Island LA0A. Launch Pad: Wallops MARS 0A. LV Family: Antares LV. Launch Vehicle: Antares 130. FAILURE: Vehicle exploded 14 seconds after launch at an altitude of about 100 metres, and the vehicle and payloads fell back to the pad, resulting in a large explosion. Traced to failure of turbopump in first stage engine; same defect as doomed the N1 moon rocket.. Failed Stage: 1.
2014 October 29 - . 07:09 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-2-1a.
2014 November 23 - . 21:01 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2015 February 17 - . 11:00 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U.
2015 February 21 - .
2015 February 25 - .
2015 March 1 - .
2015 March 27 - . 19:42 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2015 April 28 - . 07:09 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-2-1a. FAILURE: The third stage did not shut down correctly and damaged the spacecraft during separation.. Failed Stage: 3.
2015 June 28 - . 14:21 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC40. Launch Pad: Cape Canaveral SLC40. LV Family: Falcon. Launch Vehicle: Falcon 9 v1.1. FAILURE: Failed close to the end of stage 1 burn. A strut holding an internal helium pressurization tank broke during second stage initialization at T+139 sec at 45 km altitude. The resulting overpressure caused the second stage to blow apart.. Failed Stage: 2.
2015 July 3 - . 14:21 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U.
2015 July 22 - . 21:02 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2015 August 10 - .
2015 August 19 - . 11:50 GMT - . Launch Site: Tanegashima. Launch Complex: Tanegashima Y2. LV Family: H-2. Launch Vehicle: H-IIB.
2015 September 2 - . 04:37 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2015 October 1 - . 16:49 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U.
2015 October 28 - .
2015 November 6 - .
2015 December 6 - . 21:44 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC41. Launch Pad: Cape Canaveral SLC41. LV Family: Atlas V. Launch Vehicle: Atlas V 401.
2015 December 15 - . 11:03 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2015 December 21 - .
2015 December 21 - . 08:44 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-2-1A.
2016 January 15 - .
2016 February 3 - .
2016 March 18 - . 21:26 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2016 March 23 - . 03:05 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC41. Launch Pad: Cape Canaveral SLC41. LV Family: Atlas V. Launch Vehicle: Atlas V 401.
2016 March 31 - . 16:23 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-2-1A.
2016 July 7 - . 01:36 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2016 July 16 - . 21:41 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U.
2016 August 19 - .
2016 September 1 - .
2016 October 17 - . 23:45 GMT - . Launch Site: Wallops Island. Launch Complex: Wallops Island LA0A. Launch Pad: Wallops MARS 0A. LV Family: Antares LV. Launch Vehicle: Antares 230.
2016 October 19 - . 08:05 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2016 November 17 - . 20:20 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2016 December 1 - . 14:51 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U. FAILURE: Third stage continued burning after payload separation.. Failed Stage: 3.
2016 December 9 - . 13:26 GMT - . Launch Site: Tanegashima. Launch Complex: Tanegashima Y2. LV Family: H-2. Launch Vehicle: H-IIB.
2017 January 6 - .
2017 January 13 - .
2017 February 19 - . 14:39 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Falcon. Launch Vehicle: Falcon 9 v1.2.
2017 February 22 - . 05:58 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-U.
2017 March 4 - .
2017 March 30 - .
2017 April 18 - . 15:11 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC41. Launch Pad: Cape Canaveral SLC41. LV Family: Atlas V. Launch Vehicle: Atlas V 401.
2017 April 20 - . 07:13 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2017 May 12 - .
2017 May 23 - .
2017 June 3 - . 21:06 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Falcon. Launch Vehicle: Falcon 9.
2017 June 14 - . 09:19 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-2-1A.
2017 July 28 - . 15:40 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2017 August 14 - . 16:30 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC39A. LV Family: Falcon. Launch Vehicle: Falcon 9.
2017 August 17 - .
2017 September 12 - . 21:16 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2017 October 5 - .
2017 October 10 - .
2017 October 14 - . 08:45 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-2-1A.
2017 October 20 - .
2017 December 15 - . 15:35 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC40. LV Family: Falcon. Launch Vehicle: Falcon 9.
2017 December 17 - . 07:20 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2018 January 23 - .
2018 February 2 - .
2018 February 13 - . 08:12 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-2-1A.
2018 February 16 - .
2018 March 21 - . 17:43 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2018 March 29 - .
2018 April 2 - . 20:29 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC40. LV Family: Falcon. Launch Vehicle: Falcon 9.
2018 May 16 - .
2018 June 6 - . 11:11 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2018 June 14 - .
2018 June 29 - . 09:41 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral LC40. LV Family: Falcon. Launch Vehicle: Falcon 9.
2018 July 9 - . 21:50 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC31. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-2-1A.
2018 August 15 - .
2018 October 11 - . 08:39 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2018 November 16 - . 18:13 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2018 December 3 - . 11:30 GMT - . Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: Baikonur LC1. LV Family: R-7. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz-FG.
2018 December 5 - . 18:15 GMT - . Launch Site: Cape Canaveral. Launch Complex: Cape Canaveral SLC40. LV Family: Falcon. Launch Vehicle: Falcon 9.
2018 December 11 - .

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